ROMAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE CLASS DIVISIONS were based upon wealth UPPER-CLASS were made of wealthy land owners, merchants, doctors, lawyers, government officials, scholars, writers and artists They were citizens of Rome and could hold positions within the government POOR were mainly found in the cities. They were the unemployed. They shared little in politics or economic security ROMAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE FARMERS made up the majority of the Empire s population providing cheap food for the people of the cities No political power SLAVES accounted for one-quarter of the entire Roman population FAMILY LIFE AND RELIGION Men were the head of the family with almost complete authority over the family Women could choose who they married own property and make business arrangements NOT vote FAMILY LIFE AND RELIGION Education was organized for boys Courses included reading writing arithmetic music geometry astronomy literature oratory ROMAN RELIGION Roman religion was very similar to the Greek religion in its organization ROMAN GODS Jupiter Juno Apollo Minerva Venus Neptune Ceres Vulcan Diana Mars Mercury Bacchus GREEK GODS Zeus Hera Apollo Athena Aphrodite Poseidon Demeter Hephaestus Artemis Ares Hermes Dionysus 1
ROMAN RELIGION VESTA, goddess of the hearth, was the dominant goddess Each home would have its own shrine to her ANCESTOR WORSHIP along with COMPLEX RITUALS were the focus of Roman religion GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE LITERATURE VIRGIL LIVY HORACE OVID poet who wrote Aeneid, an epic poem about the people who were to have founded Rome historian who wrote the History of Rome wrote about human greed caused conflict and encouraged moderation poet who retold Greek and Roman myths in his own words supporting the wealthy class of Roman society GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE SCIENCE PTOLEMY geographer, mathematician, and astronomer, who proposed that the earth was the center of the universe ROMAN LAW Greatest contribution to Western civilization Based on principles of reason and justice, protecting its citizens and their property GALEN dissected animals to study the workings of the human body LAW OF NATIONS was applied to citizens in all provinces of the Empire creating the idea of a Roman citizen ARCHITECTURE AND ART Roman sculptors tried to show individual characteristics and create realism ARCHITECTURE AND ART Wall paintings and MOSAICS, tile art, were also popular 2
ARCHITECTURE AND ART ARCHITECTURE AND ART Architects were skilled engineers who used arches, columns and domes to build: Amphitheaters arenas built for spectator events Temples Public baths Roads Bridges Aqueducts canals built to bring water from great distances to cities including bridges for the canals POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT Violent sports and games were enjoyed by all levels of society Roman politicians paid for spectacles to gain voters Roman government paid for events to keep the poor and unemployed happy POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT Romans built large AMPHITHEATERS such as the CIRCUS MAXIMUS and COLOSSEUM Gladiators, chariot races, animal fights and even mock naval battles were favorite events 3
CIRCUS MAXIMUS Used for Chariot Races Could hold up to 250,000 spectators CIRCUS MAXIMUS Used for Chariot Races Could hold up to 250,000 spectators FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER COLOSSEUM FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER COLOSSEUM FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER COLOSSEUM 4
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FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER COLOSSEUM -tallest Roman structure 160 feet high -could hold 87,000 spectators and several hundred fighting animals -64 numbered doors to let spectators in and out that were called vomitoria which would empty the Colosseum in 15 minutes -covered about six acres. -naval battle held on 1 st day -awning shaded spectators -below ground holding facilities FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATER COLOSSEUM SLAVES WOMEN CITIZENS & SOLDIERS IMPORTANT OFFICIALS SENATORS 6
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ROME Rome was one of the largest cities on earth with a population of over million people. There were six-story high apartment buildings, each with up to 380 residents. It was two and a half times more densely populated than modern Manhattan Island of New York City. ROME ROME Under the roads were sewage systems that swept away 500 tons of waste a day. Rome maintained a police force, a fire brigade, postal service, 30 libraries, 3 theaters, and 80 temples. Over 200,000 tons of grain are needed each year or the Roman people would starve, and one out of five is already on welfare. Rome s ruler was Emperor Claudius needed the support of his people to stay in power, so he ordered handouts for the poor. However, there was not enough bread to go around. ROME Riots were part of life in Rome, and it was a way for people to get their message across to their Emperor. Worried that riots would break out, Claudius started one of the largest engineering projects in the Roman Empire. AQUEDUCTS The nine aqueducts of imperial Rome brought in water from mountain lakes and springs as far as 50-60 miles. They had a capacity of more than 300 million gallons per day. The CLAUDIAN AQUEDUCT was one of nine aqueducts of the imperial city of Rome. The Claudias named it Aqua Claudia, the water from Claudius. Aqua Claudia could carry 53,000,000 gallons per day. 8
Carved through the countryside, they tunneled through mountains and built bridges of vast structure across the huge amounts of space without modern tools. The Aqueduct was powered by gravity. It dropped 1 foot for every 300 feet. If it was too steep, the water would over flow, and if it was too shallow, it would run dry. 9
AQUEDUCTS It would take 14 years to build and over 400,000 blocks of stone as well as 6,000,000 sq. ft. of concrete to complete the Aqua Claudia. The 9 aqueducts would deliver enough water in a day for 1,300 fountains, 900 basins, and 144 public toilets, which made Rome one of the most advanced cities in the world. The Aqua Claudia cost equivalently $83 billion, ten times more than the Hoover dam. AQUEDUCT MAIN RESERVOIR CASTELLUM OR CITY RESERVOIR PUBLIC BATHS 3 PIPES OF EQUAL SIZE CENTRAL CISTERN CISTERN TO POOLS & FOUNTAINS OVERFLOW BACK TO CENTRAL CISTERN CISTERN Wikipedia and DDP Newsroom Sept 05, 2014 TO OTHER RESERVOIRS PRIVATE HOMES ROMAN WATER DISTRIBUTION BASIN GATES PRIVATE HOMES PUBLIC POOLS & FOUNTAINS PUBLIC BATHS 10
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Roman Roads Roman Roads Roman roads were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state. They provided efficient means for the overland movement of armies, officials, and civilians, and the inland carriage of official communications and trade goods. Roman roads were of several kinds, ranging from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stonepaved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and were flanked by footpaths, bridleways and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills, or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations. Roman Roads Roman Roads At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the late Empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great roads. Roman roads comprised more than 248,000 miles of roads, of which almost 50,000 miles were stone-paved. In Gaul alone, no less than 13,000 miles of roadways are said to have been improved, and in Britain at least 2,500 miles. The courses (and sometimes the surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia. Some are overlaid by modern roads. Wikipedia 12
Roman Baths Roman Baths - Courtyard Roman Baths Dressing Room Roman Baths Massage Room Roman Baths Oil & Strigils 13
Roman Baths Steam Room Roman Baths Tepidarium Roman Baths Frigidarium Roman Baths Roman Latrine 14
Roman Latrine Roman Latrine The Pantheon Built: 120-126 AD under Emperor Hadrian Foundation: 24' thick at base and steps to 21' at ground level Rotunda: Oculus: concrete, 20' thick; 142' diameter concrete: 7.5' thick; 27' diameter Interior Columns: 3' diameter, 32' 9" tall, 25 tons each Portico: 16 granite columns 39' tall, 5' diameter, 60 tons each 15
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