LAHORE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (LUMS) SHAIKH AHMAD HASSAN SCHOOL OF LAW LAW 260 ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE SPRING 2015 Instructor Zubair Abbasi Room No. 223 Class Timings Office Hours Email Zubair.abbasi@lums.edu.pk & TA s email: Telephone TA Office Hours TBD Course URL TBD Course Basics Credit Hours (To be filled by the Department /Academic Registrar / Dean in accordance with Degree requirements) Lecture(s) Recitation/Lab (per week) Tutorial (per week) Nbr of Lec(s) per week 2 Duration 1 hour 50 minutes per session Course Distribution Core Elective This is a core law subject, with no optional or elective modules. There is no elective component in this course. Open for Student Category Close for Student Category Course Description This course introduces the science of Fiqh (Islamic law), called Uṣūl al-fiqh, by examining the sources, methodologies, methodological tools, historical development and modern application of Islamic law. It aims at developing an indepth understanding of the reasoning and principles underlying the rules of Islamic law through the analysis of a wide variety of primary and secondary sources such as the Qur ān, Aḥādīth, classical Islamic legal texts, fatāwā (legal opinions of jurisconsults), case law, legal commentaries, articles and research papers. This course will enable students to critically engage with contemporary debates about Islamic law by developing a profound understanding of its sources, methodologies and history. Comparative references will also be made to the developments in jurisprudence under English law and Civil 1
law in order to highlight the distinguishing features of Islamic jurisprudence and its interaction with other legal systems. Course Prerequisites (To be decided by the Academic Registrar, Dean and the Department of Law & Policy according to the degree progression) Course Specific Objectives Provide an understanding of the function and scope of Uṣūl al-fiqh in the process of deducing rules from the primary and secondary sources of Islamic law. Develop a profound appreciation of the methodology of drawing rules from the primary and secondary sources and the reasons for the difference of juristic opinions. Develop awareness about the aims and objectives of law in Islam vis-à-vis the requirements of the society. Generate the ability to critically evaluate the issue of the relevance of Fiqh in judicial and legislative law making in the modern state. Objectives for the Development of Personal Skills Work independently and as part of a group, including participation in oral discussion. Develop analytical writing skills and the ability to synthesize material from various sources. Find, select, digest and effectively organise material to produce a coherent and reasoned argument within specified deadlines. Learning Outcomes Clear understanding of the sources, methodologies, methodological tools, history, theories and practical applications of Islamic law. Ability to critically engage with and analyse the primary and secondary texts on Islamic law. Appreciation of the challenges faced by Islamic law in the modern world. Grading Breakup and Policy Assignment(s)/ Quiz(s): 15% Class Participation: 10% Midterm Examination/ Project: 25% Final Examination: 50% Class sessions will be interactive based on the suggested readings assigned for a particular topic. You will be given essay titles to produce your pieces of writing. You may also be required to present your work in the class, argue and defend it, if necessary. 2
Examination Detail Midterm Exam Yes/No: Yes Combine Separate: TBD Duration: TBD Preferred Date: As per the LUMS Exam Schedule Exam Specifications: TBD Final Exam Yes/No: Yes Combine Separate: TBD Duration: TBD Preferred Date: As per the LUMS Exam Schedule Exam Specifications: TBD Course Overview Topic Recommended Readings Objectives 1. Introduction: The Scope and Function of Uṣūl al- Fiqh (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 1 (Introduction to Uṣūl al-fiqh) 12-21. Jackson, S, 'Fiction and Formalism: Towards a Functional Analysis of Uṣūl al-fiqh' in BG Weiss (ed) Studies in Islamic Legal Theory (Brill 2002) 177-201. Provide an understanding of the function and scope of Uṣūl al- Fiqh. 2. Basic Terminology Nyazee, IAK, Outlines of Islamic Jurisprudence (Advanced Legal Studies Institute 2000) Ch 2 (The Scope of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence) and 3 (The Meaning of Uṣūl al-fiqh and Basic Terms), 4 (The Ḥukm: What is Islamic Law?) and 5 (Classification of Islamic Law) 25-76. Introduction to the basic terminology of Uṣūl al-fiqh. 3. Principal Sources (1): Qur ān and Ḥadīth 4. Principal Sources (2): Qur ān, Ḥadīth, Practice (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 17 (Hukm Shar i) 278-306. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 2 (The Sources of Sharī ah: the Qur ān) and Ch 3 (The Sunnah) 22-83. Al-Shāfi ī, MI, Al-Risāla fī uṣūl al-fiqh (2nd edn Majid Khadduri tr, The Islamic Texts Society 1961) Introduction to the primary sources of Islamic law. 3
of Companions (especially righted guided Caliphs), Sharā min qablinā (Judaism, Christianity, Natural Law) 32-40, 88-108. Khurshid Jan v Fazal Dad PLD 1964 (WP) Lahore 558 (addressing the issues of the sources of Muslim law and the authority of courts to differ from the views of classical jurists on policy grounds) 5. Subordinate/Supplement ary (1): Urf 6. Subordinate/Supplement ary (2): Qānūn (state legislation) and Judicial Decisions (including fatāwā of official muftīs) 7. Primary Methodology: Ijtihād (independent legal reasoning) 8. Secondary Methodology (1): Taqlīd (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 10 (The Revealed Laws Preceding Shari ah of Islam) 206-9. Articles 36-45 Majalla (Ottoman Civil Code) 1870. Rahim, A, The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Luzac & Co. 1911) Chapter III (Custom and Usage) 136-37. Libson, G, 'On the Development of Custom as a Source of Law in Islamic Law' (1997) 4 Islamic Law and Society 131 (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 14 ( Urf) 248-58. Masud, MK, 'The Doctrine of Siyāsa in Islamic Law' (2001) 18 Recht van de Islam 129 Hoexter, M, 'Qāḍī, Muftī and Ruler: Their Roles in the Development of Islamic Law' in R Shaham (ed) Law, Custom, and Statute in the Muslim World (Brill 2007) 67-86. Al-Shāfi ī, MI, Al-Risāla fī uṣūl al-fiqh (2nd edn Majid Khadduri tr, The Islamic Texts Society 1961) 295-303. Iqbal, SM, The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (OUP 1934) 139-70. Kamali, MH, Shari ah Law: An Introduction, Oneworld 2008, Ch 8 (Independent Reasoning (Ijtihād) and Juristic Opinion (Fatwā) 162-78. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 19 (Ijtihad) 315-38. Rahim, A, The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Luzac & Co. 1911) Chapter III (Ijtihad and Taqlid) 168-92. Introduction to the subordinate sources of Islamic law and highlighting the distinction between sources and methodology. Understanding the methodology of drawing rules from principal and subordinate sources by introducing various juristic concepts used for this purpose. 4
9. Methodology (2): Takhrīj, Talfīq and Takhayyir 10. Primary Methodological tools: Qiyās (analogy), Istiḥsān (juristic preference) and Ijmā (consensus) 11. Secondary Methodological tools (1): Istiṣlāḥ (serving a public interest), Maṣlaḥa (public interest) and Maqāṣid (objectives) 12. Methodological tools (2): Istiṣḥāb (continuity), Sadd al-dharā a (preemptive measures), Ḍarūra (exigency) and Ḥiyal (legal devices) 13. Methodology in Islamic Law and other Legal Systems (1) Fadel, M, 'The Social Logic of Taqlīd and the Rise of the Mukhataṣar' (1996) 3 Islamic Law and Society 193. Kamali, MH, 'Methodological Issues in Islamic Jurisprudence' (1996) 11 Arab Law Quarterly 3 Nyazee, IAK, Islamic Jurisprudence (Islamic Research Institute 2009) 325-353. Al-Shāfi ī, MI, Al-Risāla fī uṣūl al-fiqh (2nd edn Majid Khadduri tr, The Islamic Texts Society 1961) 285-94, 304-32. Rahim, A, The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Luzac & Co. 1911) Chapter III (Sources of Law) 115-65. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 8 (Ijma or Consensus of Opinion) 154-79; Ch 9 (Qiyas or Analogical Deduction) 180-205; Ch 12 (Istihsan or Equity in Islamic Law) 217-34. Opwis, F, 'Maṣlaḥa in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory' (2005) 12 Islamic Law and Society 182 Nyazee, IAK, Outlines of Islamic Jurisprudence (Advanced Legal Studies Institute 2000) Ch 11, 162-74 (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 15 (Istishab) 259-68; Ch 16 (Sadd al-dhara i) 269-76. Krawietz, B, 'Ḍarūra in Modern Islamic Law: The Case of Organ Transplantation ' in R Greave and E Kermeli (eds), Islamic Law: Theory and Practice (I.B. Tauris 1997) 185-93. Johansen, B, 'Casuistry: Between Legal Concept and Social Praxis' (1995) 2 Islamic Law and Society 135-156. Kamali, MH, 'Sharī'ah and Civil Law: Towards a Methodology of Harmonization' (2007) 14 Islamic Law and Society 391 Hallaq, WB, 'Logic of Legal Reasoning in Religious and Non-Religious Cultures: The Case of Islamic Law Highlighting the distinguishing features of Islamic jurisprudential methodology by comparing it with 5
14. Methodology in Islamic Law and other Legal Systems (2) 15. Stages of Development (1) 16. Stages of Development (2) 17. Stages of Development (3) 18. Current Challenges (1): Islamic law and the Modern State 19. Current Challenges (2): Islamic law and the Modern State and the Common Law' (1985-1986) 34 Cleveland State Law Review 79 Hallaq, WB, 'Logic, Formal Arguments and Formalization of Arguments in Sunnī Jurisprudence' (1990) 37 Arabica 315 Crone, P, 'Weber, Islamic Law, and the Rise of Capitalism' in TE Huff and W Schluchter (eds), Max Weber & Islam (Transaction Publishers 1999) 247-72. Hallaq, WB, 'Islamic Law: History and Transformation' in R Irwin (ed) The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol 4 (Cambridge University Press 2010) 142-83 (for a very brief introduction) Hallaq, WB, Sharī a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge University Press 2009) (for a detailed analysis see Introduction and Part I) 25-124. Shalakany, AA, 'Islamic Legal Histories' (2008) 1 Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law 1 (a critique of Schacht and Coulson s works) Hallaq, WB, 'The Quest for Origins or Doctrine? Islamic Legal Studies as Colonialist Discourse' (2003) 2 UCLA J. Islamic & Near EL 1 Powers, DS, 'Wael B. Hallaq on the Origins of Islamic Law: a Review Essay' (2010) 17 Islamic Law and Society 126 Hallaq, WB, The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity's Moral Predicament (Columbia University Press 2013) 1-36, 155-70. Hallaq, WB, 'Juristic Authority vs. State Power: The Legal Crises of Modern Islam' (2003) 19 Journal of Law and Religion 243 Fadel, M, 'A Tragedy of Politics or an Apolitical Tragedy?' (2011) 131 Journal of the American Oriental Society 109 Peters, R, 'From Jurists Law to Statute Law or What Happens When the Shari'a is Codified' (2002) 7 Mediterranean Politics 82 other legal systems. Understanding the origins and development of Uṣūl al-fiqh. Evaluation of the modern Western scholarship on the history of Islamic law. Conceptualise the relationship between Sharī a and the modern state by engaging with the thesis that morality oriented Islamic law is incompatible with the modern state based on coercive power. 6
20. Current Challenges (3): Judicial and Legislative Ijtihād 21. Current Challenges (4): Islamic Jurisprudence in the West 22. Islamic Jurisprudence in South Asia (1) Aharon, L, 'The Transformation of the Sharī a from Jurists' Law to Statutory Law in the Contemporary Muslim World' (2004) 44 Die Welt des Islams 85 Mayer, A.E, The Sharī ah: A Methodology or a Body of Substantive Rules? in Heer, N and Ziadeh, FJ, Islamic Law and Jurisprudence (University of Washington Press 1990) 177-198. An-Na'im, A.A. "Shari'a and Positive Legislation: Is an Islamic State Possible or Viable?" in Intellectual Property Laws of the Arab Countries, ed. Abu- Ghazaleh Intellectual Property (TMP Agents The Hague 2000) 29-41. Available at http://www.law.emory.edu/aannaim/pdfiles/dwnld2 0.pdf Peters, R, 'Idjtihād and Taqlīd in 18th and 19th Century Islam' (1980) XX Die Welt des Islams 131 Kamali, MH, 'Issues in the Legal Theory of Uṣūl and Prospects for Reform' (2001) 40 Islamic studies 5 Fadel, M, Book Review Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation by Tariq Ramadan, Oxford University Press, 2009 in 81 (2013) Journal of the American Academy of Religion 1159. Fadel, M, 'Is Historicism a Viable Strategy for Islamic Law Reform-The Case of Never Shall a Folk Prosper Who Have Appointed a Woman to Rule Them' (2011) 18 Islamic L. & Soc'y 131-76. Odatalla v Odatalla [2002] 355 N.J. Super. 305; 810 A.2d 93 (Ch. Div. 2002) available at https://www.courtlistener.com/njsuperctappdiv/b42 w/odatalla-v-odatalla/ Shamil Bank v Beximco Pharmaceuticals [2004] EWCA (Civ) 19 available at http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/ewca/civ/2004/19. html Mohammad Ahmed Khan v Shah Bano Begum 1985 AIR 945 Mas ud, MK, 'Trends in the Interpretation of Islamic Law in the Fatāwā Literature of Deoband School, M.A Thesis' (McGill University 1969) available at http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/view/action/singlevi Critical evaluation of the issue of the relevance of Fiqh in judicial and legislative law making in the modern state. Examination of the issue of the application of Islamic law in the West by looking into selected court decisions. Analysis of the developments in Islamic Jurisprudence under Pakistani legal system in the historical context 7
23. Judicial Islamisation of Laws in Pakistan (1) 24. Judicial Islamisation of Laws in Pakistan (2) ewer.do?dvs=1389340782328~394&locale=en_us&s how_metadata=false&viewer_url=/view/action/si ngleviewer.do?&delivery_rule_id=6&adjacen cy=n&application=digitool- 3&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true Qazalbash Waqf v Chief Land Commissioner PLD 1990 SC 99 M Aslam Khaki v Muhammad Hashim 2000 PLD SC 225 (Ribā Judgment) of South Asia. Examination and critical evaluation of the application of Islamic jurisprudence in the process of judicial Islamisation of laws. 25-26. 27-28. Guest Lectures Revision Textbook(s)/Supplementary Readings Books Ahmad, AA, Structural Interrelations of Theory and Practice in Islamic Law: A Study of Six Works of Medieval Islamic Jurisprudence (Brill 2006) (See Chapters 1, 2 and 8) Gleave, R, Inevitable doubt: Two Theories of Shi'i Jurisprudence (Brill 2000). Hasan, A, The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: Command of the Sharī'ah and Juridical Norm (Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University 1993) Hassan, A, Analogical Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence (Islamic Research Institute 1986) Hassan, A, The Doctrine of Ijmā in Islam (Islamic Research Institute 1976) Lowry, JE, Early Islamic Legal Theory: The Risāla of Muḥammad Ibn Idrīs Al-Shāfi ī (Brill 2007) (See Chapter 2 Hermeneutical Techniques) 61-163 Masud, MK, Shatibi s Philosophy of Islamic Law (Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University 1995) Vikør, KS, Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law (Hurst & Co. 2005) Articles al-atawneh, M, 'Wahhabi Legal Theory as Reflected in Modern Official Saudi Fatwas: Ijithad, Taqlid, 8
Sources, and Methodology' (2011) 18 Islamic L. & Soc'y 327 Dutton, Y, 'The Introduction to Ibn Rushd's Bidāyat al-mujtahid ' (1994) Islamic Law and Society 188 Emon, AM, 'Natural Law and Natural Rights in Islamic Law' (2004) 20 Journal of Law and Religion 351 El Fadl, KA, 'Islamic law and Muslim minorities: The juristic discourse on Muslim minorities from the second/eighth to the eleventh/seventeenth centuries' (1994) Islamic Law and Society 141 Hallaq, WB, 'Non-Analogical Arguments in Sunni Juridical Qiyas' (1989) 36 Arabica 286 Horii, S, 'Reconsideration of Legal Devices (Ḥiyal) in Islamic Jurisprudence: The Ḥanafī's and Their "Exits" (Makhārij)' (2002) 9 Islamic Law and Society 312 Moosa, E, 'Colonialism and Islamic Law' in MK Masud and others (eds), Islam and Modernity (Edinburgh University Press 2009) Opwis, F, 'The Construction of Madhhab Authority: Ibn Taymiyya's Interpretation of Juristic Preference (Istiḥsān)' (2008) 15 Islamic Law and Society 219 Rabb, IA, 'Islamic Legal Maxims as Substantive Canons of Constructions: Hudud-Avoidance in Cases of Doubt' (2010) 17 Islamic L. & Soc'y 63 Zaman, MQ, The Caliphs, the ʿUlamāʾ, and the Law: Defining the Role and Function of the Caliph in the Early ʿAbbāsid Period (1997) 4 Islamic L. & Soc'y, 1-36. Research Journals Islamic Law and Society Arab Law Quarterly International Journal of Middle East Studies Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford) Online Resources Some of Professor Nyazee s books are available at http://www.nyazee.org/islaw/theory/theory.html, password nyazee Professor Hashim Kamali s Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence is available at http://www.bandung2.co.uk/books/files/law/principles%20of%20islamic%20jurisprudence%20- %20Hashim%20Kamali.pdf Abdur Rahim's book Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence is available at https://archive.org/details/principlesofmuha031574mbp 9
Gateway to selected scholarly websites http://www.intute.ac.uk/ Free latest articles from the top universities http://www.ssrn.com/ Pakistani Case Law Online http://www.pakistanlawsite.com/ Free Indian Case Law Online http://www.indiankanoon.org/ Indian Case Law Online http://www.manupatra.com/ Free UK Case Law Online http://www.bailii.org/ English Case Law Online http://www.westlaw.co.uk/ 10