McKay Chapter 14 Outline Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church I. Introduction A. Objectives 1. What late medieval developments paved the way for the adoption and spread of Protestant thought? 2. What role did political and social factors play 9n the several reformations? 3. What were the consequences of religious division? 4. Why did the theological ideas of Martin Luther trigger political, social and economic reactions? 5. What response did the Catholic church make to the movement for reform? II. The Condition of the Church (ca 1400-1517) A. Signs of Disorder 1. Babylonian Captivity 2. Great Schism 3. Erasmus, Praise of Folly 4. Abuses a. Clerical immorality (1) violations of celibacy b. Clerical ignorance (1) low standards of education for ordination c. Clerical pluralism d. Simony e. Nepotism f. Sale of dispensations g. Sale of indulgences h. Clerical absenteeism (1) Henry VIII s chancellor Thomas Wolsey was archbishop of York but did not set foot in the diocese for 15 years (2) Salaries paid from Germany, England, Spain to absentee Italian clerics led to nationalist resentment (3) Rulers did not have the income to properly pay key Crown servants. They wanted to reward their servants with church offices that would provide an income. Throughout Europe, top Church officials lived like aristocrats and paid little attention to spiritual matters i. Renaissance Popes (1) Sixtus IV (1471-1484) fought wars and began Sistine Chapel (2) Innocent VIII (1484-1492) a model for luxury and scandal (3) Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) (1492-1503) schemed to support his illegitimate children
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 2 III. (4) Julius VI (1503-1513) led armies into battle built the Sistine Chapel B. Signs of Vitality 1. Brethren of the Common Life a. Pious laypeople in Holland b. Religion should be inner and personal c. Emphasis on Scriptures d. Thomas à Kempis The Imitation of Christ Martin Luther (1483-1546) and the Birth of Protestantism A. Luther s Early Years 1. Went into the Church following an experience in a thunderstorm 2. Doctor of theology and taught at the University of Wittenberg 3. Study of Pauline Letters, especially Romans led to belief that Man is saved only by faith, which is a free gift of God s grace which cannot be earned B. The Ninety Five Theses 1. Archbishop of Magdeburg Albert, also administered the see of Halberstadt and was archbishop of Mainz a. Bought a papal dispensation to hold all three from Leo X who was building St. Peter s basilica in Rome b. Borrowed money from the Fugger family in Augsburg c. Leo X authorized Albert to sell indulgences in order to pay for the loan 2. Indulgences a. Treasury of Merits b. No actual official doctrine on indulgences 3. Friar Johan Tetzel a. Wenn die Münze in der Kasse klingt / Dann die Seele aus der Hölle springt! 4. October 31, 1519 The Theses posted on the church door a. Asserts principal of Sola Scriptura b. Luther asserts no Biblical basis for indulgences c. Opponents argue that to deny indulgences is to deny the authority which authorized them the pope d. In debate at Leipzig in 1519, Luther denied both the authority of the pope and the infallibility of a general council, (1) The Council of Constance erred in burning Jan Hus e. On the Freedom of the Christian Man repeats salvation by grace f. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church attacked use of the sacraments as a means to keep men from Scriptural truth and to control the means of salvation 5. Diet of Worms (1521) called by Charles V a. Unless I am convinced by the evidence of Scripture or by plain
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 3 reason for I do not accept the authority of the Pope or the councils alone, since it established that they have often erred and contradicted themselves I am bound by the Scriptures I have cited and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. God help me. Amen b. Charles V declares Luther an outlaw, but Duke Frederick of Saxony protected him (1) Goes to Wartburg Castle and translate the Bible (2) Marries a former nun, Katherine von Bora 6. Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) early disciple 7. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) in Zurich a. Based only on Scripture (used Erasmus new Testament) b. Attacked (1) indulgences, (2) Mass (3) monasticism, (4) clerical celibacy c. Killed in battle against other Swiss cities C. Protestant Thought 1. Confession of Augsburg 1530 a. Salvation is by faith alone By grace are ye saved, and not be works, lest any man boast. (1) God initiates salvation (2) It is not a combination of faith and good works b. Authority rests with the Word of God as revealed in the Bible alone (1) Note McKay s argument about tradition and authorship of the Bible. McKay is wrong. He doesn t seem to know the date of authorship of various books of the New Testament c. The Church is the entire community of believers, not just the clergy d. There is a spiritual priesthood of all believers (1) Catholic practice held some vocations as higher than others esp. Priestly vocation (2) All vocations are equally valuable, whether secular or spiritual, the idea to approach each vocation as to God 2. Only three sacraments a. Baptism b. Eucharist (1) Rejects Catholic transubstantiation (2) Adopts consubstantiation
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 4 (3) Zwingli rejects both, and adopts memorial c. Penance d. Rejects as sacraments (1) marriage (2) orders (3) unction (4) confirmation D. The Social Impact of Luther s Beliefs 1. City governments resented clerical privileges and immunities 2. Critics condemned irregularity and poor quality of sermons a. Endowed preacherships with many of these men gravitating to Luther 3. On Christian Liberty (1520) A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none. a. th Condition of peasants had declined in 15 century (1) crop failures in 1523-1524 4. Swabian peasants led by Thomas Muntzer produce the Twelve Articles a. nobles had seized common lands b. new rents on manorial properties c. new services on peasants imposed d. imposed unjust death duties 5. Admonition to Peace (1525) 6. Peasant uprisings in Swabia, Thuringia, Rhineland, and Saxony 7. Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants 1525 a. Luther equates obedience to legally constituted secular authority as obedience to God. Church is subordinated to state. Government is established by God and lawful obedience is required. b. Cf woodcut by Georg Pencz The rabbits capturing the hunters [Kagan p. 370] c. 75,000 peasants killed in the revolt. 8. Printing Press a. Luther s skill at language Luther Bible is the basis for modern High German b. Hymns, psalms, catechisms 9. Practices involved a more personal faith, importance of Scripture, end of elaborate ceremonies reforms advocated by Northern Humanists 10. Luther and women a. His own marriage was very happy and companionate b. End of monasticism exalts the home c. Ended concubinage to clergy d. Home as a haven of peace beginning of a clear separation of spheres
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 5 IV. (1) Women s place is Kinder, Küche, und Kirche e. Schools and education for women Germany and the Protestant Reformation A. Golden Bull left Germany as an aristocratic federation B. Local rulers joined Luther for political, economic, and social reasons C. Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty 1. Marriage of Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy in 1477 2. War with Louis XI over Burgundy ending with Treaty of Arras 1482 3. German princes began to resent Habsburg dominance 4. Habsburgs and France begin a series of wars, with Germany the most common battleground a. Sack of Rome in 1527 by Imperial troops one consequence 5. Maximilian and Mary have Philip of Burgundy who married Joanna of Castile. 6. Their son Charles V (r. 1519-1556) inherits the Habsburg lands and Spanish empire. 7. Charles V subordinated revenues and soldiers from Germany and the Low countries to imperial interests D. The Political Impact of Luther s Beliefs 1. It was assumed that a state required religious uniformity 2. Luther s Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) urged princes to confiscate ecclesiastical wealth, abolish clerical celibacy, indulgences, dispensations a. Attacks the financial exploitation of Germany b. German princes refused to enforce condemnation of Luther in 1521 3. Theological differences become linked to political ambition and finances 4. Charles was distracted by his Flemish, Spanish, American and Italian territories, plus the threat of the Turks a. Turks besieged Vienna in 1529 b. Ferdinand (Charles brother) needed Protestants against them 5. Charles V fought five wars with the Valois between 1521 and 1555 a. The key to French policy was to keep Germany divided b. The Habsburg - Valois wars helped Protestantism 6. After the defeat of the Turks at Vienna, Charles turns on the Protestant princes. a. Princes form the Schmalkaldic League in 1531 (1) The League allies with France in 1552 and forces a peace 7. Peace of Augsburg 1555 a. Each prince determines religion of his territory (1) cuius regio, eius religio b. Recognizes Lutherans and Catholics c. Churches were state churches and dissidents had to leave
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 6 V. Growth of the Protestant Reformation A. Calvinism 1. John Calvin (1509-1564) 2. Geneva 1541 A city that was a church model community 3. The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1559 4. Predestination 5. Sovereignty of God 6. TULIP 7. Geneva Consistory laymen and pastors a. Supervised conduct closely (1) all municipalities did this, just not to this degree b. Dancing, card playing, drunkenness, quarreling, absence from sermons all could be punished. 8. Michael Servetus, who denied the Trinity, escaped the Inquisition and fled to Geneva where he was arrested, condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake. 9. Model for Huguenots, Puritans, and Presbyterians 10. Calvin and women a. Exalted marriage b. Stressed husband s authority and wife duty to obey c. Marriage outlet for sexual urges, which they thought was stronger in women d. Some well-to-do women took over the secularized role of welfare (schools, orphanages, dowries, provide for widows) 11. Doctrine of calling dignified all work and gave a strong economic activism to them 12. Provided a systematic theology with strong organization B. The Anabaptists 1. Left wing of the Reformation a. Class basis peasants, artisans, laborers 2. Rejected infant baptism 3. Only a few people receive an inner light a. The Christian community and the Christian state are not identical b. Accepted religious toleration 4. Each congregation independent 5. Women accepted into the ministry 6. Shared goods 7. Pacifists 8. Rejected public offices 9. Attracted the poor, unemployed,, uneducated, esp. from depressed urban areas 10. Siege of Münster
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 7 a. Anabaptists gained control of the city (1) Expelled non-believers and seized their property (2) Allowed polygamy (a lot more women than men) (3) allowed women to become priests (4) City taken in siege and brutally sacked 11. Zwingli, Luther, Calvin and Catholics all recognized that separation of church and state would lead to secularization of society 12. Legacies a. Baptists b. Quakers c. Congregationalism d. Separation of church and state e. Mennonites derive from Menno Simons (1496-1561) an Anabaptist C. The English Reformation 1. Reform demands a. Lollards b. William Tyndale (1494?-1536) 2. Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) married his brother s widow, Catherine of Aragon a. Only child is Mary b. Lusted after Anne Boleyn in 1527, who refused to submit without a ring c. Henry s request for an annulment meant reversing a previous dispensation. In addition, Pope Clement VII had seen Rome sacked by Imperial troops in 1527 and was fighting off Luther s attacks and could not admit that the previous pope, Julius II, had erred. 3. The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533) king is supreme sovereign in England and forbade appeals to the Curia 4. Act for Submission of the Clergy (1534) required Crown approval for ecclesiastical laws 5. The Supremacy Act (1534) king is the head of the Church of England 6. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, the Chancellor, refuse d to take the oath of the Supremacy Act and were beheaded 7. Anne Boleyn produced Elizabeth but not a male a. Beheaded for adultery 1536 8. Jane Seymour becomes queen, and gives Henry Edward but died in childbirth 9. Between 1535 and 1539, under direction of Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, and distributed the land to the upper classes. 10. Thomas Cromwell centralized and strengthened the government
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 8 VI. machinery 11. Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) a. Influence of Thomas Cranmer b. Book of Common Prayer 1549 12. Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558) or Bloody Mary a. Restored Roman Catholicism b. Married Philip of Spain c. Burned 282 Protestants at the stake (1) Including Thomas Cranmer 13. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) a. Brought stability b. Elizabethan Settlement (1) outward conformity to the Church of England and uniformity in ceremonies (2) moderate Protestant direction (3) Thirty Nine Articles (4) Vernacular services (5) Clergy could marry (6) Episcopacy not abandoned, (7) Services quite traditional in liturgy D. The Establishment of the Church of Scotland 1. King James V and his daughter Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1560-1567) were staunch Catholics 2. John Knox (1505? 1572) led the movement and convinced the Parliament to abolish papal authority 3. Establishes the Calvinist Church of Scotland 4. Book of Common Order (1564) the liturgy E. Protestantism in Ireland 1. English viewed Irish as barbarians 2. The Irish Parliament, which represented only English landlords, severed from Rome and created the Church of Ireland 3. Monasteries secularized 4. Roman Catholicism was driven underground 5. The Irish remain Catholic, and clergy are national as well as spiritual leaders. F. Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark 1. Lutheran State churches 2. Swedish Gustavus Vasa (r. 1523-1560) led independence from Denmark, seized church lands 3. Christian III of Denmark (r. 1503-1559) secularized church property and established a Lutheran church The Catholic Reformation and the Counter-Reformation
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 9 A. Slowness of Institutional Reform 1. Clement VII. 1523-1534), a Medici, was interested in art, not theological disputes 2. Charles V and Francis I dueled for power in Italy a. Sack of Rome in 1527 by Imperial troops 3. Popes resisted calling a council B. The Council of Trent 1545-1563 1. Called by Paul III (1534-1549) a. Established Inquisition in the Papal States b. Made teenaged grandsons Cardinals 2. Gave validity in equal measure to Scripture and tradition as sources of religious truth and authority 3. Reaffirmed 7 sacraments 4. Reaffirmed transubstantiation 5. Strengthened ecclesiastical discipline 6. Improved education and standards for entering clergy 7. Ended secret marriages (exchange of vows privately without witnesses) C. New Religious Orders 1. Ursuline Order on nuns a. Founded by Angela Merici (1474-1540) b. Focus on education for women 2. Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) (1) Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) (2) Spiritual Exercises b. Mobility c. Disciplined and obedient d. Education D. The Congregation of the Holy Office 1. Authority over the Roman Inquisition 2. Judicial authority over all Catholics able to arrest, imprison and execute 3. Led by the fanatical Cardinal Caraffa (later Pope Paul IV) 4. Operated under Roman law a. Accepted hearsay evidence b. Not obliged to inform the accused of the charges c. Used torture 5. Index of Prohibited Books E. Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582) 1. Grandfather was a New Christian 2. Ecstatic experiences: I saw a long golden spear and at the end of an iron tip I seemed to see a point of fire. With this he seemed to pierce my heart several times so that it penetrated to my entrails. When he drew it out... he left me completely afire with the great love of God
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 10 3. Founded 14 convents
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Page 11 Identifications Erasmus Praise of Folly simony nepotism pluralism indulgences dispensations Brethren of the Common Life Thomas a Kempis Imitation of Christ Johann Tetzel Ninety Five Theses Sola Scriptura On the Freedom of the Christian Man The Babylonian Captivity of the Church Diet of Worms Philip Melanchthon Ulrich Zwingli Confession of Augsburg transubstantiation consubstantiation On Christian Liberty Thomas Münzer Twelve Articles Against the Murderous Thieving Hordes of Peasants Golden Bull Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Schmalkaldic League Peace of Augsburg cuius regio, eius religio John Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion Geneva Consistory Anabaptists Siege of Münster Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Act in Restraint of Appeals Act for Submission of the Clergy Supremacy Act Sir Thomas More Thomas Cromwell Thomas Cranmer Mary Tudor Elizabeth I Elizabethan Settlement John Knox Counter Reformation Council of Trent Ursuline Order Society of Jesus (Jesuits) St. Ignatius of Loyola Spiritual Exercises St. Theresa of Avila Roman Inquisition Index of Forbidden Books
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