THE RISE OF ISLAM
Arabia before Muhammad Arabian Origins By 6 th century CE = Arabic-speakers throughout Syrian desert
Arabia before Muhammad Arabian Origins By 6 th century CE = Arabic-speakers throughout Syrian desert Philip the Arab, Roman Emperor (r. 244-249) Byzantine & Persian influence Bedouin people = nomadic tribes sheikhs = tribal leaders Community-oriented Tribal deities Mecca & the Ka bah
Muhammad the Prophet Muhammad (ca. 570-632) = orphan, descendent of Qusayy Married into wealth Lots of contact with Jews and Christians 610 = had his first revelation Muhammad, the Preacher Recorded teachings in the Qur an An Abrahamic faith, but the best one Muslim = one who submits Emphasis on a duty to worship Scripture is literal Early rejections... September 620 = Hijra : 300-mile pilgrimage to Medina Established the Umma
Triumphant Islam Taking over Medina... Muslims expelled Jewish clans Taking over Mecca... Raids on trade routes 629 = invasion of Mecca Muhammad began focusing on politics Women under Islam Pros = not the origin of evil; no female infanticide; inheritance/property rights Cons = subordinate to men; male-centric polygamy; segregation
The Spread of Islam Mecca = new capital of Islamic religion jihad = holy struggle to destroy idol worship Tolerance toward other religions, but special taxes 632 = Muhammad dies Initial loss of political/cultural influence Abu Bakr (ruled, 632-634) = caliph Led a war of reconversion
The Spread of Islam Mecca = new capital of Islamic religion jihad = holy war to destroy idol worship Tolerance toward other religions, but special taxes 632 = Muhammad dies Initial loss of political/cultural influence Abu Bakr (ruled, 632-634) = caliph Led a war of reconversion Umar (ruled, 634-644) Expanded Islam into Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt Won victories against Sassanids and Byzantines
The Spread of Islam Living under Islamic rule For many, Muslims were liberators By 650 = power vacuum between Byzantium & Persia
The Spread of Islam Living under Islamic rule For many, Muslims were liberators By 650 = power vacuum between Byzantium & Persia By 8 th century = Muslims threatening Constantinople Pushed back, but decimated Empire
Government under Islam First model = pre-islamic tribal authority Umma = super-tribe Second model = leadership of Muhammad s family Kept bureaucracy of conquered lands Only state land and Zoroastrian land confiscated First Crisis of the Caliphate Third Caliph, Uthman (ruled, 644-656) Open rebellion throughout Arabia and Egypt 656 = Uthman murdered Fourth Caliph, Ali (ruled, 656-661) Moved from Arabia to Iraq 661 = murdered Laid groundwork for Shi ism
Later Caliphates Umayyads = wanted to use Islam to unify Arabs Extended Islamic Empire to greatest extent
Later Caliphates Umayyads = wanted to use Islam to unify Arabs Extended Islamic Empire to greatest extent Abbasid Revolution = religious reformation 750 = Umayyads overthrown in favor of Muhammad s family No special privileges for Arabs Division! 10 th century = emirs took command of provinces Sunni Muslims accepted these leaders Shi a Muslims did not 11 th century = Turkish invasions
Islamic Civilization Lots of wealth (esp. in Mesopotamia) Enormous trade networks Baghdad = world s greatest marketplace Exchanged ideas too! Science! Emphasis on math and astronomy Al-Khwarizmi (790-805) = father of algebra Medical science Al-Razi (864-930) Ibn Sina (980-1037)
Islamic Civilization Philosophy! Translations of Aristotle and Plato Ibn Rushd (1126-1198) = the Commentator Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) = Jewish philosopher Christians fight back! 11 th century = raiding parties from Constantinople Support from all of Christian Europe Recaptured Jerusalem
Imperial Disintegration Macedonian Dynasty (867-1059) = last gasp of Byzantine Empire Ended in revolt Reliance on mercenary armies Peasants started relying on the protection of a lord Commercial threats... Byzantine Empire had to rely on Italian navies 1071 = Byzantium loses Italy and Anatolia
Conquering Constantinople Attacks from the West... Powerful Western Europe 1054 = Great Schism, formal split between Catholic & Orthodox European Crusaders 1204 = Crusaders capture Constantinople 1261 = Constantinople recaptured
Conquering Constantinople Attacks from the West... Powerful Western Europe 1054 = Great Schism, formal split between Catholic & Orthodox European Crusaders 1204 = Crusaders capture Constantinople 1261 = Constantinople recaptured Attacks from the East... 1221 = Mongols & Genghis Khan invade Persia 1258 = Mongols capture Baghdad 1350 = Mongol Empire collapses 1453 = Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople