PASSIVE SENTENCES for the eleventh graders compiled by: Dra. Wulandari 1
Kompetensi Dasar: Menerapkan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi transaksionallisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan /tindakan/ kegiatan/ kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. - Mengidentifikasi fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaan untuk menyatakan dan menanyakan tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. - Mengidentifikasi fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaan untuk menyatakan dan menanyakan tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dengan menggunakan Passive Report Structures, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan/tindakan/kegiatan/ kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks - Menyusun teks tulis atau lisan untuk menyatakan dan menanyakan tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial. - Menyusun teks tulisa atau lisan untuk menyatakan dan menanyakan tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, dengan memperhatikan fungsi social, menggunakan Passive Report Structures Tujuan Pembelajaran: Setelah selesai mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran, peserta didik dapat mensyukuri kesempatan mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar komunikasi international dan mewujudkannya dalam sikap pantang menyerah dan peduli terhadap sesama, serta mampu: 1. Mengidentifikasi fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaan untuk menyatakan dan menanyakan tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. 2. Mengidentifikasi fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaan untuk menyatakan dan menanyakan tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dengan menggunakan Passive Report Structures, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya 3. Menyusun teks tulis/lisan untuk menyatakan dan menanyakan tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial. 4. Menyusun teks tulis/lisan untuk tentang tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, menggunakan Passive Report Structures 2
Conceptual Map: Sentence Active Passive formed by general rule: be + V3 formed by special rules Glossary: Passive Sentences = sentences in the Passive Voice, in which the subject of a sentence is affected by the action shown in the verb 3
Forming the Passive The passivization of active sentences involve these steps: The object in the active sentences move into the subject position in the passive sentence. The subject move to the end of the sentence and by is inserted before it the sentences now has an agent by phrase. The main verb is changed to its past participle form and the appropriate form of be is inserted before it. ACTIVE: a. Mary helped the boy. S V O PASSIVE: b. The boy was helped by Mary. S V ACTIVE: c. An accident happened. PASSIVE: d. - In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: the boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in a passive sentence. The noun that follows by is called the agent In (b) Mary is the agent. (a) and (b) have the same meaning Only transitive verbs (verbs that can be followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use intransitive verbs (such as happen, sleep, come, seem) in the passive. General Rules of Forming the Passive Active Passive Simple Present : V1 is/am/are + V3 Simple Past : V2 was/were + V3 Present Perfect : have/has + V3 have/has been + V3 Past Perfect : had + V3 had been + V3 Present Continuous : is/am/are + Ving is/am/are being + V3 Past Continuous : was/were + Ving was/were being + V3 Future : will + V1 is/am/are going to + V1 will be + V3 is/am/are going to be + V3 Future Perfect : will have + V3 will have been + V3 Modal : modal + V1 modal be + V3 Modal Perfect : modal + have + V3 modal have been + V3 4
Note: The passive is not used in the present perfect continuous, the past perfect continuous or the future continuous for reasons of style. Using the Passive a. Rice is grown in India. b. Our house was built in 1980. c. This olive oil was imported from France. d. Life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain. Usually the passive is used without a byphrase. The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action. In (a): Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. It is not known or important who grows rice in India. (a), (b), and (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e. without by-phrase. The by-phrase is included only if it is important to know who performs an action, as in (d), where Mark Twain is important information. e. My aunt made the rug. If the speaker knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, as in (e). f. This rug was made by my aunt. Sometimes, even when the speaker knows That rug was made by my mother. who performs the action, he/she chooses to use the passive with the by-phrase because he/she wants to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two rugs. Special Rules of Forming the Passive Passive of Gerund or Infinitive Active : Jane likes her teacher praising her in front of the class. Passive : Jane likes being praised (by her teacher) in front of the class. Active : They tend to criticize his work. Passive : His work tends to be criticized. 5
Passive of Present Participle or Bare Infinitive Active : I saw the man crossing the street. Passive : The man was seen crossing the street. Active : I saw the man cross the street. Passive : The man was seen to cross the street. Passive of Instructions Active : Do the test carefully! Passive : You/We are told/asked/ordered to do the test carefully. Active : Don t walk on the grass! Passive : You/We are not allowed/permitted to walk on the grass. Passive with Noun Clause Active : They say love is blind. Passive : Love is said to be blind. Or It is said that love is blind. Active : Many people think the man has a lot of money. Passive : The man is thought to have a lot of money. Or It is thought that the man has a lot of money. Active : I think John went to Singapore on his last holiday. Passive : John is thought to have gone to Singapore on his last holiday. Or It is thought that John went to Singapore on his last holiday. Active : People believed that he was killed. Passive : He was believed to be killed. Or It was believed that he was killed. Active : They have found that the bombing caused a lot of casualties. Passive : The bombing has been found to have caused a lot of casualties. Or It has been found that the bombing caused a lot of casualties. 6
EXERCISES A. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive. 1. It s a big factory. Five hundred people (employ) there. 2. (somebody/ clean) this room yesterday? 3. Water (cover) most of the earth s surface. 4. How much of the earth s surface (cover( by water? 5. The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening. 6. The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday. 7. The boat hit a rock and (sink) quickly. Fortunately everybody (rescue). 8. Richard s parents (die) when he was very young. He and his sister (bring up) by their grandparents. 9. I was born in London, but I (grow up) in Canada. 10. While I was on holiday, my camera (steal) from my hotel room. 11. While I was in holiday, my camera (disappear) from my hotel room. 12. Why Sue (resign) from her job? Didn t she enjoy it? 13. Why Bill (sack) from his job? What did he do wrong? 14. The company is not independent. It (own) by a much larger company. 15. I saw an accident last night. Somebody (call) an ambulance but nobody (injure), so the ambulance (not/ need). B. Use either Active or Passive, in any appropriate tense, for the verbs in brackets. 1. The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world s oxygen (produce) there. 2. Right now Roberto is in the hospital. He (treat) for a bad burn on his hand and arm. 3. The game (win, probably) by the other team tomorrow. They re a lot better than we are. 4. There was a terrible accident on a busy downtown street yesterday. Dozens of people (see) it, including my friend, who (interview) by the police. 5. In my country, certain prices, such as the price of medical supplies, (control) by the government. Other prices (determine) by how much consumers are willing to pay for a product. 7
6. Yesterday a purse snatcher (catch) by a dog. While the thief (chase) by the police, he (jump) over the fence into someone s yard, where he encountered a ferocious dog. The dog (keep) the thief from escaping. 7. Frostbite may occur when the skin (expose) to extreme cold. It frequently (affect) the skin of the cheeks, chin, ears, fingers, nose, and toes. 8. The first fish (appear) on the earth about 500 million years ago. Up to now, more than 20,000 kinds of fish (name) and (describe) by scientists. New species (discover) every year, so the total increases continually. 9. In 1877, a network of lines (discover) on the surface of Mars by an Italian astronomer, Giovanni Schiaparelli. The astronomer (call) these lines channels, but when the Italian word (translate) into English, it became canals. As a result, some people thought the lines were waterways that (build) by some unknown creatures. We now know that the lines are not really canals. Canals (not, exist) on Mars. 10. This office is very inefficient. The phone (never/ answer) promptly, no proper records (keep), and worst of all, no reports (write) since I started work here. C. Change these sentences into Passive. 1. They have planted thousands of trees alongside the E19 motorway. 2. They will crown Alexander Greene sportsman of the century. 3. They have to work out a publicity campaign to restore the image of Belgium. 4. They should do everything to bring war criminals to justice. 5. The Chairman asked the Managing Director to remain in charge for another year. 6. The entire press corps is interviewing him right now. 7. They must have stolen the painting between 2 and 3 A.M. 8. Didn't anyone tell you to wear a jacket and tie in the restaurant? 9. Nobody has ever called me 'Sweetie'! 10. A TV journalist is reporting that the suspected terrorists were in Central Java. 8
11. Don t feed the animals. 12. Listen to the news carefully. 13. We heard him tell about the plan. 14. She likes her friends giving her attention. 15. People say that she teaches the students well. 16. People think that she taught the students well. 17. People have said that she teaches the students well. 18. They believed that the old man was a magician. 19. People consider that the bandits are living abroad. 20. Some doctors are saying that the last patient suffered from a heart attack. D. Change these sentences into Active: 1. This story is said to be very amusing. 2. The servant is being said to have been killed by the robbers last night. 3. It is thought that the frustrated man committed suicide by drinking poison. 4. The students are taught mathematics by Mr. Victor three times a week. 5. The kitchen is being renewed by the workers. 6. The naughty boys were punished by the principal. 7. His antique car has been sold. 8. We are going to be led by a professional guide. 9. Is the song beautifully sung by Bruno Mars? 10. Is the road being repaired by the workers? 11. Children under sixteen are not admitted. 12. Papayas are said to have more food value than pineapples. 9
13. The old theatre is being pulled down. 14. Are corpses still found in that place? 15. Did the work have to be collected by them this morning? 16. Who was the letter posted by? 17. Bob was seen stealing the money. 18. He was heard to tell the story. 19. We are not allowed to enter her room. 20. Were the students given an award by the principal? E Rewrite the following texts, putting the underlined verbs into the passive and making any other changes that are necessary. Use by + agent where appropriate. 1. The company is sorry to announce that the situation has forced it to introduce a range of costcutting measures as from the beginning of the new year. Unfortunately, we can no longer provide free tea and coffee. Someone is going to install new-coin operated drinks machines in every department and you can purchase a wide range of drinks from these. We will also stop overtime payments after the end of this month and we will expect all members of staff to complete their duties within their contract hours. You must no longer make personal calls from office phones and we request you to use the pay phone in the basement for this purpose. 2. Fire almost completely destroyed the Royal Hotel last night. By the time someone called the Fire Brigade, the hotel was already blazing. Ambulances took fifteen minutes people to hospital suffering from severe burns. They say that seven of them are in a serious condition. People think that a discarded cigarette started the fire. 10
3. Jane is talking to her friend Greg about her holiday. Greg : So, how was your holiday? Jane : Oh, it was fantastic. They organized everything so well. As soon as we arrived at the airport, our courier met us and took us to the hotel. Someone had cleaned all the rooms beautifully and put fresh flowers on the tables. Greg : Oh, how lovely. And what about the food? Anne : It was excellent. They freshly prepared it all in the hotel and they even made the bread in the hotel kitchen. They served the bread rolls hot every morning with breakfast. Greg : Mm. It does sound good. I must say, I d like someone to cook my meals for me for a couple of weeks. And what about the surrounding area? Was that nice? Anne : Oh beautiful. There were trips every day and they showed us all the local sights. There was so much history to see. You d love it there, honestly. 4. Last month the Council put forward a plan to make the seafront traffic-free. Many of the shop and restaurant owners support the plan as they believe that a more pleasant environment will improve their trade. However, the hotel owners are less enthusiastic and say that the traffic restriction will make access to their car parks very difficult. There have also been protests from some local residents who complain that the closure of the seafront road will make their journeys around the town much longer. 11
Bibliography: Alexander, L.G. 1998. English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students. New York: Longman. Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York: Pearson Education. Murphy, Raymond. 2004. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Murphy, Raymond and Helen Naylor. 2001. Essential Grammar in Use Supplementary exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nettle, Mark and Diana Hopkins. (n-date) Developing Grammar in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12