Church History II Survey Session #3 Chapter 28 Imperial Restoration and Continuing Decay The Church in the Middle Ages 1
Charlemagne flanked b y Popes Gelasius and Gregory the Great Session 3 Imperial Restoration and Continuing Decay (Chapter 28) 2
Opening Prayer Prayed at Midnight Bell The book of hours was a devotional book popular in the Middle Ages. It is the most common type of surviving medieval illuminated manuscript. Dear Father God Almighty Three in One Who wert, art, and shall be blessed world without end, I thank Thee that Thou hast kept me from nightfall to the hour of morning, I pray Thee to grant in Thy holy pity that this day I fall into no sin, so that at eventide I may again give thanks, praise and blessing unto Thee, my Lord and Savior. 3
Overview of Chapter 28 Imperial Restoration and Continuing Decay Charlemagne s Reign (p. 266-267) Theological Activity (p. 269-272) New Invasions (p. 272-274) Decay in the Papacy (p. 274-276) The gothic steeple was added later to the cathedral at Aachen 4
Carolingian Dynasty Charles Martel dominated Frankish kingdom in 8 th century Martel confiscated land given to Church and began Church reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life Son Pepin the Short continued Church reforms Pepin established the Carolingian dynasty, became protector of the papacy ; pope and bishops are king makers. "Donation of Pepin", the first in 754, and second in 756, provided legal basis for the formal organizing of the Papal States, Greatest legacy was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne Coronation of Pepin the Short by Boniface, the popes representative in 751 AD Donation of Pepin In 753, the Lombards conquered the Exarchate of Ravenna, the main seat of Byzantine government in Italy, whose Patriarch held territorial power as the representative of the Eastern Roman emperor, independent of the Pope of Rome.
Charlemagne s Reign, p. 266 267 Why Is Charlemagne Important? 800 AD Charlemagne s Coronation Charlemagne s Accomplishments His Personal Life His Christian Faith Charlemagne s Death Chess piece found at Aachen, Germany site of Charlemagne s Palace. Accurate depiction of Frankish warrior. Charlemagne by Albrecht Durer Renaissance painter 6
Why Is Charlemagne Important? Coronation of Charlemagne listed in top 100 events of western history. Durant, Will. "King Charlemagne", History of Civilization Vol III, The Age of Faith Created the largest empire since the fall of Rome. Some historians credit him with founding the Holy Roman Empire which lasted until 1806. Enabled the continued rise of the Roman papacy. Charlemagne Empire extended the Frankish Empire and led to the Holy Roman Empire p. 267, Charlemagne resolved to drown his enemies in blood and the waters of baptism. 7
800 AD Charlemagne s Coronation King Charles of France knelt in prayer at the altar of St. Peter's in Rome, Pope Leo III suddenly placed a golden crown on his head. The Roman people shouted three times, "To Charles Augustus, crowned by God, the great and pacific emperor of the Romans, life and victory! Charlemagne's coronation caused centuries of debate in the middle ages over the relationship of church to state. Caused potential conflict with the Byzantine Empire which was settled in 812 AD via the Treaty of Aix La Chapelle. Charlemagne s Crown Charlemagne s Throne at te Cathedral in Aachen 8
Raphael s Fresco (1516 1517) of Charlemagne s Coronation The Coronation by Raphael hangs in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican 9
Charlemagne s Accomplishments Then, one could see the Charlemagne of iron, with his head covered by a iron helmet, his arms bearing iron protectors; in his left hand he carried an iron lance, and in the right his always victorious steel sword. His muscles were covered with iron plates, and his shield made of pure iron. "When he appeared, the inhabitants of Pavia cried out with fear: O, the Iron Man! O, the Iron Man! Political and military extension of his empire. Stability of the former fragmented kingdoms of Europe. Economic stability. Rebirth of education and arts. the Church and state. Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks, manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people, new form of handwriting Reform and strengthening of the Christian church in the west. 10
Charlemagne s Personal Life From the biography of Einard, confidant of Charlemagne. Never took his meals apart from his children. Educated sons and daughters in liberal arts and fostered every good virtue. Preferred to have a book read or music during meals. Spoke ancient Teutonic, Latin, and understood Greek. Athletic and well accomplished in the military arts. 11
Charlemagne s Christian Faith Charlemagne gave a great deal of charity to the poor, and not only in his own country. Wherever he heard that there were Christians living in poverty Syria, Egypt, Africa, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Carthage he had compassion on them, and sent money over the seas to them. Charlemagne was fervently devoted to Christian principles, which had been instilled into him from infancy. He built the beautiful church at Aixla Chapelle, which he adorned with gold and silver and lamps, and with rails and doors of solid brass. He worshipped there constantly as long as his health permitted, going morning and evening, even at night, besides attending mass. He made sure that all services there conducted properly in every way, and often warned the sextons not to let anything improper to be brought into the building. He took great pains to improve reading and singing there, for he was well skilled in both although he never read in public, or sang except quietly along with the congregation. 12
An Address by Charlemagne Hear me, my beloved brothers! We were sent here for your salvation, to exhort you to faithfully follow the Law of God and to convert you, in justice and mercy, to obey the laws of this world. Charlemagne Addressing His Barons First, I exhort you to believe in the One Almighty God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit: the only true God, perfect Trinity, true Unity, Creator of all things visible and invisible, Who is our salvation and the Author of all good things. Believe in the Son of God made man for the salvation of the world, born of the Virgin Mary by the work of the Holy Ghost. Believe that for our salvation He suffered death; and that on the third day He rose from the dead and ascended into Heaven where He is seated at the right hand of God. Believe that He will return to judge the living and dead, and that He will give to each one according to his works. 13
Charlemagne s Death At close of his life [813], broken by ill health and old age, he summoned his son Louis, King of Aquitaine, and the chief men of the kingdom of Franks in a solemn assembly. He appointed Louis, with their unanimous consent, to rule with himself over the whole kingdom and made him heir to the imperial title. He spent the rest of the autumn hunting. In January he was struck with a high fever. As he was taken sick, he abstained from food, to drive the disease off, or mitigate it by fasting. He suffered from pleurisy, but still persisted in fasting, keeping his strength up only by occasional drink. He died 28 January, 814 AD seven days after he took to his bed, at nine o clock in the morning, after receiving holy communion, at the age of 72 and having reigned for 47 years. Tomb of Charlemagne is at Aachen s Cathedral 14
Charlemagne s Empire 15
Theological Activity (p. 269-272) John the Irishman 5 pound Irish Note p. 269, Charlemagne s revival of learning p. 269, Only one theologian of note, John Scotus Erigena (Jphn the Irishman). p. 270, Theological controversy with the Mozarabs. p. 271, Controversy concerning predestination (Gottschalk of Orbais, Augustinian disciple). P. 271, Controversy concerning communion (Paschasius Radbertus, a monk) invents doctrine of transubstantiation. 16
New Invasions (p. 272-274) p. 272m Scandinavians (Vikings) learn ship building and begin invasions p. 272, as Carolingian Empire disintegrates attacks increase. p. 273, most Norsemen become Christians by 11 th century. p. 273, Maygars (Latin west Hungarians invade from the east. Defeated by 955 AD. p. 274, 10 th century a dark century of lead and iron. 17
Viking Conquests 8 th through 11 th Century AD 18
Decay in the Papacy (p. 274-276) p. 274 papal decline not as rapid as Carolingian decline. p. 274, False Decretals used in 9 th century AD to bolster pope s authority. p. 275, Murder of Pope John VIII; 16 Dec 882 AD in Rome P. 275, rapid succession of popes (ten popes in 20 years) 19
Letter of Charles to Abbot Fulrad. 804-811 In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Charles, most serene, august, crowned by God, great pacific Emperor, and also, by God's mercy, King of the Franks and Lombards, to Abbot Fulrad. Be it known to you that we have decided to hold our general assembly this year in the eastern part of Saxony, on the river Bode, at the place which is called Stassfurt. Therefore, we have commanded you to come to the aforesaid place, with all your men well armed and prepared, on the fifteenth day before the Kalends of July, that is, seven days before the festival of St. John the Baptist. Come, accordingly, so equipped with your men to the aforesaid place that thence you may be able to go well prepared in any direction whither our summons shall direct; that is, with arms and gear also, and other equipment for war in food and clothing. So that each horseman shall have a shield, lance, sword, dagger, bow and quivers with arrows; and in your carts utensils of various kinds, that is, axes, planes, augers, boards, spades, iron shovels, and other utensils which are necessary in an army. In the carts also supplies of food for three months, dating from the time of the assembly, arms and clothing for a half-year. And we command this in general, that you cause it to be observed that you proceed peacefully to the aforesaid place, through whatever part of our realm your journey shall take you, that is, that you presume to take nothing except fodder, wood and water; and let the men of each one of your vassals march along with the carts and horsemen, and let the leader always be with them until they reach the aforesaid place, so that the absence of a lord may not give an opportunity to his men of doing evil. Send your gifts, which you ought to present to us at our assembly in the middle of the month of May, to the place where we then shall be; if perchance your journey shall so shape itself that on your march you are able in person to present these gifts of yours to us, we greatly desire it. See that you show no negligence in the future if you desire to have our favor. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/carol sum1.html 20
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