Chapter 8: Political Geography KEY ISSUES #3 & #4

Chapter 8: Political Geography KEY ISSUES #3 & #4

Key Issue #3 WHY DO STATES COOPERATE WITH EACH OTHER?

United Nations 1. 49 in 45, 192 in 07 2. 1955 (16) Euro. Countries liberated from Nazi s -1960 (17) Former British and French colonies in Africa -90-93 (26)- Breakup of USSR and Yugoslavia, microstates 3. League of Nations -Est. after WWI -U.S. never joined (Wilson s idea) -Isolationism -No armed forces -Germany, Italy, Japan, USSR dropped in 30s

UN Security Council 4. 5 permanent members (China, Russia, U.S., UK, France) who have veto power 5. U.S./ Soviet tensions, Korea 6. 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq 7. All states can meet and vote on issues rather than go to war Why is the Security Council often vital to averting war?

Balance of Power 8. Equal strength amongst states -8 Euro powers in 1800s -8 world powers pre-wwi 9. 2 superpowers w/ influence -Satellites were used for location, land and resources. -EX: Attacking Libya from England -EX: Cuban Missile Crisis How has the balance of power changed since the fall of the USSR?

Alliances 10. NATO and Warsaw Pact -Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey, UK, partly France and Spain -USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania -Most Warsaw countries now NATO 11. NATO Prevent USSR from overrunning West Germany and other countries. Warsaw Provided USSR w/ buffer from Germany

The Cold War Heated Up & New Superpowers 12.1962 Soviet attempt to put nukes in Cuba U.S. reacts negatively -Spy Photo, blockade, hotline 13. Most important elements of state are economic -Leading superpower is the EU (according to book) -NATO consolidated 14. Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany

Life After the USSR in Europe & Beyond 15. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -Warsaw plus Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam 16. Promote development within member states through economic cooperation. 17. Removed most trade barriers, introduced the Euro, banks can open branches anywhere, provided farm subsidies

Key Issue #4 WHY HAS TERRORISM INCREASED?

Terrorism 1. Systematic use of violence to intimidate a population, or coerce a gov. -French Revolution 1793-94 -Bombing, assassination, hijacking, kidnapping 2. Attacks are aimed at civilians, rather than politians, military, or leaders. 3. One man s freedom fighter is another man s terrorist EX: Chechen rebels in Russia, PLO, IRA

Homegrown Terror 4. Tim Mcveigh and Ted Kaczyski Oklahoma City Federal Building Bombing Unibomber

al-qaeda the Base 5. See al-qaeda.ppt for more info on Bin Laden 6. Expelled from SA for opposing Saudi permission allowing US to station troops for Gulf War -Expelled from Sudan for instigating attacks against US troops in Yemen and Somalia 7. Fatwa is a religious decree -US backed the Saud royal family and Jews in Israel 8. Most live in ordinary society and await instructions (20,000 est.) -Very difficult to defend due to communication system

More about al-qaeda 9. Post 9/11 attacks have occurred in Saudi Arabia, Turkey, London, Egypt, and Jordan. 10. Franchises are concerned w/ countryspecific issues. -Also imitators ideologically but not financially aligned -EX: Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia 11. Many Muslims disagree w/ Western policies but also strongly disagree w/ al-qaeda attacks. -Western countries have to distinguish between peaceful Muslims and the few radical terrorists.

State Sponsored Terror 12. 1. Providing sanctuary 2. Supplying 3. Planning 13. Accused of sponsoring 1986 bombing of Berlin nightclub Planted bombs on Pan Am 103 and UTA 772 over Niger in 1989 Colonel Qaddafi agreed to turn over 2 suspects following sanctions 2003 Qaddafi renounced terror and provided compensation for victims

Taliban & Afghanistan 14. Power in 1995 after decades of Afghan violence Afghan king overthrown in 1973 Soviets invade in 1979 Soviets withdraw in 1989 U.S. invaded after 911

IRAQ & Saddam 15. War w/ Iran (1980-1988) Israel destroys nuclear reactor (1981) Poison gas against Kurds (1988) Invasion of Kuwait (1990) 16. Desert Storm had international support b/c purpose was to end unjustified invasion of another state In 2003, countries did not agree w/ US assessment on Iraq WMDs U.S. never found evidence of WMD following 2003 invasion

IRAQ ISSUES 17. Saddam s Ba ath Party believe: Believed that Arabs should join into one powerful nation-state using oil (Pan-Arab nationalism) Were not observant Muslims, let alone fundamentalists Al-Qaeda believed: Justified attacks based on Islam (no matter how warped that interpretation was!!!) U.S. eventually used regime change as justification for 2003 Iraq invasion- This drew much international criticism

IRAN & IRAQ 18. Iraq has 3 major ethnic groups (Kurds in the north, Sunni s in the center, and Shiites everywhere else) -Only Kurds welcomed the invasion of Iraq in 2003 -Civil war broke out between Sunni s and Shiite s over power -Saddam was a Sunni and was very oppressive to Shiite majority -U.S. accused Iran of trying to gain influence over Shiites in Iraq -Today Iran is very close to gaining nuclear capabilities 19. 1979 Pro U.S. Shah abdicates/ thrown out of Iran in revolution -Ayatollah Khomeini took over -Tensions between U.S. rose w/ the takeover of the U.S. embassy in 1979 until 1981