Making of the Modern World 13 New Ideas and Cultural Contacts Spring 2016, Lecture 4 Fall Quarter, 2011
Two things: the first is that you are the sultan of the universe and the ruler of the world, and I do not beliee that there has appeared among men from Adam until this epoch a ruler like you. I am not one of those who speak about matters by conjecture, for I am a scholar and I will explain this, and say: Sovereignty exists only because of group loyalty ( asabiyya), and the greater the number in the group, the greater is the extent of sovereignty.
Ibn Khaldun
Tamerlane d.1405 Built a central Asian empire (building on Chinggis Khan s tradition) Mid-1390s: Invaded India and subjected Delhi Turkish Helped Spread Persianized Culture
Today s lecture Nomadic contribution Documentary about Ghengiz Khan Film on Tuesday
QUESTION Identify how differently (if at all) Ghengiz Khan is depicted in these two films.
Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
Genghiz Khan or Universal Ruler Temüjin (b. 1167-1227) Iron worker His father a famous warrior. His father poisoned by Tatars (1175) Influence of his mother In 1190s he made an alliance With other Mongol tribes and fought against the Tatars
1. Socio-Political accomplishment Reorganized tribal loyalty and by detribalizing the Mongols into a Confederacy Tribal Confederacy a loose association of sovereign clans that join for a common, shared identity or interest
2.Military accomplishment
3. Eurasian Integration
How the Mongols helped open up contact? Building and protecting trade routes Commerce Communication People (migration, travel) Ideas (religious ideas, intellectual, etc.)
What were the Mongol Contributions to World History? 1. COMMERCE &Trade: Increased the integration of Eurasia. SILK ROAD!!! 2. Migration & Travel: Human contact 3. Spread of Religions: Specially Islam & Buddhism. 4. By facilitating commerce the Mongols unintentionally spread bubonic plague, which erupted in south-western China (1330-1340).
Land-based
15 th century: Maritime-land routes
1250-1350 A World System of Commerce : Cities located along major land and sea routes (Europe, West Asia, Indian Ocean regions and China) Europe played a minor role
The Vikings
Vikings (English) or Northmen (Carolingian) Old Norse: seaman who take up raiding
Raided, explored and settled in Europe, Parts of Asia and North Atlantic between 8 th and 11 th centuries. Pirates, raiders, but mostly explorers and merchants 1200: Vikings were becoming sedentary, farmers and settlers in the territories they conquered Eventually settled, assimilated and built a large trade network
Opening western with eastern and southern Europe Europe, Russia, the Middle East, Northern India, and even China
Northern tip of Newfoundland
Viking Factor prior to the Mongol incursion in Eastern- Western Europe and North Africa Movement of people: migrations; Charlemagne. Expanded the trade routes between Abbasid and Frank (Western European) territories. Expansion of Christianity Paved the path toward the emergence of late medieval Mediterranean-Mesopotamian contact zones.
4. Imperial legacy: charismatic, cosmological, spiritual
Khwarezmian Empire (1077-1231) 1218 Genghiz Khan sends trade mission and diplomats 1220 conquest of Samarqand
The Ilkhanate (1256 1335/1353) Khwarazm Shah Hülegü established the Ilkhanate in Persia and Mesopotamia. (1218-1265) 1295 Ilkhan Ghazan converted Mongols to Islam. Used Persian and Arab administrators to run the empire.
Persianate: aesthetic, cultural, literary and political
Timur (d.1405) Military, political, and legal leadership
Promotion of Persianate
TURKS
Original Turks Nomadic people from Central Asia. Various tribes who migrated from Central Asia to India, Persia and Anatolia (modern Turkey). Highly skilled warriors. Religiously diverse: Buddhist, Christian, Muslim Unlike the Mongols, their Nomadic Empires became great civilizations, establishing the most enduring imperial orders in world history (e.g. OTTOMANS)
First Turkish Migrations At first: mostly random Uyghur Turks, lived mostly on the oasis cities along the silk roads. Abbasids: Slave Soldiers or Mamluks Oghuz (tribe) Turks 1055: the Abbasid caliph recognized Saljuq Turk, Tughril Beg as Sultan (Ruler) 1071 Saljuq Turks defeated the Byzantine. Led the Crusades.
Mahmud of Ghazni, 997-1030 Expansion into Punjab Gujarat and Bengal.
Mamluks Sultanate (1250-1517)
Persianized Turks Persian as the official language of the courts. Persian poetry and literature. Persian administration based on the Sassanid imperial order (pre-islamic).
Osman I 1258-1326 1299 declared independence from Saljuq sultan. Expanded his emirates Ghazi: Spiritual warriors (a myth or a latter Ottoman construct). CONFEDERACY: Christian and Turkish Muslim forces. Heterodox Muslim Established Osmanlis or Ottomans.
Shah Ismail I (1487-1524)
Three major Mongol-Turkish Imperial Orders 1) Ottoman 2) Safavid (1501-1722) 3) Mughal