BIG IDEA The Greeks matter to us because: Birth of Democracy Focus on the worth of an Individual Philosophy INTRO TO GREECE I. GREEK GEOGRAPHY A. Two defining features: 1. Mountains 2. Water / Islands I. GREEK GEOGRAPHY B. Results 1. Difficult overland travel 2. Limited farming 3. Heavy reliance on fishing and trade 4. ISOLATION! A. Greek word: Polis 1. Definition: a political unit made up of a city and its surrounding land city-state B. Why did this happen? Isolation resulted in small, independent city states C. Varied in size: a few hundred to several thousand people II. CITY STATES D. Physical structure of the polis-two levels 1. The acropolis (high city): temple 2. Walled main city: agora, marketplace, theater, public buildings, homes 1
II. CITY STATES E. Government 1. Different forms of government evolved between 750 and 500 B.C. 2. Began with a monarchy but we will also see: a. Aristocracy b. Tyranny c. Democracy III. ATHENS VS. SPARTA A. The two main city states in Greece B. Very different approaches to: 1. Government/ society 2. Education 3. Individual vs. state 4. Role of women Sparta-A Military State SPARTA Athens an artsy-fartsy state ATHENS 1. Government/society: part monarchy, part oligarchy, part democracy 2. Education: goal of producing a strong army 3. Focused on the STATE 4. Women: More freedom than Athens 1. Government/ society: direct democracy 2. Education: preparation to be good citizens 3. Focused on the INDIVIDUAL! 4. Women: Less freedom than Sparta 5. By 500 B.C.- Wealthiest city state, population over 300,000 III. ATHENS VS. SPARTA C. Working Together 1. The Persian Empire (Asia Minor to India) was a threat to all of Greece 2. The Greeks met this threat by joining together to defeat the Persians (around 480 B.C.) III. ATHENS VS. SPARTA D. They didn t always get along. 1. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) created a war throughout all of Greece with Athens and her allies vs. Sparta and hers. 2. After 27 years, Sparta would conquer Athens but her culture and ideas would live on 2
IV. ATHENS AND DEMOCRACY A. MONARCHY: a king ruled early Athens. B. By 700 B.C. Athens was ruled by an ARISTOCRACY = wealthy landowners C. Economic and political problems! Complaints: 1. Debt slavery 2. Merchants and soldiers resent landholders IV. ATHENS AND DEMOCRACY D. SOLON(594 B.C.) 1. Outlawed DEBT SLAVERY and CANCELED farmers debts. a.athens is still an ARISTOCRACY 2. Poor Solon people still aren t happy. a. Pisistratus takes power in 546 B.C. Because he takes power by force, he is called a TYRANT. IV. ATHENS AND DEMOCRACY E. CLEISTHENES (508 B.C.) 1. All citizens can vote and participate in government a. COUNCIL OF 500: prepared laws b. Athenian ASSEMBLY has the power to debate and pass laws (a legislature) IV. ATHENS AND DEMOCRACY F. Direct and Limited Democracy 1. DIRECT democracy - citizens voted on everything. -In the United States we have an INDIRECT democracy because we have representatives. 2. LIMITED democracy - not everyone in Athens was a citizen. 3. To be an Athenian citizen: a) Male b) At least 18 c) Both parents born in Athens 4. 3/4 of Athenians were not citizens: women, slaves, foreigners IV. ATHENS AND DEMOCRACY G. THE AGE OF PERICLES (460-429 B.C.) 1. offered salaries for public office a. Now even poor men could serve in government! IV. ATHENS AND DEMOCRACY H. Duties of an Athenian Citizen Debate and vote in the Assembly (6,000 required) Serve on the Council of 500 for one year (chosen by lot) Serve on a jury for one year (chosen by lot) 3
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS I. THE OLD ORDER IS CHALLENGED a. Traditional beliefs came under question. b. Some people began to question the power of the gods. II. A REASONABLE WORLD A. The Greeks based their philosophy on two assumptions: 1. The universe is governed by NATURAL LAWS, which never change. 2. People can understand natural laws through LOGIC and REASON A. no public schools but wealthy Athenians could hire special tutors called Sophists. III. THE SOPHISTS B. The Sophists were experts at the art of public speaking. C. persuasive speech Equaled power IV. SOCRATES A. not a Sophist, he was the first philosopher. B. He took no money, and taught no classes. C. He asked questions. D. Socratic Method 1. Socrates asked questions in order to know how to live a just life. 2. Questions forced people to examine their beliefs, and conclude that they did not know as much as they thought. IV. SOCRATES 4
E. The Just Life 1. Knowledge more important than money. 2. The unexamined life is not worth living IV. SOCRATES F. The Trial and Death of Socrates 1. He was convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens AND of being atheist in 399 BC and sentenced to death. IV. SOCRATES V. PLATO A. best student of Socrates. B. Socrates death convinced Plato that power should be kept for the wise. V. PLATO C. Plato s Republic 1. Plato s most enduring book is The Republic. 2. Describes a just and rational government. V. PLATO D. The Noble Lie. 1. a just government is one in which everyone knows their place. 2. three basic classes of people in a perfect state. A. Workers i. Workers at the bottom. ii. They would be responsible for conducting business, crafts, and labor. V. PLATO 5
B. Soldiers/Guardians i. The Middle would be the soldiers. ii. protect the state, enforce the law. V. PLATO c. Philosopher Kings i. the top would be the philosopher kings. ii. They would make laws and decisions for everyone else. V. PLATO PLATO PHILOSOPHER KING What are five traits / beliefs that you feel are the most important for a philosopher king. E. Plato s School 1. school called The Academy V. PLATO 2. open for about 900 years A. Student of Plato B. Examined the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge C. Another School the Lyceum 1. Goal: to train citizens who could apply reason in their daily lives 2. Method: study all branches of learning: politics, ethics, logic, biology, physics, literature, etc. VI. ARISTOTLE D. Aristotle and Government 1. Favored a polity - a constitutional government ruled by members of the middle class 2. City states allowed people to achieve the good life VI. ARISTOTLE 6
E. Aristotle s Politics 1. Aristotle wrote about the importance of RULE OF LAW VI. ARISTOTLE 2. What is rule of law? a. Everyone has to follow the same laws, even rulers ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME: FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE I. REPUBLICAN ACCOMPLISHMENTS A. Continued conquests 1. Etruscans 2. Greek city states 3. Carthage (The Punic Wars) 4. Macedonia 5. Parts of Asia Minor 6. Egypt (ally) I. REPUBLICAN ACCOMPLISHMENTS B. 133 B.C. Rome reaches from Spain to Egypt 1. Mediterranean = mare nostrum (Our Sea) II. EFFECTS OF CONQUEST A. Good 1. Wars brought richesemergence of wealthy landowners B. Bad 1. Use of slaves hurt small farmers 2. Grain imports lowered grain prices 3. Little reward for citizensoldiers 4. Persecution of reformers III. JULIUS CAESAR A. In 49 B.C. Caesar marched his army to Rome and by early 46 he had named himself dictator. B. He was murdered by a group of elites that feared he would become a tyrant. 7
IV. TRANSITIONS UNDER AUGUSTUS A. Octavian was a nephew, protégé, and adopted son of Julius Caesar. B. First citizen - held absolute power but did not call himself king C. Ruled: 31 B.C. to A.D. 14 IV. TRANSITIONS UNDER AUGUSTUS D. Government 1. END of the republic, START of the empire 2. Kept the Senate 3. Merit based civil service E. Maintaining an empire: use of self-government V. THE PAX ROMANA A. Roman Peace B. Augustus government worked for 200 years C. Peace, order, unity, and prosperity in the empire D. The Roman Empire was the size of the modern United States 1. Connected by roads 8
VI. ROMAN LAW A. Development 1. Laws of the Twelve Tables 2. Civil law: only for citizens 3. Law of the nations: for citizens and foreign subjects 4. Justinian s Code (527-565) a. After Rome s collapse B. Lasting principles 1. Rule of law, innocent until proven guilty, judges and lawyers VII. GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE A. Borrowed Greek art, literature, philosophy, science, and religion B. The combo is called Greco-Roman THE EMPIRE Octavian was a nephew, protégé, and adopted son of Julius Caesar. After a lengthy power struggle he defeated his enemies and ruled for 46 years as Emperor Augustus SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY At first the Romans persecuted Christians Constantine was the first Christian Emperor. Theodosius made Catholicism the official state DECLINE AND FALL When Theodosius died the empire was divided for his sons. This began a deep decline for the western empire. By 476 the last western emperor 9
I. WHAT MAKES A RELIGION? A. we will say that religion is a belief system that 1. Explains the natural universe 2. Creates a set of morals/values/ethics 3. Is passed down through generations 4. Makes use of the supernatural II. POLYTHEISM A. Mesopotamians first civilization to write down beliefs. B. Polytheistic = worshipped many gods. 1. Ancient Greece 2. Ancient Rome III. EARLY MONOTHEISM A. Hebrew people adopt monotheism, belief in a single god (Yahweh), around 1300 B.C. B. Judaism D. THE COVENANT 1. made a deal with Yahweh. 2. 2. worship him = promised land, protection, and favor. c. Yahweh was involved in their personal lives. IV. IMPORTANT FIGURES A. Abraham 1. Father of the Jews 2. 2000 B.C.- migrated with family from Ur (Mesopotamia) to Canaan (Israel/Palestine) B. MOSES 1. Israelites = 300 years as slaves in Egypt. 2. Exodus: Moses led Israelites out of Egypt back to Canaan. a. The Promised Land 10
C. DAVID 1. United Israelite tribes into a single nation 2. 1000 B.C.- the kingdom of Israel exists in Canaan D. SOLOMON (DAVID S SON) 1. Famous for his wisdom and negotiation 2. Built the Jewish temple in Jerusalem V. BIG CHANGES 922 B.C. Israel splits in two 722 B.C. A weak Israel falls to the Assyrians 586 B.C. Babylonian armies capture Judah, destroy the temple and force Israelites into exile Jews return to Judea under Persian rule Romans (would lead to diaspora) Diaspora dispersion, spreading out of people VI. THE TORAH A. Instructions B. Record of God s teachings C. first five books of the Hebrew Bible D. Contains Jewish laws and ideas of morality VII. THE CHOSEN ONES A. God wanted Hebrews to lead moral, or Ethical, lives. B. Yahweh gave Moses the Ten Commandments. 11
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS 1. I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no Gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make any graven images 3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain 4. Keep the Sabbath Holy 5. Honor thy father and mother 6. Thou shalt not kill 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery 8. Thou shalt not steal 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness 10. Thou shalt not covet anything of thy neighbors. C. RELIGIOUS LAW 1. Hebrew laws were based on older Mesopotamian laws, but introduced some important new ideas. a. Laws applied to everyone b. No vicarious punishment c. Property crimes were not punished by death. D. IMPACT ON THE MODERN WORLD THE TEN COMMANDMENTS 1. God created man in his own image a. Worth of the INDIVIDUAL b. EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW 2. universally accepted MORAL AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES a. RULE OF LAW = God is watching 3. Source for HUMAN RIGHTS 1. READ THE TEXT. A. HIGHLIGHT THE KEY POINTS B. ANNOTATE PARTS THAT ARE IMPORTANT OR CONFUSING 2. ANSWER THE THREE GUIDING QUESTIONS 3. ON THE TOP (WHERE IT SAYS NAME) LIST TWO PIECES OF EVIDENCE THAT YOU COULD USE TO IDENTIFY THIS TEXT ON THE TEST VOCAB THE TEN COMMANDMENTS 1. BESTOWING GIVING 2. TAKE THE NAME OF THE LORD IN VAIN CURSING 3. ADULTERY CHEATING ON A HUSBAND/WIFE 4. COVET WANT OR ENVY I. SOURCE A. First four books of the Bible 1. The Gospel 12
II. JESUS OF NAZARETH A. Born: 4 B.C. in Bethlehem 1. line of David B. Context: Jews were waiting for a messiah 1. savior sent by God to lead the Jews to freedom C. worked as a carpenter III. JESUS OF NAZARETH- MINISTRY A. Around 25 A.D. Jesus began to preach a new kind of worship. 1. importance of love,and forgiveness. B. He chose 12 close followers called apostles 1. Apostle = a person sent forth IV. JESUS OF NAZARETH- CONTROVERSY A. teachings were rooted in Jewish tradition. also preached new beliefs. B. What upset Jewish officials 1. Son of God 2. Belief in him = salvation and eternal life V. JESUS OF NAZARETH- EXECUTION A. Threat to Rome. B. executed for sedition by the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. C. Gospels: Jesus rose from the dead VI. CHRISTIANITY SPREADS A. The apostles and other disciples spread Jesus teachings. B. Paul: played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity 1. Set up churches 2. Wrote letters VI. CHRISTIANITY SPREADS C. Christianity s Appeal 1. ethics generated broad interest 2. Comfort in message of love 3. Incorporation of Greek philosophy 4. Unity of Roman empire (roads, etc.) 13
THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT VII. ROMAN PERSECUTION A. The Romans continued persecution for centuries. B. Romans converted to Christianity in 313 A.D. under Emperor Constantine. C. Helped spread Christianity. VIII. THE CHURCH DEVELOPS A. The emergence of a hierarchical Christian church was gradual. B. Early church: all members considered equal There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female Galatians 3:28 1. Worth of the INDIVIDUAL VIII. THE CHURCH DEVELOPS C. The Powerful Church 1. Christian clergy: authorized to perform religious ceremonies (priests, pope, etc.) 2. The church splits between east (Byzantine) and west (Roman Catholic) 3. The Catholic Church in Europe a. Absolute power in religious matters b. Significant control of European society c. Worldly institution IX. IMPACT ON THE MODERN WORLD A. part of the JUDEO-CHRISTIAN tradition 1. incorporated much of Judaism: monotheism, Old Testament, Ten Commandments B. How is the Judeo-Christian tradition linked with the democratic tradition? 1. Like Judaism, Christianity focuses on MORAL and ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 2. These principles are the basis for ideals like EQUALITY, FAIR TREATMENT, JUSTICE, and HUMAN RIGHTS 14