Church History II Survey Session #5 Ch 29 Movements of Renewal The Church in the Middle Ages 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute The church of Fontenay Abbey in northern Burgundy, France. The abbey was founded by St Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118. Its church, built from 1139 to 1147, is the oldest Cistercian church remaining in France and one of the finest examples of the Cistercian Romanesque. Now a World Heritage site. 1
Session 5 Ch 29 - Movements of Renewal Overview of Session p. 277-282 Monastic Reform p. 282-286 Papal Reform 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute p. 286-291 The Papacy and Empire in Direct Confrontation Extra Material False Doctrines -Roman Catholic Church The violence and corruption that followed the decline of the Carolingian empire awakened in many a deep yearning for a new order. the entire life of the church put at the service of the powerful was a scandal for many who took their faith seriously. it was to be expected that most of those who had yearned for reform had taken up the monastic life. Thus, it was out of the monasteries that a wave of reform arose that conquered the papacy, clashed with the powerful, and was felt even in the distant shores of the Holy Land. Justo Gonzales TSOC, p. 277. 2
Opening Prayer -A Hymn of Bernard JESU DULCIS MEMORIA Jesus, the very thought of Thee With sweetness fills the breast; But sweeter far Thy face to see, And in Thy presence rest. Nor voice can sing, nor heart can frame, Nor can the memory find A sweeter sound than Thy blessed Name, O Savior of mankind! Bernard of Clairvaux 1090-1153 AD An influential French monk and mystic who became abbot of and founded Cistercian Order. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. He was also founder of 163 monasteries in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. Major role in Second Crusade blamed for failure. O hope of every contrite heart, O joy of all the meek, To those who fall, how kind Thou art! How good to those who seek! But what to those who find? Ah, this Nor tongue nor pen can show; The love of Jesus, what it is, None but His loved ones know. Jesus, our only joy be Thou, As Thou our prize will be; Jesus be Thou our glory now, And through eternity. 3
Monastic Reform - p. 277-280 The Need for Reform (p. 277): o 11 th cent. AD was European church faltered o Destruction by Norsemen and Hungarians o Domination by nobles and bishops - simony o Wealth and laxity of the monasteries o Disregard of the Rule of Benedict The Monastery at Cluny (p. 278-280) o 910 AD -Founded by Duke William III of Aquitaine (deeded lands to Pope at Rome) o First abbot, Berno, a Benedictine monk, restored Rule of Benedict. o Became center of reform for other monasteries and eventually the entire church (p.279). o The wealth that it accumulated was one of the main causes of its decline (p. 280) o 1098 AD - Decline of Cluny led to other reform movements, notably the monastery at Cîteaux and the Cistercian Movement led by Bernard of Clairvaux. Cluny Monastery Cluny Monastery in 1750 AD 4
The Rule of Benedict (Regula Benedicti) Authored by Benedict of Nursia (480 547 AD) Benedict founded 12 monasteries near Rome before moving to Mount Cassino Became one of most influential instructional guides in Western Christendom Has 73 short Chs. Two purpose: 1)how to live a Christ-centric life on earth and 2) how to run a monastery efficiently. Half of The Rule is focused on humility and obedience. One quarter of The Rule is about monastery duties and responsibilities The early Middle Ages have been called "the Benedictine centuries Monastery Ruins -1944 Rebuilt Monastery Today 5
The Rule s 73 Chapters Ch 1: Of the Kinds or the Life of Monks Ch 2: What Kind of Man the Abbot Ought to Be Ch 3: Of Calling the Brethren for Counsel Ch 4: The Instruments of Good Works Ch 5: Of Obedience Ch 6: Of Silence Ch 7: Of Humility Ch 8: Of the Divine Office during the Night Ch 9: How Many Psalms Are to Be Said at the Night Office Ch 10: How the Office Is to Be Said during the Summer Season Ch 11: How the Night Office Is to Be Said on Sundays Ch 12: How Lauds Are to Be Said Ch 13: How Lauds Are to Be Said on Week Days Ch 14: How the Night Office Is to Be Said on the Feasts of the Saints Ch 15: At What Times the Alleluia Is to Be Said Ch 16: How the Work of God Is to Be Performed during the Day Ch 17: How Many Psalms Are to Be Sung at These Hours Ch 18: In What Order the Psalms Are to Be Said Ch 19: Of the Manner of Reciting the Psalter Ch 20: Of Reverence at Prayer Ch 21: Of the Deans of the Monastery Ch 22: How the Monks Are to Sleep Ch 23: Of Excommunication for Faults Ch 24: What the Manner of Excommunication Should Be Ch 25: Of Graver Faults Ch 26: Of Those Who without the Command of the Abbot and Associate with the Excommunicated Ch 27: How Concerned the Abbot Should Be about the Excommunicated Ch 28: Of Those Who Having Often Been Corrected Do Not Amend Ch 29: Whether Brethren Who Leave the Monastery Ought to Be Received Again Ch 30: How Young Boys Are to Be Corrected Ch 31: The Kind of Man the Cellarer of the Monastery Ought to Be Ch 32: Of the Tools and Goods of the Monastery Ch 33: Whether Monks Ought to Have Anything of Their Own Ch 34: Whether All Should Receive in Equal Measure What Is Necessary Ch 35: Of the Weekly Servers in the Kitchen Ch 36: Of the Sick Brethren Ch 37: Of the Aged and Children Ch 38: Of the Weekly Reader Ch 39: Of the Quantity of Food Ch 40: Of the Quantity of Drink Ch 41: At What Times the Brethren Should Take Their Refection Ch 42: That No One Speak after Complin Ch 43: Of Those Who Are Tardy in Coming to the Work of God or to Table Ch 44: Of Those Who Are Excommunicated -- How They Make Satisfaction Ch 45: Of Those Who Commit a Fault in the Oratory Ch 46: Of Those Who Fail in Any Other Matters Ch 47: Of Giving the Signal for the Time of the Work of God Ch 48: Of the Daily Work Ch 49: On the Keeping of Lent Ch 50: Of the Brethren Who Work a Long Distance form the Oratory or Are on a Journey 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute Ch 51: Of the Brethren Who Do Not Go Very Far Away Ch 52: Of the Oratory of the Monastery Ch 53: Of the Reception of Guests Ch 54: Whether a Monk Should Receive Letters or Anything Else Ch 55: Of the Clothing and the Footgear of the Brethren Ch 56: Of the Abbot's Table Ch 57: Of the Artists of the Monastery Ch 58: Of the Manner of Admitting Brethren Ch 59: Of the Children of the Noble and of the Poor Who Are Offered Ch 60: Of Priests Who Wish to Live in the Monastery Ch 61: How Stranger Monks Are to Be Received Ch 62: Of the Priests of the Monastery Ch 63: Of the Order in the Monastery Ch 64: Of the Election of the Abbot Ch 65: Of the Prior of the Monastery Ch 66: Of the Porter of the Monastery Ch 67: Of Brethren Who Are Sent on a Journey Ch 68: If a Brother is Commanded to Do Impossible Things Ch 69: That in the Monastery No One Presume to Defend Another Ch 70: That No One Presume to Strike Another Ch 71: That the Brethren be Obedient to One Another Ch 72: Of the Virtuous Zeal Which Monks Ought to Have Ch 73: Of This, that Not the Whole Observance of Righteousness is Laid Down in this Rule 6
The Divine Office Prescribed by The Rule, p.279 Matins(during the night), sometimes referred to as Vigils or Nocturns, or in monastic usage the Night Office Lauds or Dawn Prayer (at Dawn) Primeor Early Morning Prayer (First Hour = 6 a.m.) Terce or Mid-Morning Prayer (Third Hour = 9 a.m.) Sextor Midday Prayer (Sixth Hour = 12 noon) None or Mid-Afternoon Prayer (Ninth Hour = 3 p.m.) Vespersor Evening Prayer ("at the lighting of the lamps") Compline or Night Prayer (before retiring) The main occupation of these monks and nuns, as the Rule commanded, was the Divine Office, or the celebration of the hours of prayer and Scripture reading that had been set by Benedict. the Cluniacs came to spend practically al their time at the Divine Office neglecting the physical labor that was so important to Benedict. Justo Gonzales, TSOC, p., 279 7
Monastic Reforms - p. 280-282 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute 11 th cent. AD was darkest hour of the papacy. Popes and bishops became feudal lords involved in every kind of political intrigue. Effort to free the church from rule of kings, princes, and lords and the practice of simony and investiture (p. 280) simony the practice of buying or selling church offices investiture from Latin (preposition inand verb vestire, 'dress' from vestis'robe') a general term for the formal appointment to office Clerical celibacy was initially required only of monks and nuns, but was extended to all clergy (p. 280) Obedience to the pope (p. 280). Accumulation of wealth in the church one of the main causes of failure of 11 th century reforms (p. 281) Coat of arms of the Holy See Sancta Sedes(Holy Seat ) Not the same as the Vatican City State established in 1929 8
Bernard of Clairvaux, p. 281-282 2010, Ed Sherwood, Berachah Bible Institute 1098 AD - Monastery founded at Citeaux, France 1112-1113 AD Bernard arrives at age 23 w/ 25 others 1115 AD Bernard founds monastery at Clairvaux which rapidly becomes center for reformation 1090 AD -Born of noble family Fontaines, near Dijon, France i Called the "honey-tongued doctor" for his eloquent preaching and writings on the love of God. Advisor to five popes. Quoted by both Catholics and Protestants. John Calvin called him a the major witness to truth between Pope Gregory the Great (6 th century) and the 1500s. Wrote The Rule for the Knights Templar 1139 AD -Condemned Peter Abelard s view (Paris theologian) of Christ s death as demonstration of God s love only not as payment of penalty of sin. Rallied soldiers for Second Crusade and was blamed for its failure. His best known work is On Loving God Cîteaux Abbey Today 9
Papal Reform - p. 282-286 Bruno, Humbert, and Hildebrand were monks who became reformers (p.283) (pope from 1049-1054 AD) born of noble family, most significant German pope of middle ages Reforms based on abolition of simony and clerical celibacy (attempts reforms in Germany and France Favored canonical election by people and bishops Claimed authority of Roman pope via Donation of Constantine (later proved a forgery) to Patriarch of Constantinople. Rejection led to schism of East and West churches. - Hildebrand Gregory VII (pope from 1073-1085) Sought to bring the church in the west and east under the Roman papacy. - Affirmed papal authority o er church and state and election by bishops rejecting appointment by Holy Roman emperor - Twice excommunicated Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1084 1105) Pope Gregory VII 10
The Papacy and Empire in Direct Confrontation - p. 286-291 Conflict between Gregory VII and Conflict between Urban II, Paschal II Emperor Henry IV (p. 286-288) and Emperor Henry V (p. 288-291) Henry believe church threatened the survival of the Holy Roman Empire 1076 AD - Henry deposed the Bishop of Milan and appointed another. Gregory VII order him to Rome under threat of excommunication. (See edict p. 287) Henry responded by deposing Gregory. 1077 AD - At meeting in Canossa, Henry stood outside of castle in the snow for 3 days begging Gregory to lift his excommunication and continue his rule which was granted. 1080 AD - Gregory re-imposed the excommunication and Henry appointed a rival pope (Clement III). Gregory died in exile. 1083 AD Henry attacks and seizes Rome. 1084 AD Clement III crowns Henry as emperor. 1088 AD - Urban II regains Rome and expels Clement III. Continued policies against simony led to conflict with Philip I of France whom he excommunicated for divorcing and remarrying. 1099 AD Pope Paschal II succeeds Urban II. 1100 AD Antipope Clement III dies. 1106 AD - Henry IV dies. 1111 AD - Henry V invades Italy and forces compromise: Emperor gives us right to appoint bishops and church gives up right of bishops to rule as feudal lords and lands received from emperor since Charlemagne s reign.. 1111 AD Henry V reneges and takes Paschal prisoner for 61 days. Paschal later crowns Henry V. Henry V attacks again and Paschal flees and dies in exile. 11
Extra Material The Rise of the Roman Catholic Church Background (see p. 242 TSOC) Office of the Pope is the Papacy Pope is from Latin for father Was applied to other bishops Roman pope gained authority after move of capital to Constantinople and especially after invasion of barbarians and fall of Rome. 12
Timeline - Roman Catholic Doctrines Counter to Scriptures http://www.eaec.org/cults/rc/timeline.htm 1. Prayers for the dead 300 AD 2. Making the sign of the cross 300 AD 3. Veneration of angels & dead saints 375 A.D. 4. Use of images in worship 375 A D. 5. The Mass as a daily celebration 394 AD 6. Beginning of the exaltation of Mary; the term, "Mother of God" applied at Council of Ephesus 431 AD. 7. Extreme Unction (Last Rites) 526 AD 8. Doctrine of Purgatory (Gregory I) 593 AD 9. Prayers to Mary & dead saints 600 AD 10. Worship of cross, images & relics 786 AD 11. Canonization of dead saints 995 AD 12. Celibacy of priesthood 1079 AD 13. The Rosary 1090 AD 14. Indulgences 1190 AD 15. Transubstantiation (Innocent III) 1215 AD 16. Auricular Confession of sins to a priest 1215 AD 17. Adoration of the wafer (Host) 1220 AD 18. Cup forbidden to the people at communion 1414 AD 19. Purgatory proclaimed as a dogma 1439 AD 20. The doctrine of the Seven Sacraments confirmed 1439 AD 21. Tradition declared of equal authority with Bible by Council of Trent 1545 AD 13
Timeline of Roman Catholic Doctrines (cont d) http://www.eaec.org/cults/rc/timeline.htm 22. Apocryphal books added to Bible 1546 AD 23. Immaculate Conception of Mary 1854 AD 24. Vatican Council I 1870 AD 25. Defined the infallibility of the pope in matters of faith and morals 26. Confirmed Unum Sanctum(no salvation outside of the Catholic Church). 27. Assumption of the Virgin Mary (bodily ascension into heaven shortly after her death) 1950 AD 28. Vatican Council II 1965 AD -Vatican II made no new doctrines, nor did it change or repudiate any old ones; Trent and Vatican I stand as is (VaticanII verified and validated all the anathemas of Trent). Vatican II reaffirmed such Roman heresies as papal supremacy; the Roman priesthood; the mass as an unbloody sacrifice of Christ; a polluted sacramental gospel; Catholic tradition on equal par with Scripture; Mary as the Queen of Heaven and co-redemptrix with Christ; auricular confession; Mariolatry; pilgrimages to "holy shrines"; purgatory; prayers to and for the dead; etc. 29. Mary proclaimed Mother of the RC church. 30. Reaffirmed the infallibility of the pope (and even when he does not speak ex-cathedra, all RC's must still give complete submission of mind and will to what he says). 31. Divided RC doctrine into that which is essential core of theology, and must be received by faith, and that which is still an undefined body of theology which RC's may question and debate without repudiating their essential core. 32. Established 20 complex rules concerning when and how any indulgence may be obtained, and condemned "with anathema those who say that indulgences are useless or that the Church does not have the power to grant them... [for] the task of winning salvation." 14