Curriculum Vitae (2017) DR. JAY G. WILLIAMS Home: Professor of Religious Studies, emeritus 7153 College Hill Rd. Hamilton College Clinton, N.Y. 13323 198 College Hill Rd. (315) 853-8796 Clinton, NY 13323 Fax: (315) 859-4390 Email: jwilliam@hamilton.edu (315) 859-4208 EDUCATION LANGUAGES STUDIED PROFESSIONAL CAREER Hamilton College, A.B. 1954 Union Theological Seminary, M.Div. 1957 Columbia University, Ph.D. 1964 Latin French German Koiné Greek Hebrew and basic Aramaic Chinese Sanskrit (elementary) Welsh (very elementary) National Council of Churches (Executive: 1958-60) Associate Director of A Christian Ministry in National Parks Hamilton College (1960-2012) Dean of the Chapel (1961-2; 1967-68) Walcott-Bartlett Professor of Religious Studies (1974-2012) Lecturer in Religious Studies (2013-16) Department Chair: 1968-1990; 2007 Director of Asian Studies: 1990-93, 95-96, 98-99, 2003-4, 2006-7. Member: Committee on Appointments (twice), Academic Policy (twice), Library, and several others. Scholar in Residence 2016-17 Unitarian Church of Barneveld Interim Minister, 2011-12 1
COURSES TAUGHT Logic and the Scientific Method (year) The History of Philosophy (a few lectures) The History of Western Religious Thought (year) Introduction to the Bible (Old Testament) Modern Theology (year) The Attack upon and Defense of Christianity in the 19 th Century Chinese Religion and Thought The Reality of God Mahayana Buddhism In China and Tibet Mahayana Buddhism Introduction to the Study of Religion Western Mysticism Time, Space, and Power The Mythic Image Theories of Religion Biblical Archaeology (Winter Term, in Israel) Religion and Revolution (Winter Term) Myth and Symbol in the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien (Winter Term) Senior Seminar: Advanced Theories of Religion (Winter Term) The World of Zen Origins The Wonder that was India Classical Indian Thought Buddhist Christian Dialogue Eros and Spirituality Gandhi Modern Indian Thought and the West The Dao and the Buddha Mind The Dao and its Power The Word and the Spirit The Quest Art and Spirituality The Roots of Wisdom Art and Spirituality in America in the 19 th and early 20 th Centuries 2
PUBLICATIONS (selected): BOOKS, MONOGRAPHS, AND CHAPBOOKS: The Life and Thought of Benjamin Whichcote (Ann Arbor: Dissertation, 1964) Ten Words of Freedom (Fortress Press, 1970) Understanding the Old Testament (Barron s, 1972) Yeshua Buddha (Theosophical Publishing House, 1978) Judaism (Theosophical Publishing House, 1980) A Spiritual Approach to Male/Female Relations, co-author (Theosophical Publishing House, 1984) 1990) The Riddle of the Sphinx (University Press of America, Angels and Mortals, co-author, (Theosophical Publishing House 1990) Along the Silk Route: A Journey of the Spirit (Gwenfrewi Santes, 1991) Matters of Life and Death (Gwenfrewi Santes, 1993) Memory Stones (photographs only) (Purple Mountain Press, 1993) It is Easter Now (Scriptorum Press, 1994) Dark Trees and Empty Sky (Gwenfrewi Santes, 1996) A Reassessment of Absolute Skepticism and Religious Faith (Edwin Mellen Press, 1996) The Secret Teachings of Yeshua (Gwenfrewi Santes, 1997) The Education of Edward Robinson. (Friends of the Burke Library, Union Theological Seminary, 1997). 3
The Times and Life of Edward Robinson: Connecticut Yankee in King Solomon s Court. (Society of Biblical Literature, 1999.) British Philosophers, 1550-1799, DLB, 252, co-author (Woodbridge, Ct: Bruccoli Clark Layman, 2001), pp. 152-156, 346-349. 363-366. The Way of Adam by Adamah, 1 st Books, 2001. The Secret Sayings of Ye Su: A Silk Road Gospel, (iuniverse, 2004) We Still Will Be Thy Boys, 50 Year Class Annalist Letter, June 2004 The List: What do these people have in common? (Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2005). Around the Quad, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2006. Theosophical Encyclopedia, Theosophical Publishing house, Quezon City, Philippines (five articles) 2006. The Voyage of Life, iuniverse, 2007 The Path and Its Power: Lao Zi s Thoughts for the 21 st Century, iuniverse, 2008 Religion: What It Has Been and What it is, YPK Publishers 2008 Dancing with Daffodils, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2008 The Stupa: Buddhism in Symbolic Form, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2010. How To Determine the Meaning of a Sacred Text, Edwin Mellen Press, 2011(also as an E book) Thomas Nast In History, Edwin Mellen Press, 2012 (not available now) Pollock at Hamilton, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2013. 4
The Quest: Questions, Questions, Questions, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2013. Also on line. Mazu: The Celebration, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014. From Beersheba to Dan, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014. Pictures of Pilgrimage, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014 America the Beautiful, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014 Sports Illustrated in late 19 th Century America, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014 Thomas Nast, America s Greatest Political Cartoonist, Edwin Mellen Press 2014 Picturing Afro-Americans in late 19 th and early 20 th Century America, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014 Artists as illustrators in Late 19 th and Early 20 th Century America, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014 Howard Pyle and His Students Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2014. Also on line. Seeing Oneida County Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2015 Also on line. Places of Pilgrimage, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2016. Dancing with Daffodils, 2 nd ed. Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2016 From Beersheba to Dan: Digging up the Holy Land, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2016. Reading the Four Gospels, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2016 People and Places, Gwenfrewi Santes Press, 2017 5
BIBLICAL STUDIES ARTICLES: Exegesis/Eisegesis: Is there a difference? Theology Today (October,1973) Adam: Enlightened or Fallen? Interpretation (July, 1981) Scripture as Kung-An Theosophist (India) (August,1981). Symphony #1: The Genesis Journal of Religious Studies (Summer, 1982). The Structure of Judges 2:6-16:31 J.S.O.T. (#49, 1991) The Wisdom of the Serpent, The Quest, (Fall, 1997) "The Nabi and the Shang Ren," The Theosophist (Nov. 2001) Jesus, the Lord of Pisces: Hipparcus and the Gospels, The Quest (March-April, 2003.) (on line) The Magi The Quest Nov.-Dec. 2005. What s Wrong with the Church, www.bibleinterp.com (2008) Mark, the Gospel of Radical Transformation www.bibleinterp.com. (2009) The Gospel of John (or is it Ch an) www.biibleinterp,com (2009) Christianity and Slavery www.bibleinterp.com (2009) Who Were the Magi? www.bibleinterp.com (2010) Spiritual Imagination www.bibleinterp.com (2010) A Liturgical Enigma www.bibleinterp.com (2010). Matthew, The Heavenly Gospel www.bibleinterp.com (2011) An Open Letter www.bibleinterp.com (2013) 6
BUDDHISM The Vimalarkirti Nirdesa Sutra: The Comedy of Paradox Pacific World (Fall 1990). Also on line. Epimenides, Self-Referentiality, and the Lotus Sutra. Journal of Religious Studies (Fall 1990). "Chinese Buddhism," Theosophical Encyclopedia (Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006) pp. 125-126. Buddhism, Theosophical Encyclopedia (Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006) pp. 122-125. Mahayana Buddhism, Theosophical Encyclopedia (Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006) pp.396-399. Theravada Buddhism, Theosophical Encyclopedia (Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006) pp. 641-643. CHINESE RELIGION Return to the Roots: Platonic Philosophy and the I Ching Cheng Feng (January, 1991). On Reading a Confucian Classic: The Rhetoric of the Lun Yu, Journal for the Study of Chinese Religion (Fall, 1991). Also on line. Chinese Buddhism, Theosophical Encyclopedia (Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006) "The Nabi and the Sheng Ren" The Theosophist Nov. 2001. 7
WESTERN RELIGIOUS HISTORY Looking West from the Middle East, Hamilton Alumni Review, 1983. What s so Secret about the Secret Doctrine Gnosis, (July, 1989) Edward Robinson (1794-1863): Pioneer of Biblical Archaeology, Hamilton Alumni Review, Spring 1996. "The Times and Life of Edward Robinson," www.bibleinterp.com The Education of Edward Robinson. (Friends of the Burke Library, Union Theological Seminary, 1997). Nathaniel Culverwell, Dictionary of Literary Biography 252 (Woodbridge, Ct.: Bruccoli, Clark, Layman, 2001) pp. 153-156. John Smith, Dictionary of Literary Biography 252 (Woodbridge, Ct.: Bruccoli, Clark, Layman,2001) pp 346-349. Benjamin Whichcote, Dictionary of Literary Biography 252 (Woodbridge, Ct.: Bruccoli, Clark, Layman, 2001), pp. 362-366. What s Wrong with the Church, www.bibleinterp.com Christianity and Slavery www.bibleinterp.com) MYTHOLOGY Aristotle s Inanna Theosophist (India) (November1983) Mythic Transformation American Theosophist (Spring 1986) OTHER The Ritual of Initiation: Implications for the Liberal Arts, Educational Record, Winter, 1982. "To Ynlli, With Love, Y Drych, October 2000. "Wales: The Missing Dimension," Y Drych, October 2001. 8
Judaism, Theosophical Encyclopedia (Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006) pp.334-340. Spirituality and Poetry Bestthinking.com Winslow Homer and the Visual Arts Kirkland Town Library, 2017 THEORIES OF RELIGION; COMPARATIVE RELIGION The Contribution of Claude Levi Strauss to the Study of Religion, Journal of Religious Studies (Spring 1980) The Unity of the World s Religions: Buddhism, Christianity, and the Hasidism American Theosophist (April 1980) How Pleasant it is... some thoughts on the Relevance of Religion, American Theosophist (May1981) That Terrible Freedom, American Theosophist (May, 1983). Absolute Skepticism and Spiritual Faith The Theosophist (March 1991) The Idea of the Holy: A Study of the Development of Rudolf Otto s Thought, Journal of Religious Studies (Fall, 1992). Speechless Before the Mystery, Quest (1993) (Also published in The Theosophist, Madras, India, 1994). THEOLOGY Other Worldly Christianity: Some Positive Considerations Theology Today (October, 1971). Yahweh, Women, and the Doctrine of the Trinity Theology Today (October,1975). "Theosophy and the Crisis of Conscience American Theosophist (Spring1987) 9
"Christian Exclusiveness and Theosophical Truth" The Quest (March/April 2001) (also translated and published in Portuguese) BOOK REVIEWS: Selby and West, Introduction to the Bible, in Interpretation, (April, 1972). G. van Rad, Genesis (2nd edition) in Interpretation (Spring, 1974). Bo Reiche, Die zehn Worte in Geschichte und Gegenwart in Journal of Biblical Literature (September, 1974). William Hutchison, Errand to the World, in Hamilton Alumni Review (1986). Richard G. Walsh, Reading the Bible: an Introduction, in The Quest 88.1: Jan-Feb 2000. Christopher McIntosh, The Rosicrucians: The History, Mythology, and Rituals of an esoteric order, in The Quest 88.3: May-June 2000. Andre VandenBroeck, Al-Kemi: A Memoir, Hermetic, Occult, Political, and Private Aspects of R.A. Schwaller de Lubicz, in The Quest: 88:6:Oct.-Nov. 2000. R. A. Gilbert, The Golden Dawn Scrapbook in Quest Jan./Feb. 2001. The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava: Indian Consort of Padmasambhava, trans. Lama Chonam and Sangye Khandro, in The Quest 88.3,May /June 2001. Tenzin Gyatso, Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation, Jeffrey Hopkins (trans.) in The Quest 89.4 July/August 2001. Deborah E. Harkness, John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature, in The Quest 89.5 Sept./Oct. 2001. 10
Aurobindo Ghose, A Greater Psychology: An Introduction to Sri Aurobindo s Psychological Thoight. Ed. A.S. Dalal in The Quest 89.6 Nov./Dec. 2001. Sarangerel, Riding Windhorses: A Journey into the Heart of Mongolian Shamanism in The Quest 90.1 Jan.-Feb. 2002. John Van Auken, Egyptian Mysticism and Its Relevance Today in The Quest 90.3 May-June 2002. Alister E. McGrath, In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture in The Quest 90.5, Sept-Oct. 2002. Gil Farrer-Halls, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Buddhist Wisdom in the Quest 91. 3, May-June 2003. Nathaniel Altman, Sacred Trees: Spirituality, Wisdom, and Well-Being in The Quest 91.4. July-Aug. 2003. Caitlin Matthews, Sophia: Goddess of Wisdom, bride of God Quest 91.5, Sept/Oct 2003. in The Farhad Daftary, ed. Intellectual Traditions in Islam in The Quest 91.6, Nov.-Dec. 2003. Swami Nikhilananda, Selections from the Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna in The Quest 92.3. May-June 2004. Hacker, Moore, and Patsco, I Ching: An Annotated Bibliography in The Quest 92.3, May-June 2004. Arthur Green, Ehyeh: A Kabbalah for Tomorrow in The Quest 92.4, July-August 2004. His Holiness the 14 th Dalai Lama and Jeffrey Hopkins, Yoga Tantra: Paths to magical feats in The Quest July-August, 2007. Gordon Strachan, Chartres: Sacred Geometry in The Quest 96.1 Jan.-Feb. 2008. Galia Patt-Shamir, To Broaden the Way in Dao, April 2008 Shaikh Sharfuddin Maneri, Letters from a Sufi Teacher trans. Baijnath Singh, in The Quest, Winter 2009 11
Catherine Albanese, A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion in The Quest, Summer 2009 Editors of Hinduism Today, What is Hinduism? Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith, in The Quest, Fall 2009 Joseph Chilton Pearce, The Death of Religion and the Rebirth of the Spirit: A Return to the Intelligence of the Heart in The Quest, Fall 2009 Forewords and Introductions: R. Glynne Lloyd, John Owen (Modern Welsh Publications, 1972). Henry Wei, The Authentic I Ching (Newcastle Publishing House, 1987). Rabbi Richard Chapin and Jerome Pitaressi, Faithful Friends (CreateSpace, 2014) Lectures: Most of my public lectures have found their way into print. The following, however, have not: Hieronymous Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights, and the Development of a World Symbology (A five part lecture series offered at the Krotona Institute, Ojai, CA.) Hieronymous Bosch (A much abbreviated version of the above given at the University of Madras.) The Erotic Sculpture on the base of the Lakshamana Temple at Khajuraho The Hamilton Journal Club William Blake s Illustrations for the Book of Job (School of Sacred Arts, N.Y.C. and elsewhere) 12
The Life and Art of Arthur Bowen Davies (Munson Williams Proctor Institute, Utica and elsewhere) Christmas with Thomas Nast, a gallery talk Thomas Nast: America in Black and White, a gallery talk Thomas Nast: America s Icon Maker delivered as the Fox-Adler Lecture at Skidmore College Hamilton, Emancipation and Denigration a gallery-talk at Haverford, and elsewhere Thomas Nast s Vision of America, Common Cause, Edinburgh, Scotland Thomas Nast and the Making of Modern America, The Other Side, Utica, N.Y. The Art of 19 th Century Wood Engraving, A Gallery Talk The Barrett Gallery, Utica College Who am I anyway? A poetry reading: Hamilton Reunions 2011 Palestinian Pottery, Unitarian Universalist Church, 2016. Winslow Homer and the Visual Arts Kirkland Town Library, 2017 Tapes and DVDs: Knowing Religiously - 5 audiotapes distributed by Krotona Institute, Ojai, California (1992) Memorial Service, Sermon, 1999 Reunions, Hamilton College Interview about Christmas with Thomas Nast, WCNY, Dec. 3, 2001. Deciphering Thomas Nast Nov. 18, 2002. Christmas With Thomas Nast, WMHT Educational Telecommunications, 2004 13
We Still Will Be Thy Boys, 50 Year Class Annalist Letter, June 2004 The Good Old Days, Class and Charter Day Address, May 2005 Thomas Nast s Vision of America, a lecture at Haverford College 2007 Service of Remembrance, June 7, 2009 Baccalaureate and Commencement, 2010 Frederick Sackrider Remington: American Artist 2013 Women Illustrators in the Golden Age of Illustration, Utica College (Jan-Feb, 2014) Preaching Beside my regular teaching duties I have also conducted services and preached in the following churches and chapels. Since I have never written out my sermons, I have no record of what I said., but I know I never preached the same sermon twice. An asterisk means that I returned to the church several times. *Hamilton College Chapel Congregational Churches: *Plymouth Bethesda (Utica) *First Congregational (Poughkeepsie) *Trinity United Church of Christ (Rome) Episcopal Churches Saint James Episcopal Church (Clinton) Methodist Churches Central Methodist Church (Utica) Delta Methodist Church (Hawkins Corners) First Methodist Church (Rome) Taberg Methodist Church (Taberg) West Gate Methodist Church Presbyterian Churches *Augusta *Bethany Presbyterian (Utica) *Boonville 14
*Camden *Central Presbyterian Church (N.Y.C.) *Clinton *Cooperstown *Dolgeville Forestport Kirkland *Little Falls *Lowville *Moriah-Olivet Presbyterian (Utica) *New Hartford *New York Mills *Olivet Oneida *Oneida Castle *Remsen *Rome First *Rutger s 73 rd St. NYC *Sauquoit Springfield *Three Steeples (Paris) Utica First *Vernon Vernon Center *Verona *Waterville *Welsh Presbyterian Church (N.Y.C.) *Westernville *Westminster Presbyterian Church (Utica) *Whitesboro *Woodgate Chapel *Ynlli Capel *Yorkville Unitarian Universalist Churches *Barneveld *Little Falls May Memorial (Syracuse) *Salisbury Center *Utica 15
Poetry: Has it always been like this, Y Drych, Nov. 1988 (Winner: 1st prize: Welsh-American Eisteddfod) And Have We Never Met Before, Y Delyn, Sept. 1988 Reverie, American Poetry Anthology: 1988 The Burning, Theology Today, July 1990 (on line) The First Sign, Theology Today, April 1992 (on line) Henry Ford Reflects, First place, Y Drych Eisteddfod-By-Mail, 1992 It is Easter Now, Program for the Opening of Frederick Franck s The Tao of the Cross. Nimrod, Theology Today, April 1993 X (1993) Winner Eisteddfod-gan-Post Summer Song (1993) second place winner, Eisteddfod-gan-Post Saturday Night Vigil Christian Century "There is a Place." Y Drych. October 2000 "Ar Werth," Y Drych October 2001 You Came, The Quest, Nov.-Dec. 2006 The Thumb Print Dec. 2009 asor.org/pubs/nea See also under Books: Along the Silk Route It Is Easter Now Matters of Life and Death Dark Trees and Empty Sky The Way of Adam by Adamah The Voyage of Life Around the Quad The Path and its Power Dancing with Daffodils The Quest: Questions, Questions, Question 16
Places of Pilgrimage From Beersheba to Dan, Digging Up the Holy Land People and Places Songs and Hymns You are there Songs for St. Stephens, 1974 The Mother s Little Son is Born The Way of Adam by Adamah You are in the Center unpublished Hymn to Wisdom sung to Ton I Botel Hymn to Our Mother unpublished Seminars: Participated in 1988 in an NEH summer seminar on the philosophy of Nagarjuna at the University of Hawaii in Manoa. Participated in 1992 in an NEH summer institute on Indian Art at Columbia University, NYC. Exhibitions: Edward Robinson Exhibition (1995) Emerson Gallery, Hamilton College, Co-curator Christmas with Thomas Nast (2001) Emerson Gallery, Hamilton College, Curator Min Eretz Israel (2001) Emerson Gallery, Hamilton College, Curator America in Black and White (2002) Emerson Gallery, Hamilton College (with gallery guide) Christmas with Thomas Nast (2004) The Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, N.Y. Around the Seasons with Winslow Homer and Thomas Nast (2004) Kirkland Art Center, (with gallery guide) 17
Christmas with Thomas Nast (2005) Saint Bonaventure University Through Autumn and Winter with Homer and Nast (2006) Bennington Museum, Bennington, Vt. Thomas Nast: America s Icon Maker Skidmore College Emancipation and Denigration (2007) Haverford College; Emancipation and Denigration (2008) Hamilton College Emancipation and Denigration (2008) Schweinfurth Art Center, Auburn, N.Y. American Heritage Wood Engravings (2009) The Barrett Gallery, Utica College, Thomas Nast s Christmas (2010-11) The Buffalo Club, Buffalo, New York Christmas with Thomas Nast (2010-2011) The View, Old Forge, N.Y. The Stupa: Buddhism in Symbolic Form (Photographs) Asian Studies Center, Hamilton College Pictures of Pilgrimage: Photographs (Unity Hall, Barneveld, 2011) On the Home Front (Fenimore Museum, Cooperstown, Fall 2012) contributor Remington s World: Illustrations by Frederic Remington (Barrett Gallery, Utica College Fall 2012) Frederick Remington as Illustrator, Unitarian Universalist Church of Utica (Winter, 2013). America the Beautiful, America s National Parks, Unitarian Universalist Church of Utica (Nov. 2013) Women Illustrators in the Golden Age of Illustration, Utica College (Jan-Feb, 2014) Winter scenes by Thomas Nast, Museum of the Southwest, Midland, Texas (Dec.2014) 18
Maxfield Parrish: The Art of Light and Illusion, (Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, N.Y. May-Sept. 2015) contributor Autopsy for a Nation: the Death of Abraham Lincoln, (Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, N.Y. April-December 2015) contributor Palestinian Pottery (Unitarian-Universalist Church of Utica) Nov. 6, 2016 Winslow Homer and his Visual Art in Newspapers and Magazines, Kirkland Town Library March, 2017 Photography Memory Stones, 1993 (photographs only) Dark Trees and Empty Sky, 1996 The Secret Sayings of Ye Su, 2004 (cover) Edward Robinson s Letter-Journal, 2009 (cover) The Stupa: Buddhism in Symbolic Form, 2010 (Also exhibition for Asian Studies) Pictures of Pilgrimage, 2011 (exhibition) Pollock at Hamilton, 2013 How To Determine the Meaning of a Sacred Text, Edwin Mellen Press, 2011(also as an E book) (cover) America the Beautiful, America s National Parks (exhibition, 2013) The Quest: Questions, Questions, Questions (2014) Mazu: The Celebration (2014) From Beersheba to Dan (2014) Pictures of Pilgrimage,. (2014) America, the Beautiful, America s National Parks, 2014 19
Seeing Oneida County, 2015 Places of Pilgrimage. 2016 Dancing with Daffodils Press, 2016 From Beersheba to Dan: Digging up the Holy Land. 2016 People and Places, a genealogical look at the past, 2017 Archaeological Excavations: Tel Arad, Israel (Assistant Field Supervisor) Tel Dan, Israel (Assistant Field Supervisor) Also conducted courses on Biblical archaeology in Israel twice. Other: Commissioner, General Assembly, Presbyterian Church USA, 1996 Alumni Distinguished Service Award, 2011 Memberships: (Not all are now active) American Academy of Religion The Theosophical Society in America Society for the Study of Chinese Religion Buddhist Christian Studies Society The Unitarian Universalist Church The Academy of American Poets Listings: Who s Who in Religion Who s Who Among Intellectuals Who s Who in Biblical Studies and Archaeology Who s Who in Poetry Who s Who Among American Teachers Directory of American Scholars 20