YAYASAN WIDYA BHAKTI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS SANTA ANGELA TERAKREDITASI A Jl. Merdeka No. 24 Bandung 022. 4214714 Fax.022. 4222587 http//: www.smasantaangela.sch.id, e-mail : smaangela@yahoo.co.id 043 URS is member of Registar of Standards (Holding) Ltd. ISO 9001 : 2008 Cert. No. 47484/A/0001/UK/En ENGLISH MODULE UNIT 2 'What' Clauses Gerund and Infinitive Compiled by: Yulita Dwi Puspasari, S.Pd
I. Kompetensi Inti 1. Menghayati dan mengamalkan ajaran agama yang dianutnya dan Spiritualitas Santa Angela. 2. Menghayati dan mengamalkan perilaku jujur, disiplin, tanggung jawab, peduli (gotong royong, kerjasama, toleran, damai), santun, responsif dan pro-aktif dan menunjukkan sikap sebagai bagian dari solusi atas berbagai permasalahan dalam berinteraksi secara efektif dengan lingkungan sosial dan alam serta dalam menempatkan diri sebagai cerminan bangsa dalam pergaulan dunia. 3. Memahami, menerapkan, menganalisis pengetahuan faktual, konseptual, prosedural berdasarkan rasa ingin tahunya tentang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, seni, budaya, dan humaniora dengan wawasan kemanusiaan, kebangsaan, kenegaraan, dan peradaban terkait penyebab fenomena dan kejadian, serta menerapkan pengetahuan prosedural pada bidang kajian yang spesifik sesuai dengan bakat dan minatnya untuk memecahkan masalah. English Module, Unit 2 Page 2
II. 4. Mengolah, menalar, dan menyaji dalam ranah konkret dan ranah abstrak terkait dengan pengembangan dari yang dipelajarinya di sekolah secara mandiri, dan mampu menggunakan metoda sesuai kaidah keilmuan. Kompetensi Dasar 1. Mensyukuri kesempatan dapat mempelajari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar komunikasi internasional yang diwujudkan dalam semangat belajar. 2. Menunjukan perilaku jujur, disiplin, percaya diri, dan bertanggung jawab dalam melaksanakan komunikasi transaksional dengan guru dan teman. 3. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaan 'what clauses', gerund and infinitive, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. 4. Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis 'what clauses', gerund and infinitive, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks. English Module, Unit 2 Page 3
III. Tujuan Pembelajaran Siswa diharapkan dapat: 1. Memahami penggunaan 'what' clauses, gerund and infinitive dengan cerdas. 2. Memahami kegunaan masing-masing komponen 'what' clauses, gerund and infinitive dengan cerdas. 3. Menghasilkan kalimat dengan menggunakan 'what clauses', gerund and infinitive dengan gigih. Conceptual Map 'what' clauses Unit 2 Gerund and Infinitive English Module, Unit 2 Page 4
Materials What" Clauses Compare the following sentences. o We gave them home-made ice cream. and o What we gave them was some home-made ice cream. If we want to focus particular attention on certain information in a sentence, we sometimes a what-clause followed by be. The information we want to focus attention on is outside the what-clause. We often use this if we want to introduce a new topic, to give a reason, instruction, explanation, or to correct something that has been said or done. In the following examples, the information in focus is underlined. o What I'd like you to work on is exercise 2 on page 80. o Tim arrived two hours late; what had happened was that his bicycle chain had broken. We can often put the what-clause either at the beginning or the end of the sentence: o What upset me most was his rudeness. or o His rudeness was what upset me most. English Module, Unit 2 Page 5
To emphasize an action performed by someone, we use a sentence with what...do... o Dave lost his job and was short of money, so what he did was (to) sell his flat and move in with his brother. A : When the bookcase arrived, two shelves were broken. B : Did you send it back? A : No, what we did was (to) send them a letter of complaint. The pattern in this kind of sentence is What + subject + do + be + to-infinitive clause. Exercise 1 Rewrite the ideas, beginning with What 1. The police interviewed all the witnesses to the accident first. What the police did first was interview all the witnesses to the accident. 2. You should invest all your money in telecoms companies. 3. She writes all her novels on a typewriter. 4. Their car broke down on the motorway so they didn't get to Jo's wedding on time. 5. She works in a coffee shop on the 5th floor. 6. She draws caricatures on Saturdays to earn extra money. English Module, Unit 2 Page 6
Exercise 2 Think about 5 things you love doing on the weekend. Write 5 true sentences with the structure What...is.... Example: What I like doing on the weekend is read novels. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gerunds and Infinitives 1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "- ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples: a. Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence b. I'm excited about reading novel. object of preposition c. I enjoy reading. object of sentence English Module, Unit 2 Page 7
Verbs Followed by Gerunds Admit He admitted cheating on the test Advise The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk. Anticipate I anticipated arriving late. Appreciate I appreciate hearing from them Avoid He avoided talking to her Complete He completed renovating the house. Consider I will consider going with you Delay He delayed leaving for school Deny She denied committing the crime Discuss They discussed opening a new business Dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM. Enjoy We enjoy hiking Finish She finished studying about ten Forget I ll never forget visiting Napoleon s tomb. Can t help I can t help worrying about it Keep I keep hoping he will come Mention She mentioned going to a movie Mind Would you mind helping me with this? Miss I miss being with my family Postpone Let s postpone leaving until tomorrow English Module, Unit 2 Page 8
Practice She practiced singing the song. Quit She quit worrying about the problem. Recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store. Recollect She recollected living in Kenya. Recommend Tony recommended taking the train. Regret She regretted saying that. Remember I remember telling her the address yesterday. resent Nick resented Debbie's being there. Resist He resisted asking for help. Risk He risked being caught. Stop She stopped working at 5 o'clock. suggest They suggested staying at the hotel. tolerate She won t tolerate cheating during an examination Try Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip. understand I don t understand his leaving school English Module, Unit 2 Page 9
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Reference list of verbs followed by gerunds English Module, Unit 2 Page 11
2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples: a. To learn is important. subject of sentence b. The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence c. He wants to learn. object of sentence Verbs Followed by Infinitives Afford Agree Appear Arrange Ask Beg Care Claim Consent Decide I can t afford to buy it. Tom agreed to help me. His health appeared to be better. Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami. He asked to come with us He begged to come with us. He doesn't care to participate in the activity. She claimed to be a princess. She finally consented to marry him. I have decided to leave on Monday. English Module, Unit 2 Page 12
Demand Deserve Expect Fail Forget Hesitate Hope Learn Manage Mean Need Offer Plan Prepare Pretend Promise Refuse Regret Remember Seem Struggle Swear Threaten Voulunteer Wait He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris. He deserves to go to jail. They expect to arrive early. He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project. I forgot to mail the letter. Don t hesitate to ask for my help. Jane hopes to arrive next week. He learned to play the piano. He managed to open the door without the key. I didn t mean to hurt your feeling. I need to have your opinion They offered to help us. I am planning to have a party. They prepared to take the test. The child pretended to be a monster. She promised to stop smoking. The guard refused to let them enter the building. I regret to inform you that your application was rejected. Did you remember to lock the door when you left? Nancy seemed to be disappointed. I struggled to stay awake. She swore to tell the truth. She threatened to tell my parents. He volunteered to help us. She waited to buy a movie ticket. English Module, Unit 2 Page 13
Want Wish I want to tell you something. She wishes to come with us. Reference list of verbs followed by infinitives Common verbs followed by either infinitives of gerunds English Module, Unit 2 Page 14
Remember + gerund This is when you remember something that has happened in the past. You have a memory of it, like being able to see a movie of it in your head. I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= I have a memory of going to the beach). He remembers closing the door. (= He has a memory of closing the door). English Module, Unit 2 Page 15
Remember + to + infinitive This is when you think of something that you need to do. (And usually, you then do the thing). I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking home and the idea that I needed milk came into my head, so I bought some). She remembered to send a card to her grandmother. Forget + gerund This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when you forget about a memory, something that you've done in the past. Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it. I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he'd forgotten going there. Forget + to + infinitive This is the opposite of remember + to + infinitive. It's when you want to do something, but you forget about it. I forgot to call my mother. (= I wanted to call my mother, but when it was a good time to call her, I forgot. I was thinking about something else, and the idea to call my mother didn't come into my head). English Module, Unit 2 Page 16
Try + gerund This is when you do something as an experiment. The thing you do is not difficult, but you want to see if doing it will have the result that you want. I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using nicotine patches. (= Using nicotine patches was easy, but I wanted to know if it would help me stop smoking). She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help her lose weight. (It was easy for her to give up chocolate. She gave it up to see if it would help her lose weight, but it didn't). Try + to + infinitive This is when the thing you do itself is difficult and you don't succeed in doing it. I tried to lift the suitcase, but it was too heavy. She tried to catch the bus, but she couldn't run fast enough. Look at the difference: It was too hot in the room. I tried opening the window (it was easy to open the window). It didn't help though, because it was very hot outside too. I tried to open the window, but I couldn't because it was stuck.stop + gerund When we stop doing something it means the verb in the gerund is the thing that we stop. It English Module, Unit 2 Page 17
can mean 'stop forever' or 'stop at that moment'. I stopped working when I was expecting a baby. (Working is the thing I stopped). Stop + to + infinitive In this case, we stop something else in order to do the verb in the infinitive. I stopped to eat lunch. (I stopped something else, maybe working or studying, because I wanted to eat lunch. Regret + gerund This is when you are sorry about something you did in the past and you wish you hadn't done it. I regret going to bed so late. I'm really tired today. She regrets leaving school when she was sixteen. She wishes that she had studied more and then gone to university. Regret + to + infinitive We use this construction when we are giving someone bad news, in quite a formal way. The verb is almost always something like 'say' or 'tell' or 'inform'. I regret to tell you that the train has been delayed. The company regrets to inform employees that the London office will close next year English Module, Unit 2 Page 18
Use gerund/infinitive in the following. 1. Alan can t stand on trains. (riding/ to ride) 2. Mr. Harris enjoys people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite) 3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals. (fighting / to fight) 4. Jim stopped his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie) 5. My wife always volunteers cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake) 6. Don t waste my time about your salary. (complaining/ to complain) 7. Eva is having trouble on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate) 8. Please allow me your Facebook page. (joining / to join) 9. You won t forget milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to pick up) 10. She pretended (be) a student in order to get a student discount. 11. She waited to (see) what would happen next. 12. The child denied (steal) the piece of candy. 13. We fully intend (pay) you for all the work you have done for us. 14. You seem (be) a little distracted. Is everything alright? English Module, Unit 2 Page 19
15. Laura and Ed discussed (move) to the city to find work; however, in the end, they decided against relocating. 16. She refused (admit)that she had made a mistake. 17. After his accident last year, he would never consider (buy) another motorcycle. 18. Margaret just happened (find) the lost car keys while she was looking for something else. 19. He never admitted (have) the wild party while his parents were out of town. 20. The doctor ordered Mr Gray (smoke, not) Glossary Clause (n) Gerund (n) Infinitive (n) A part of sentence that has its own subject and verb An English noun form from a verb by adding -ing. The basic form of a verb References Azar, B.S. 1989. Understanding and using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. English Module, Unit 2 Page 20