The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal

Vol. XIV, 2009 (p.86-128) The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal Dr. Mohammad Jafar Ullah Talukder * Abstract : One of the long standing international disputes in the world is the dispute between Palestine and Israel. The search for an amicable settlement must come to grip with the root cause of the Palestine dispute. The Palestinians have a genuine complaint that their homeland for over a thousand years was taken away during the establishment of the state of Israel. The Jews argued that they tried in Palestine in the late 19th century to recover their inherited homeland. They faced the violent opposition from the Palestinian Arabs. They were then forced to defend themselves. But, the real fact was that the Zionist movement, from the beginning, looked forward to a practically complete dispossession of the original Arab inhabitants so that Israel could be a wholly Jewish state. The Arab community, being aware of the Zionists plan, seriously opposed the Jewish immigration and land buying in Palestine. Therefore, Zionism was based on a faulty, expansionist and colonialist worldview. On the other hand, the Arabs opposition to Zionism was based on reasonable fear of the dispossession of their people from their homeland. This is the origin of the dispute between Palestine and Israel. One of the objectives of OIC Charter is to support the people of Palestine, and help them to regain their rights and liberate their land. In these circumstances this paper focuses the background to the Palestine dispute and the role played by the OIC in solving the dispute. It also provides some recommendations for an amicable settlement of the dispute. * Associate Professor, Department of Law, University of Chittagong, Chittagong.

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal 1. Introduction The Organization of the Islamic Conference populerly known as OIC is an inter-governmental organization which has a Permanent Delegation to the United Nations. It is a group of 57 mostly Islamic nations in the Middle East, North, West and Southern Africa, Central Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent and South America. The OIC was set up in Rabat, Morocco, on 25 September 1969 in reaction to an arson fire attack on the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the morning of August 21, 1969. The OIC Charter adopted certain objectives as principles for its effective role. One of the objectives of OIC charter is to coordinate efforts to safeguard the holy places of Islam and support the struggle of the people of Palestine, and help them to regain their rights and liberate their land. Also one of its principles is the settlement of any conflict by peaceful means such as negotiation, mediation, reconciliation or arbitration. 1 The OIC, therefore, as an International Governmental Organisation based on Islamic ideology is playing a significant role in the pacific settlement of international disputes especially in solving the Palestine dispute in the contemporary world. 2. Background to Palestine Dispute The name of Palestine is derived from the Philistines who lived in the southern coastal part of the country in the 12 th century B.C. 2 The Palestine dispute has its origin in the Zionist Congress of 1897 and especially in the Balfour declaration of 1917 when the Great Britain, as a League of Nations Mandated Power for Palestine, 1 Article II, the Charter of the Islamic Conference adopted by the Third Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Jeddah in 1972. 2 Henry Cattan, Palestine, The Arabs & Israel: The search for Justice, London: Longmans, Green and Co. ltd, (1969), p. 3. 87

sought to encourage the creation of a Jewish National Home in the territory by opening it for Zionist immigration, while the Arabs had been aspiring for a united homeland including Palestine. 3 Zionist Plan and First World War : During the First World War, Britain made three different promises regarding Palestine. Arab leaders were assured that the land would become independent; in the Balfour declaration, 4 Britain indicated its support for a Jewish national home in Palestine; and secretly Britain arranged with its allies to divide up Ottoman territory, with Palestine becoming part of the British Empire. 5 As Britain had made contradictory promises to the Jews and Arabs in the earlier years, it indeed became difficult to reconcile these two. While the Arabs were not willing to accept any further Jewish immigration into Palestine, the Zionists were determined to bring more and more Jews into the country. 6 Arab nationalists opposed the Balfour declaration, the mandate and the Jewish National Home and revolted against Jews in Jerusalem, Hebron, Jaffa and Haifa. Britain made several efforts to resolve the Palestine Problem through various procedures i.e. King-Crane Commission, Hay- Craft Commission, Constitution of 1922, White Paper 1922, Peel 3 Nurul Momen, Bangladesh in the United Nations: A Study in Diplomacy, University Press Limited, Dhaka, (1987) p. 141. 4 The Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917. The text is available at the Palestine Royal Commission Report (July 1937), Cmd. 5479, p. 22. See, also, International Conciliation (1949), p. 744. ED, quoted in Muhammad Khalil, The Arab States and the Arab League: A Documentary Record, Vol. II International Affairs, Beirut: Khayats, (1962), p. 484. 5 Stephen R Shalom, Background to the Israel-Palestine Crisis, Z Magazine, May 2002, available at http://www.zmag.org/shalom-meqa.htm 6 P.C. Thomas, International Relations (1914-1945), New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications (1993), pp. 153-154. 88

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal Commission Report, Woodhead Commission, 1938, the White paper, 1939 7 etc. But Britain failed to solve the dispute and in the end Britain took the matter to the United Nations. 8 Partition of Palestine by the United Nations : The Palestine question was first brought before the United Nations by Great Britain on 02 April 1947 9 and after lengthy debates, the UN General Assembly adopted the plan for the partition of Palestine, with economic union, and an international area for Jerusalem. 10 The Zionists welcomed it because of its recognition of a Jewish state and because 55 per cent of Palestine was allotted to the Jewish state. But, it was not acceptable to the Arabs, who wanted a unitary sovereign state with an Arab majority and Jewish minority. So, the Palestinians rejected the partition. 11 Formation of the State of Israel and the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 : On 14 May 1948, the last British High Commissioner left Palestine. On the same day, after the termination of British Mandate over Palestine the Jewish Agency proclaimed the establishment of independent State of Israel at Tel-Aviv. President Truman of U.S.A. immediately accorded de facto recognition to Israel. 12 But the Arab States of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and 7 Ibid, p. 154-158. 8 Harun ur Rashid, International Relations and Bangladesh, Dhaka: The University Press Limited, (2004) p. 103. 9 Norman D. Palmer & Howard C. Perkins, International Relations: The World Community in Transition, Delhi: CBS Publishers & Distributors, 3 rd Edition, (1985) p. 333. 10 The UNGA Resolution No. 181 (II) A; adopted on 29 November 1947 by 33 votes to 13, with 10 abstentions. The Text of the Resolution is found in Yearbook of the United Nations (1947-48), pp. 247-256. 11 The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 25, Fifteenth Edition, Chicago (1993), p. 421. 12 Harun ur Rashid, op. cit., p. 104. 89

Iraq declared war against the state of Israel 13 and Israel fought off with US-made weapons and won the war. 14 As a result of the War of 1948, the Arabs and Palestinians lost their initial advantage. When the fighting ended in 1949, Israel gained control over 77 per cent of Palestine including western Jerusalem as against the 55 per cent originally assigned by the UN General Assembly s resolution to the proposed Jewish state. 15 On the other hand some 8,00,000 Palestinian Arabs felt compelled or were terrorised to leave their hearths and homes 16 and became refugees in neighboring Arab countries. 17 Proclamation of the Independence of Palestine by the Palestinian National Council : On The Palestinian National Council on 01 October 1948 proclaimed the full independence of the whole of Palestine as well as the establishment of a free and democratic sovereign State with its capital in Al-Quds, Jerusalem. 18 Formation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): The Palestine Liberation Organization was formed in 1964 in order to liberate all Palestine. But, it was controlled by the Arab states until Yasser Arafat became its leader in 1969. 19 13 Urmila Sharma & S. K. Sharma, International Relations: Theory and History (Since World War II), New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors (2000), Volume II, p. 243. 14 Nurul Momen, op. cit., p. 141. 15 M. S. Agwani, Issues and Prospects, World Focus, (New Delhi) vol. 1, no. 8, August 1980, p. 3. 16 Nurul Momen, op. cit., p. 141. 17 Harun ur Rashid, op. cit., p. 104. 18 Muhammad Khalil, The Arab States and the Arab League: A Documentary Record, Vol. II International Affairs, Beirut: Khayats, (1962), p. 579. 19 Stephen R Shalom, Background to the Israel-Palestine Crisis, Z Magazine, May 2002, available at http://www.zmag.org/shalom-meqa.htm 90

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal The Six Day War of 1967 and the Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza : In June 1967, the discord between the Arabs and the Israelis led to a great conflict. 20 As a result of war of 1967, Israel occupied large portions of the territories of three Arab States: the West Bank of Jordan, the Sinai Desert, the Straits of Tiran and the Golan Heights of Syria. Israel also occupied the Gaza Strip, which is Palestinian territory. 21 The Camp David Accords, 1978 : The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David. The two agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. 22 Two sets of agreements resulted : i. One established arrangements for determining the future of the West bank and the Gaza Strip. ii. The other comprised principles whereby an Egyptian- Israeli peace treaty would be formulated ratifying the conclusion of hostilities and the establishment of normal relations between the two countries. 23 The Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty, 1979 : The Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on 26 March 1979, following the Camp David 20 Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, New York: St. Martin s Press, Third Edition, (1996) pp. 196-199. 21 Henry Cattan, op. cit., p. 124. 22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/camp_david_accords_(1978) 23 Charles D. Smith, op. cit., p. 257. -13 91

Accords (1978). The main features of the treaty were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War. The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways. 24 The Camp David agreement established peace along the Egyptian- Israeli border, but it worsened the situation for Palestinians. With its southern border neutralized, Israel had a freer hand to invade Lebanon in 1982 (where the PLO was based) and to tighten its grip on the Occupied Territories. 25 Declaration of Independent State of Palestine : The first Intifadah 26 encouraged the PLO to declare an independent state of Palestine and to recognise the existence of Israel in November-December 1988. So, in 1988 PLO declared the independent State of Palestine with its capital in Jerusalem. 27 In response, the United States opened a dialogue with the PLO through its embassy in Tunis 28 Arafat s efforts to gain international recognition of his peace proposal found success in December 1988 when Washington agreed he had met their conditions of renouncing terrorism and accepting UN Security Council Resolution 242. 29 24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/israel-egypt_peace_treaty 25 Stephen R Shalom, op. cit., May 2002. 26 Intifadah literally means a shaking off of a condition. In December 1987, Palestinians in Gaza launched an uprising against Israeli repression, humiliations, and the establishment of Israeli settlements. This uprising is called the Intifadah. 27 Harun ur Rashid, op. cit., p. 104. 28 Charles D. Smith, op. cit., p. 282. 29 Ibid, p. 303. 92

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal The Madrid Conference, 1991 : The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR. It convened on 30 October 1991 and lasted for three days. It was an early attempt by the international community to start a peace process through negotiations involving Israel and the Arab countries including Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinians. 30 The Oslo Peace Process : In 1993 and 1995, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Declaration of Principles and the Oslo Interim Agreement which created the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). 31 Camp David Summit 2000 and US Mediation: The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. It was an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to negotiate a final status settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 32 The Saudi Peace Proposal and the Palestinian State Resolution : Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah made a proposal to end the long Arab war against Israel in return for Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian territories, withdrawal in the Golan and appropriate arrangements regarding Jerusalem and the refugees. This proposal, modified to be more specific about refugee issues, was adopted by a meeting of the Arab League, and eventually became incorporated in the quartet roadmap plan. On 12 March 2002 the UN Security 30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/madrid_conference_of_1991 31 H. O. Agarwal, International Law & Human Rights, Allahabad: Central Law Publications, Thirteenth Edition, (2006) p. 572. 32 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/camp_david_2000_summit 93

Council passed Resolution 1397, calling on the sides to stop the violence once again, mentioning the peace plan of Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah, and for the first time since 1947 calling for creation of a Palestinian state alongside Israel. 33 The Iraq Invasion by US Led Forces, the Roadmap and Palestinian Reform : On 20 March 2003, US, British and Australian forces invaded Iraq. US President Bush declared the war over on 01 May. The war produced an upheaval in the Middle East and especially affected the Palestinians. Arabs were astounded by the swiftness of Iraq s collapse. Arab governments including the Palestinians hurried to make conciliatory gestures. Mahmoud Abbas was elected Palestinian PM on 29 April. The US released an updated road map on 30 April immediately after the election of Mahmud Abbas. At a festive summit held on 04 June in Aqaba, Israeli PM Sharon and Palestinian PM Mahmoud Abbas (Abu-Mazen) pledged to fulfill the conditions of the road map and shook hands in the presence of US President George Bush. Abu Mazen called for an end to violence. Geneva Accord : Israeli opposition political leaders and Palestinian leaders announced an agreement in principle on conditions for a final settlement. The agreement, which has come to be known as the Geneva Accord, proposed concessions by both sides. Israel would give up sovereignty in Arab portions of Jerusalem, while the Palestinians would explicitly renounce the right of Palestinian refugees to return to Israel. 34 33 Stephen R Shalom, op. cit., May 2002. 34 http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm 94

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal Government of Ahmed Qurei in Palestine : On 12 November 2003, after a long period of negotiations, Palestinian PM Ahmed Qurei formed a permanent government and moves began to institute a cease fire and renew negotiations with the Israelis. However, very little came of these moves. On 19 November the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1515, endorsing the quartet road map for peace and calling upon the sides to fulfill their obligations to the road map plan. Prospective meetings between Ahmed Qurei and Israeli PM Ariel Sharon were announced, rumored, vaunted and then evaporated. For a time, Qurei announced that he would not meet with Sharon until Israel stopped building its security barrier. However, when Sharon announced his unilateral disengagement plan and it appeared to be in earnest, Qurei became concerned that the withdrawal without any negotiations would be a victory for the Hamas and Islamic Jihad, political rivals of the PLO who run the PNA, and who are grooming themselves to inherit leadership of the Palestinians. Qurei then announced that he would be ready to meet with Sharon, and that a meeting would definitely take place by the end of February 2000. However, negotiations to set the agenda of this meeting were postponed for various reasons, including suicide bombings and Israeli assassinations. 35 Death of Yasser Arafat and Abbas Succeeds Arafat : Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat died 11 November 2004 leaving an uncertain future. After his death, preparations for Palestinian elections began in an orderly way, with Mahmoud Abbas the leading candidate. During his campaign, Abbas promised repeatedly to continue to fight for a Palestinian state with its capital in Jerusalem, and for right of return of Palestinian refugees. 35 Ibid. 95

On 09 January 2005, Mahmoud Abbas was elected President of the Palestine National Authority. US President George Bush invited Abbas to Washington, after several years during which Palestinian leaders had not been welcome in the White House, and Israeli PM Ariel Sharon announced that he would call Abbas and plan a meeting. 36 Unity Government in Israel : Owing to disaffection of the Israeli right with the disengagement plan of PM Ariel Sharon, the National Religious Party left the government, and dissenting members of Sharon s Likud party tried to block formation of a unity government with the Labor party. The center Shinui party was forced out of the government, and instead a coalition was formed with the Israel Labor party and the small United Torah Judaism party. This government was approved by a narrow margin (58 to 56) with several Likud members abstaining. Sharm El Sheikh Conference, 2005 : Following his election, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas called on Palestinian factions to end the violence and negotiated a truce agreement. Palestinian police were deployed throughout Gaza with explicit orders to prevent terror attacks. The sides agreed to meet at a summit conference hosted by Egypt in Sharm El Sheikh on 08 February 2005. At the conference, attended by Jordan s King Abdullah and Egyptian President Mubarak as well as the Israeli and Palestinian leaders, both sides announced an end to the violence. Israel would be releasing over 900 Palestinian prisoners and gradually withdrawing from Palestinian cities according to newspaper reports. Egypt and Jordan announced that they were returning their ambassadors to Israel. The Intifadah was deemed to be officially over. However, following the pattern of 36 Ibid. 96

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal previous conferences of this type, the peace was soon shattered by a suicide bombing in Tel Aviv on 25 February apparently perpetrated by an Islamic Jihad group controlled from Damascus. Israel announced it was freezing the planned handover of Palestinian towns to PNA security. Mahmud Abbas condemned the bombing and the PNA made some arrests. Disengagement Decision : Shortly after the Sharm El Sheikh conference, the Israeli Knesset, followed by the Israeli cabinet on 20 February approved the disengagement plan, which calls for unilateral evacuation of 21 settlements in Gaza and 4 in the West Bank by the summer of 2005. The disengagement was to be coordinated with the Palestinian Authority. Mahmoud Abbas, Palestinian Prime Minister, promised to help ensure quiet during the evacuation. 37 London Conference, 2005 : On 01 March 2005, a conference hosted by Great Britain was held in London. The purpose of the conference was to organize financial support for the Palestinian government and to assist in organization of Palestinian security. Israel did not attend the conference, and bilateral issues were not touched upon directly. However, Palestinian President Abbas said that ending the occupation and achieving peace was a priority goal for the Palestinians. Cairo Conference and Tahidiyeh : In mid March 2005, Palestinian militant groups met in Cairo and agreed to a tahidiyeh (lull in the fighting) - less than a full truce or hudna. The Hamas and Islamic Jihad groups began moving to rejoin the PLO and the Hamas announced its intention to participate in the May elections of the Palestine Legislative 37 http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm 97

Council. Israel withdrew from Jericho, and a week later, from Tulqarm. Arab Summit and Peace Proposal : An Arab Summit held in Algiers in 2005 ignored most of the pressing issues in the Arab world, and turned down a fresh peace initiative by King Abdullah of Jordan. Instead, it reiterated its support for the version of the Saudi Peace Plan passed in 2002 in Beirut that had been rejected by Israel. Israel indicated that the proposals are now outdated due to changes in the reality of the Middle East. 38 3. Role of OIC regarding the Palestine Dispute After the establishment of OIC, the Organisation has made various attempts for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the occupied territories and restoration of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people. The Organisation has adopted various resolutions on the Palestine issue recognising the rights of Palestinian people, supporting the establishment of sovereign and independent Palestine State on the Palestinian land with its capital in Al-Quds (Jerusalem). The efforts of the OIC regarding the Palestine issue are discussed below: Agenda for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from all occupied territories : The First Rabat Summit Conference held in Morocco in 1969 adopted an agenda for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from all occupied territories and restoration of the rights of Palestinian people. 39 The agenda was in fact an ex-post-facto summary of 38 Ibid. 39 Noor Ahmad Baba, Organisation of Islamic Conference: Theory and Practice of Pan-Islamic Cooperation, Dhaka: The University Press Limited, (1994) p. 68. 98

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal discussions which had already taken place as the final resolutions. 40 Demand of restoration of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people : The Second Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Karachi in 1970 once more asked for the immediate withdrawal of the Israeli forces from all occupied territories and demanded restoration of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people. It denounced Zionism as a racial, aggressive and expansionist movement conflicting with all the noble ideals and constituting a paramount threat to world peace. 41 Establishment of Palestinian Fund to aid Palestinian resistance : The Third Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Jeddah in 1972 decided to give material assistance to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and to set up a special fund named Palestinian Fund to aid Palestinian resistance. 42 Recognition of PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people : The Fourth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Libya in 1973 resolved to support the Palestinian people in their just struggle to liberate their land and to determine their future, and to consider the Palestine Liberation Organisation as the only legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, extend political, material and moral support to the Palestinian people and stop all attempts aimed at destroying Palestine resistance, call upon the 40 International Herald Tribunal (Paris), September 25, 1969. 41 Final Declaration (Middle East) in Organisation of Islamic Conference, Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah), pp. 14-15. 42 Noor Ahmad Baba, op. cit. p. 80. -14 99

member-states to open offices for the Palestine Liberation Organisation, and to implement the Third Islamic Conference s recommendation regarding the establishment of a Jihad Fund for Palestine. The Conference also demanded that the permanent members of the Security Council adopt measures necessary to persuade Israel to make a complete, unconditional and immediate withdrawal. 43 Support to the Arabs in their struggle for recovering all the occupied land : The Second Islamic Summit Conference held at Lahore in 1974 adopted unanimous resolution resolving that the recovery of full national rights by the Palestinians was the essential and fundamental condition for the solution of the Palestine problem and for ensuring a durable peace based on justice in the West Asian region. 44 The Second Islamic Summit Conference decided to extend full and effective support to the Arabs in their struggle for recovering all the occupied land by all available means. The Conference also asked for an immediate withdrawal of Israel from Jerusalem and resolved that : No agreement, protocol or understanding which postulates the continuance of Israeli occupation of the Holy City of Jerusalem or its transfer to any non-arab sovereignty or makes it the subject of bargaining or concessions will be acceptable to Islamic countries. Israeli withdrawal from Jerusalem is a paramount and unchangeable pre-requisite for lasting peace in the Middle East. 45 43 Resolution No. 1/4 in Organisation of Islamic Conference, Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah), pp. 43-44. 44 Noor Ahmad Baba, op. cit. p. 101. 45 See Lahore Declaration in Organisation of Islamic Conference, Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah), pp. 65-69. 100

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal The Conference also called upon all member-states to support the Palestinian people in all possible ways and agreed to take action in all fields and to adopt every adequate measure to force Israeli withdrawal from all the occupied territories. Member states endorsed the PLO s position as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian nation in its just struggle. 46 Measures undertaken by the Islamic solidarity fund : The Fifth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held at Kuala Lumpur in 1974 adopted a resolution on Jerusalem touching a new dimension concerning means of resisting Judaisation of the city. In this connection it asked the Islamic solidarity fund to give priority to this problem by undertaking the following measures : a. Supporting the resistance of the Arab inhabitants of Jerusalem and maintaining the Arab Islamic character of the Holy City, restoration of Al-Aqsa and El- Ibrahimi Mosque and the two Holy shrines surrounding them as well as the mosques and ancient and Islamic buildings which have been affected by Israeli excavation around Al-Aqsa Mosque; b. Purchase of land and houses which are put on sale as exclusive Muslim property in order to prevent the transfer of their ownership; and c. Reconstruction of Arab areas and the setting up of development and housing projects for the Arab inhabitants of Jerusalem on Muslim Waqfs land and considering these projects as Muslim Waqf. 47 46 See Resolution No. 1/2/IS, The Middle East and Palestine Cause in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah), p. 69. 47 Resolution No. 14/5-P, Jerusalem in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah, n.d.), pp. 95-96. 101

Demand of expulsion of Israel from the UN and break off relations with Israel : The Sixth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Jeddah in 1975 passed a resolution asking Israel to withdraw from Arab lands and recognise the rights of the Palestinians, censured the states that had extended military, economic and human support to Israel and called on the member-states to seek Israeli expulsion from the United Nations. 48 The Conference appealed to all Muslim states to break off political, economic and cultural relations with Israel for its continuing defiance of UN resolutions. 49 The Conference also insisted on the recovery of the Arab sector of Jerusalem from Israel, saying the Jerusalem question will never be subject to any compromise or concession. It decided to extend financial aid to reinstate Arab and Islamic presence in the Holy City. 50 In this regard, the Conference agreed to the formation of a Permanent Committee to follow up the question of Jerusalem and work for implementation of the resolutions which had been adopted or would be taken up by the Islamic Conference. 51 Condemnation of Zionism as a racist and colonialist : The Seventh Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Istanbul in 1976 adopted a resolution reaffirming its support for the restoration of full national rights of Palestinian people. It called upon Israel to comply with the principles of the UN Charter and reaffirmed its 1975 decision to seek expulsion of Israel from the 48 Resolution No. 2/6-P in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah, n.d.), pp. 123-125. 49 Resolution No. 2/6, The Palestine Cause in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah, n.d.), pp. 123-125. 50 Resolution No. 2/6-P, The Palestine Cause op. cit., pp. 123-128. 51 Resolution No. 1/6-P, Jerusalem op. cit., pp. 121-122. 102

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal United Nations and other international organisations. It condemned Zionism as a racist and colonialist doctrine which threatened world peace and security, and decided to establish a Jerusalem Fund with the aim of countering the policy of Judaisation. 52 Expression of resentment on Zionist movement : The Eighth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Libya in 1977 passed several resolutions and expressed regret at the fact that the Zionist movement was maintaining its policy of occupation, expansion, annexation, destruction of buildings and expropriation of assets as well as its policy of massive expulsion of Arabs living in the occupied territories, appealed to all states to provide all forms of help to the Palestinians and Arab people in their legitimate struggle. Recalled the close ties which link the Muslims of the holy city of Jerusalem with the duty of Islamic states to liberate it and restore it to Arab control. 53 Condemnation of Israeli aggression, occupation, repression and destruction : The Ninth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Senegal in 1978 reaffirmed its commitment to support the Arab cause and pledged political and military aid to the countries in the confrontation with Israel. The Ninth Conference strongly condemned Israeli aggression and occupation of South Lebanon as well as its policy of cultural repression, colonial settlements, political oppression and physical destruction in occupied Arab territories. On the issue of Palestine, Jerusalem, Zionism and apartheid, the resolutions adopted in the Conference reiterated more or less the position the Conference had taken in its previous sessions. 54 52 Resolution No. 1/7-P, 9/7-p; 13/7-P, op. cit., p. 196. 53 Noor Ahmad Baba, op. cit. p. 114. 54 Resolution No. 2/9-P, on the Middle East in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, 103

Condemnation of Camp David Peace Accord and suspension of Egypt from the OIC : The Tenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers was held in Morocco in the context of the US-sponsored Egypt-Israel agreement reached at Camp David in 1979. 55 The majority of states denounced the Camp David agreement in the Conference as it failed to provide a reasonable framework for a comprehensive settlement of the West Asian problem in all its dimensions. 56 The Conference, while condemning the Camp David Peace Accord for its inadequacy to resolve the Palestine problem in all its dimensions, voted for the suspension of Egypt from the OIC for making a separate peace deal with Israel. 57 The Conference reiterated its support for the Palestinian people s right to establish an independent sovereign state in their own land. 58 Support to the establishment of an independent national Palestine State and demand of removal of Israeli settlements: The Eleventh Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Islamabad in 1980 reaffirmed that the Palestinian question was the core of the West Asian problem and the crux of the Arab-Israeli struggle and reiterated that no peace could be achieved except on the basis of total and unconditional withdrawal by Israel from all Palestinian and Arab occupied territories and recovery by the Palestinian people of their inalienable national rights including right to return to their land, to self-determination and to establish (Jeddah, n.d.), pp. 330-332 and Resolution No. 3/9-P, The Palestine Cause op. cit., pp. 333-335. 55 Noor Ahmad Baba, op. cit., p. 118. 56 For the analysis of the text of the agreement, see Sami Hadavi, Bitter Harvest Palestine: Between 1914-1979, 2 nd Edition, New York, (1979) pp. 280-288. 57 Resolution No. 18/10-P in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah, n. d.), pp. 449-450. 58 Resolution No. 1/10-P and 3/10-p, 8/10-P, op. cit., pp. 65-69. 104

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal an independent national state of their own in Palestine. The resolution demanded that Al-Quds (Jerusalem) should be restored to Arab and Islamic sovereignty. It also reaffirmed that the PLO was the legitimate and sole representative of the Palestinian people and that it alone had the right to represent them. It declared all Israeli measures, construction, modifications or alterations in the political, cultural, religious, physical, geographical, demographical or other conditions in the Palestinian and other occupied lands as illegal, null and void. It demanded immediate removal of all Israeli settlements in Palestine and Arab occupied territories and called on Israel to abstain from establishing any new settlements. 59 Demand for removal of diplomatic missions from Jerusalem and recognition of the rights of the Palestinian people to return to their homeland : Extraordinary Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Amman in Morocco in 1980 committed all Islamic States to sever relations with any state that would recognise Israel s latest move on the status of Jerusalem, or would transfer its capital to that place. Those states that already had diplomatic missions in Jerusalem were urged to remove them from there. 60 The Conference emphasised the inalienable national rights of the Palestinian people to return to their homeland, their right to selfdetermination without any outside interference, their right to establish an independent State and their right to pursue their legitimate struggle to liberate their homeland and regain their rights in accordance with UN resolutions under the leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, the sole legitimate 59 Resolution Nos. 1/11-P to No. 15/11-P, op. cit., pp. 561-587. 60 Resolution The Palestine Cause in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah, n. d.), pp. 695-700. 105

representative of the Palestinian people. 61 It also emphasised that just peace in the Middle East could not be established without the total and unconditional withdrawal of the Israeli enemy from all the occupied Palestinian and Arab territories, primarily Jerusalem, the capital of Palestine. 62 It considered the Camp David Accord and the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty a conspiracy against the future of Jerusalem and the occupied territories and called for the rejection of these accords. 63 Extraordinary Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held at Fez in Morocco in 1980 examined Palestinian issues particularly in the context of the Israeli Knesset s decision to annex Jerusalem and declare it as its unified eternal capital. The Conference considered it as a hostile act against all Islamic countries and testimony of Israel s refusal to abide by the United Nations Resolutions (particularly Security Council Resolution No. 478) which among other things, stipulated that Israel s legislative and administrative measures, as well as all other actions aimed to alter the identity and status of Al-Quds (Jerusalem) were null and void. 64 To enforce effectively the measures proposed by the OIC, the Conference decided to establish an Islamic office for Boycott of Israel, which was to function in coordination with a similar office affiliated with the League of Arab States. 65 Rejection of the Camp David Accord and creation of an Islamic office for the boycott of Israel : The Third Islamic Summit Conference of Kings and Heads of State and Governments held at Taif in Saudi Arabia in 1981 reiterated 61 Noor Ahmad Baba, op. cit. p. 127-128. 62 Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah, n. d.), pp. 692-693. 63 Ibid, p. 705. 64 Ibid, p. 713. 65 Ibid, p. 715. 106

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal that Palestine and Jerusalem continued to be the issue of prime concern for the OIC, and resolved to use all means and resources to combat Israeli aggression and liberate the Palestine and the holy city of Jerusalem. 66 The Summit Conference rejected all initiatives, attempts and pressures for acceptance of a position which was not consistent with the rights of Palestinians to return to their homeland, exercise self-determination, and establish an independent state under the leadership of the PLO or which might directly or implicitly imply the acceptance of the fait accompli in Palestine and Jerusalem. With this general enunciation, the Third Summit also explicitly confirmed the condemnation and rejection of the Camp David Accord by Egypt and Israel. The Summit Conference decided to create an Islamic office for the boycott of Israel which was to operate in cooperation with a similar office of the Arab League. 67 Intensification of efforts for the expulsion of Israel from the UN : The Twelfth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held at Baghdad in Iraq in 1981 resolved to intensify efforts for the expulsion of Israel from the United Nations and adoption of a new resolution by the world body that empathetically provides for the inalienable national rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to return to their homeland, self-determination without any 66 See The Final Communiqué in Declarations and Resolutions of Heads of State and Ministers of Foreign Affairs Conference, 1969-1981, (Jeddah, n. d.), p.727. 67 Resolution No. 1/3-P (IS), The Final Communiqué op. cit., p. 743. -15 107

foreign interference and establishment of their own independent national state on their own national soil. 68 Condemnation of US support to Israel s aggression and demand for the adoption of a new resolution by UN : The Thirteenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Niamy, Niger in 1982 passed several resolutions which called for a total withdrawal of Israel from Arab lands, including Palestine. The United States was condemned for its unqualified support to Israel s aggression. It deplored the US administration for offering its assistance to Israel, particularly at the diplomatic level, whereby it did not allow any resolution to be passed in the Security Council which did not suit the aggressive designs of Israel. The Conference made it clear that the United Nations Resolution No. 242 did not form a suitable basis for a settlement of the West Asian problem. Therefore it called upon Muslims in the Islamic states to strive collectively to get a new resolution adopted which would seek Israel s withdrawal from all Arab and Palestinian lands and recognise the Palestinians rights to self determination and establishment of a state under the leadership of the PLO. It complemented the Palestinian and Lebanese people for their steadfastness against the Israeli invading forces. 69 Rejection of any partial solution of the Palestine problem as well as the Reagan Plan : The Fourteenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1983 endorsed all its previous resolutions and reiterated the resolution adopted by the Third Islamic Summit 68 Resolution No. 1/12-P, in Resolution on Political and Information Affairs adopted by Twelfth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, (Jeddah: General Secretariat, OIC, n. d.), pp. 1-7. 69 See The Final Communiqué of the 13 th Islamic Foreign Ministers Conference held at Niamy on 22-26 August, 1982 General Secretariat: OIC. 108

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal rejecting any partial solution of the problem and asking for a complete and unconditional Israeli withdrawal from all occupied Palestinian and Arab territories and restoration of the Palestinians rights to self determination and a sovereign homeland. It also reiterated the PLO s status of being the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and stated that the Security Council Resolution No. 242 of 1967 did not constitute a sound basis for the solution of the West Asian problem. The resolution also condemned Israel for its repressive policy in the occupied areas. 70 The Conference also rejected the Reagan Plan as a framework for a settlement of the West Asian dispute as it failed to recognise the national rights of the Palestinian people and did not accept the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. 71 Endorsement of the eight point Arab Peace Plan : The Fourth Islamic Summit Conference held at Casablanca in Morocco in 1984 reiterated its demands for a total Israeli withdrawal from all lands occupied by it in 1967. It stressed that resolution of Palestinian national rights was basic to any solution of the problem. The Summit endorsed the eight point Arab Peace Plan approved by the 12 th Arab Summit Conference held in Fez, Morocco. It called for use all means to win further international support for its implementation. 72 The Summit renewed its commitment to upholding the Arab and Islamic character of Al- Quds and pledged to work for its return to Arab sovereignty. It expressed grave concern over the continued Israeli occupation of a large part of Lebanon and demanded its immediate withdrawal 70 Resolution No. 1/14-P, in Report and Resolution on Political and Information Affairs adopted by Fourteenth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Dhaka, (Jeddah: General Secretariat, OIC, n. d.), pp. 8-12. 71 Ibid. 72 Resolution No. 1/4-P(IS), in General Secretariat, Declarations and Resolutions, Fourth Islamic Summit Conference (Jeddah, OIC) pp. 41-50. 109

from there. The Conference once again condemned the strategic alliance between the United States and Israel and considered it a source of increasing tension in the region and a threat to world peace and security. 73 Condemnation of the extension of Zionist legislation to the occupied territories : The Fifteenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Sana, Yemen, in 1984 condemned the extension of Zionist legislation to the occupied West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It called upon the Islamic states to exert themselves to undo the Israeli decision to annex Jerusalem. The Conference asserted that Israeli legislation for annexing Golan Heights was illegal. It once again denounced the US for its hostile policy towards the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and its strategic alliance with Israel. It demanded that the European group adopt a more positive stance on this issue. The member-states were called upon to reconsider their relations with the US and other states in the light of their policies towards the Palestinian people. 74 Demand for the creation of a sovereign Palestine State with its capital in Al-Quds : The Sixteenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held at Fez in Morocco, in 1986 reiterated its position through resolutions on different aspects of the issue reflecting the opt-repeated and known position of the OIC. These, among other things, included the demand for Israeli withdrawal form all occupied Arab lands and 73 Resolution No. 2/4-P(IS), and Resolution No. 6/4-P(IS), in ibid. 74 See The Final Communiqué of the Fifteenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Sana, (Jeddah: General Secretariat, OIC, n. d.), pp. 15-18. 110

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal the creation of a sovereign Palestinian national state on Palestinian land with its capital in Al-Quds. 75 Rejection of all unilateral agreements and condemnation of US policy regarding Palestine issue : The Fifth Islamic Summit Conference held in Kuwait in 1987 passed a comprehensive resolution on the Arab-Israeli conflict. 76 The Resolution decided to reject all unilateral agreements and initiatives, and considered the UN Security Council Resolution No. 242 of 1967 insufficient to resolve the dispute. 77 The Resolution also condemned the persistent US policy of extending unlimited support to Israel in political, military, economic and other areas. The Summit called on the Islamic states to forge contacts with the EEC, with the aim of encouraging it to take a more positive stance on the Palestinian issue. 78 The Resolution described the Zionist legislation on the Golan Heights, Jerusalem and other occupied territories as null and void. The Conference once again urged the member-states to refrain from establishing any relations with Israel and extend all possible support to the Palestinian people. 79 Support to the Intifadah (uprising) started by the Palestinian Arab people : The Seventeenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held at Amman, Jordan, in 1988 adopted 17 resolutions on different aspects of the Arab-Israel conflict and other related issues. The 75 See OIC Foreign Ministers Conference in Brief in Journal, Muslim World League (Jeddah), February-March, 1990, p. 49. 76 See The Final Communiqué of the Summit in summary of World Broadcasts, 30 January 1987 (ME/84 79/E/14 p. 115. 77 Ibid. 78 Ibid. 79 Ibid. 111

Conference unanimously supported the Intifadah (uprising) started by the Palestinian Arab people in the occupied Arab territories. 80 Recognition of the Palestinian State and appreciation to the European Community for its positive attitude towards the Palestinian issue : The Eighteenth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 1989 passed a resolution dealing with the core concern of the Palestinian problem hailed the Palestinian people s heroic steadfastness in confronting the Zionist enemy. It called upon the member-states to give all kinds of urgent and effective, official and popular, support to the Intifadah (uprising) in the Israeli-occupied territories until the complete withdrawal of Israeli forces from all occupied Arab territories. It announced its recognition of the Palestinian State (proclaimed in November 1988) which it described as the sole, legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. 81 The Conference also called on the United States to promote dialogue with the PLO through an international conference in which all the concerned parties, including PLO and the five permanent members of the Security Council, should take part. 82 It expressed its appreciation of the European Community for its positive attitude towards the Palestinian issue. It called upon it to recognise the Palestinian state. In addition, the member-states were asked to provide support for the Jerusalem Committee so that it could confront the colonisation settlements in Palestine and other occupied Arab areas more effectively. 83 80 Summary of World Broadcasts, ME/01 10 A/1; 26 March 1988. 81 Keesing Record for World Events, March 1989, p. 36537. 82 Summary of World Broadcasts, 18 March 1989. 83 Ibid. 112

The Role of the Organisation of Islamic Conference in Solving the Palestine Dispute: An Appraisal Expression of concern over the plan to repatriate Soviet, Falasha and other Jews to Israel : The Twentieth Conference of Islamic Foreign Ministers held in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1991 agreed to endorse the US proposed West Asian Peace Conference to be held under the auspices of the United Nations but urged that the Palestine Liberation Organisation be invited to it on an equal footing with all other parties. 84 The Conference reiterated its support for the Palestinian struggle, particularly the continuation of the intifadah against the repressive policies of Israeli occupation forces. 85 The Conference expressed concern over the continuation of the plan to repatriate Soviet, Falasha and other Jews to Israel. It condemned the continued Israeli occupation of South Lebanon and called for its immediate and unconditional withdrawal from there. 86 Extension of support to the ongoing peace process : The Sixth Islamic Summit Conference held in Dakar, Senegal in 1991 explicitly supported the Palestinians rights to return to their homeland, the right to self-determination; including the right to the establishment of an independent Palestine State in their own land with Jerusalem as its capital. The liberation of Jerusalem was described as the greatest Islamic cause of the present generation. The Conference also extended its support to the ongoing peace process, which it thought was aimed at establishing a just and comprehensive peace in West Asia on the basis of the UN Security Council resolutions (Nos. 242 and 338) and the formula land for peace. 87 84 Keesing Record for World Events, August 1991, p. 38411. 85 Final Communiqué of the 20 th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, (Istanbul, Republic of Turkey) 4-8 August 1991, p. 17. 86 Ibid, p. 20. 87 Asian Recorder, 12-18 February, 1992. 113