Beowulf was written in Old English between the 8 th and 11 th centuries; the oldest known copy is from 1010.
The Knight s Tale, Canterbury Tales, By Geoffrey Chaucer, Written in Middle English in the 1380s &1390s. This copy is the Ellesmere Manuscript, early 1400s.
From the Bestiary of Anne Walshe, 1400-1425
Romanesque Art (Roman-like) c 1000-1200
By the year 1000, Europe was beginning to increase in: economic wealth and political stability population size of towns establishment of universities size and power of monasteries Crusades and pilgrimages also increased the number of people traveling in this period
Reliquary of Ste. Foy
Pilgrimages Primarily to ask for God s healing & assistance at Santiago de Compostela in western Spain St. Peter s, Rome Jerusalem Along the way, pilgrims stopped at monasteries and other churches for hostelry and prayer Increased trade and travel Good reliquaries increased the chances pilgrims would stop at your monastery/church
Reliquary of Ste. Foy, about 33 ; c. 1000; Roman helmet, enamelled eyes, gold repousee, precious stones over wood core; Ste. Foy s skull kept inside (other bones under the altar) Ste. Foy burned to death in 303 for refusing to make sacrifices to pagan (Roman) gods
apse Ambulatory Radiating chapel Ste. Foy s Reliquary became so important on the pilgrimage route that a new church had to be built: Ste. Foy, Conques, France, 1080-1120. An ambulatory and radiating chapels were added to the apse so pilgrims could walk behind the altar and view important reliquaries.
Head Reliquary of Saint Alexander, 1145
Saint Sernin, Toulouse, France c 1070-1120
Radiating chapels (apsidal chapels) ambulatory apse Altar& choir crossing transept buttresses nave Note: the crossing square is the module for the church; Each nave bay is ½ the crossing square Each aisle square is ¼ the crossing square narthex West entrance
Cruciform (basilica) plan with transepts; Note crossing (lantern) tower at crossing of nave and transepts.
Apse, ambulatory, radiating chapels on the east end
Saint-Sernin, Toulouse c 1070-1120
Stone Barrel Vaults (not flat wooden roofs) with ribbed, (reinforced) transverse arches Ribbed, transverse arch
Tribune gallery Nave arcade Much taller than Ottonian churches; not much light (clerestories over 2 nd aisle)
Transverse arches sit on engaged columns, go from floor to floor The square module plan is visible because of the transverse arches and the nave arcade Start-stop rhythm; each bay marked off by a compound pier
Fontenay abbey church; Romanesque with pointed rib vaults
Side aisles Rib vaults Fontenay
West facade Saint-Etienne,Caen, France, Norman (originally Norsemen), begun 1064
The Norman Conquest of England by William the Conquerer, 1066
Bayeux Tapestry, 1070-1080, depicts contemporary events! Funeral Procession for King Eadward I (Edward the Confessor); Buried at Westminster Abbey which was finished 1065.
Crowning of Harold, Edward s brother-in-law, as king; Normans believed Edward had recognized Duke William, the Norman, as heir
Bayeaux Tapestry, 1070-1080 (embroidered wool on linen), 1 8 high, 229 8 long,
Note the peripheral imagery of fanciful birds and beasts an English specialty
Odo
William with half-brothers Odo of Bayeux and Robert of Mortain.
Bishop Odo blessing the feast
Norman church: St. Etienne, Caen
Durham Cathedral
Durham Cathedral, Norman England begun 1093 Ribbed groin vaults; Advantage: With weight on four piers, not the walls, more windows can be cut into the walls
Pointed transverse arch Ribbed groin vaults Round transverse arch
clerestory triforium Nave arcade Sculptured columns
clerestory Early flying buttress, hidden behind triforium Nave arcade compound, cluster pier
Norman church: St. Etienne, Caen
Saint-Etienne, Caen, interior
Clerestory Triforium Ribbed Groin Vaults, 1130 Groin vaults Nave arcade with Side Aisles
Sant Ambrogio, Milan, Italy late 11 th to early 12 th century
Sant Ambrogio, Milan
Pisa Cathedral, Italy begun 1063; campanile begun 1174
Romanesque Sculpture -Revival of stone sculpture -Revival of large-scale sculpture -Primarily on capitals and portals
Cloister (Moissac)
Cloister of Saint-Pierre,Moissac, France with its historiated capitals. 1100-1115
Crusaders, Monreale cloister capital
Christ in Majesty (Second Coming of Christ), Saint-Sernin, Toulouse (by Bernardus Gelduinus)
Christ in Majesty, Lerida, Spain, 12 th c
Eagle: John Angel: Matthew Christ in a mandorla Ox: Luke Lion: Mark
12 th century, Aberdeen Manuscript
Christ in Majesty, South Portal of Saint-Pierre, Moissac. 1115-1135
Note: dove-tailed draperies, zigzag lines, pattern-filled scenes hieratic scale
Archivolts (arches over the tympanum) Tympanum Voussoirs (individual wedge-shaped Stones) Lintel (with rosettes)
Old Testament Prophet, 1115-1130 trumeau sculpture, Saint-Pierre, Moissac
St. George Fighting the Dragon, Moralia in Job ms, 1115-1125
Trumeau Sculpture (elongated to fit the architectural setting) Never used live models, which would be dwelling in the flesh
Cross-legged pose
Historiated capitals From St. Lazare, Autun, France
Last Judgement, Saint-Lazare, Autun 1120-1135
St. George Fighting the Dragon, Moralia in Job ms, 1115-1125
From Autun, France
Vezelay tympanum, Judgement
Ascension of Christ and the Mission of the Apostles, tympanum, La Madeleine, Vezelay, France
Virgin and Child, Morgan Madonna second half of 12 th c. 2 7 Auvergne, France
Christ in Majesty, Lerida, Spain
Christ in Majesty, San Clemente, Tahull, Spain
Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, painted barrel vault, c 1100
Building the Tower of Babel, Saint-Savin-Sur-Gartempe
Spanish, 1050 David and his musicians tuning instruments
Vision of Hildegard of Bingen, (German. 1050-1179)
11thc German
Initial R, St. George fighting a dragon
Oval/band-like folds at waist or abdomen Ovals for thighs Pattern-filled drapery & bodies
Master Hugo, Moses expounding the law, Bury Bible. 1135.
Eadwine the Scribe at work, Eadwine Psalter
Hellmouth. Winchester Psalter.
Early 16 th c Allegory of Death
On to Gothic
Samuel