V Acknowledgments Preface xi xiii Chapter 1: Late Medieval Contexts 1 A. Doctrinal Controversies 3 1. Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam (1302) 3 2. Propositions of Wycliffe Condemned (1382 and 1415) and The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards (1395) 4 3. Council of Constance (1414 1418) 7 B. Piety 8 4. Julian of Norwich, Showings (ca. 1393) 8 5. Lord, Who Am I? (early fifteenth century) 14 6. Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ (1418) 14 C. Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam 26 Biographical Note: Desiderius Erasmus 26 7. Desiderius Erasmus, a Communicant s Prayer 27 8. Desiderius Erasmus, To the Reader (1515) 27 9. Desiderius Erasmus, Handbook of a Christian Soldier (1518) 29 10. Desiderius Erasmus, Julius Excluded from Heaven (1518) 33 11. Desiderius Erasmus, On the Freedom of the Will (1524) 37 Chapter 2: Outbreak of Reform 47 A. Martin Luther 49 Biographical Note: Martin Luther 49 12. Martin Luther, on Prayer 49 13. Martin Luther, Disputation against Scholastic Theology (1517) 50 14. Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses (1517) 51 15. Martin Luther, Preface to the Complete Edition of Luther s Latin Writings (1545) 56 16. Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) 58 17. Martin Luther, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520) 63 18. Martin Luther, Admonition to Peace concerning the Twelve Articles of the Peasants (1525) 68 19. Martin Luther, Preface to the Epistles of St. James and St. Jude (1522; rev. 1546) 73 v
vi Contents 20. Martin Luther, The German Mass and Order of Service (1526) 75 21. Martin Luther, Table Talk (first published 1566) 77 B. Ulrich Zwingli 80 Biographical Note: Ulrich Zwingli 80 22. Ulrich Zwingli, On Baptism (1525) 81 23. Ulrich Zwingli, Exposition of the Faith (1531) 84 24. Marburg Colloquy (1529) 89 C. Family Matters 95 25. Katharina Schütz Zell, Apologia for Master Matthew Zell (1524) 95 D. John Calvin 99 Biographical Note: John Calvin 99 26. John Calvin, a Prayer 99 27. John Calvin, Preface to Commentary on Psalms (1557) 100 28. John Calvin, A Treatise on Relics (1543) 107 29. John Calvin, The Necessity of Reforming the Church (1543) 111 30. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559) 115 Chapter 3: Radical Reformation 127 A. Spiritualists 129 31. Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Whether One Should Proceed Slowly (1524) 129 32. Thomas Müntzer, Sermon to the Princes (1524) 134 B. Anabaptists 136 33. Conrad Grebel, Letter to Thomas Müntzer (1524) 136 34. Balthasar Hubmaier, Freedom of Will (1527) 140 35. Schleitheim Confession (1527) 145 36. Menno Simons, Christian Baptism (1539) 148 37. The Trial and Martyrdom of Michael Sattler (1527) 153 38. Janneken van Munstdorp, Testament (1573) 156 C. Evangelical Rationalists 159 39. The Racovian Catechism (1605) 159 Chapter 4: Roman Catholic (Counter-)Reformation 165 A. Responses to Luther 167 40. Johann Tetzel, Rebuttal to Luther s Sermon on Indulgences (1518) 167 41. Pope Leo X, Exsurge Domine (1520) 169 B. Roman Catholic Spirituality 170 Biographical Note: Ignatius of Loyola 170 42. Ignatius of Loyola, Autobiography (1555) 170 43. Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises (1548) 173 44. Teresa of Ávila, The Book of Her Life (1562) 174
C. Roman Catholic Confessionalization 176 45. Council of Trent (1545 1563) 176 46. The Injunctions of Queen Mary (1554) 184 Chapter 5: Protestant Codifiers and Confessionalization 187 A. Reformed 189 47. Guido de Brès, Belgic Confession (1561; rev. 1619) 189 48. Heidelberg Catechism (1563) 192 49. Zacharias Ursinus, Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism (1584) 195 50. Heinrich Bullinger, Second Helvetic Confession (1566) 198 B. Anglican 201 51. Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) 201 52. John Jewel, An Apology for the Church of England (1562) 207 53. Act against Recusants (1593) 210 C. Lutheran 213 54. Formula of Concord (1577) 213 D. The Arminian Controversy 220 55. Lambeth Articles (1595) 220 Biographical Note: Jacob Arminius 221 56. Jacob Arminius, a Prayer from His Deathbed 222 57. Jacob Arminius, Apology or Defense of Arminius against Thirty-One Articles (1608) 222 58. Jacob Arminius, Declaration of Sentiments (1608) 229 59. Articles of Remonstrance (1610) 237 60. Canons of the Synod of Dordt (1619) 238 Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Skepticism 251 A. New Philosophy and Its Theological Implications 253 Biographical Note: René Descartes 253 61. René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637) 253 62. René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) 257 63. John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) 260 64. David Hume, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1776) 266 65. William Paley, Natural Theology (1802) 275 66. G. E. Lessing, On the Proof of the Spirit and of Power (1777) 278 B. Immanuel Kant 281 Biographical Note: Immanuel Kant 281 67. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) 282 68. Immanuel Kant, On a Supposed Right to Lie from Philanthropy (1797) 287 vii
viii Contents Chapter 7: Pietism and Revivalism 291 A. Continental Pietism 293 69. Jean Taffin, The Marks of God s Children (1586) 293 70. Blaise Pascal, Pensées (1669) 295 71. Philipp Jakob Spener, Pia Desideria (1675) 299 B. Jonathan Edwards 302 Biographical Note: Jonathan Edwards 302 72. Jonathan Edwards, Miscellanies (1728) 303 73. Jonathan Edwards, Treatise on Religious Affections (1746) 304 C. John Wesley 308 Biographical Note: John Wesley 308 74. John Wesley, Thoughts upon Slavery (1774) 308 75. John Wesley, The Character of a Methodist (1742) 309 76. John Wesley, Christian Perfection (Sermon 40) (1741) 311 77. John Wesley, The Scripture Way of Salvation (Sermon 43) (1765) 314 78. John Wesley, Catholic Spirit (Sermon 39) (1750) 319 D. English and American Results 323 79. William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means (1792) 323 80. Thomas Campbell, Declaration and Address (1809) 328 81. Charles Finney, Lectures on Revivals of Religion (1835) 332 82. Joseph Smith, The King Follett Sermon (1844) 338 83. Phoebe Palmer, The Promise of the Father (1859) 341 Chapter 8: Liberal Protestantism and Responses 347 A. Reshaping Christianity 349 84. William Ellery Channing, Unitarian Christianity (1819) 349 85. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Divinity School Address (1838) 355 B. Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher 358 Biographical Note: Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher 358 86. Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher, On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (1799) 359 87. Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher, The Christian Faith (1821 1822; 2nd ed., 1830 1831) 363 88. Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher, Sermon at Nathanael s Grave (1829) 369 C. Søren Kierkegaard 371 Biographical Note: Søren Kierkegaard 371 89. Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (1846) 371 90. Søren Kierkegaard, Practice in Christianity (1850) 374 D. Social Implications 383 91. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom s Cabin (1852) 383 92. Walter Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917) 385
E. Orthodoxies Restated 388 93. John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845; new ed., 1878) 388 94. Pope Pius IX, Ineffabilis Deus (Decree on the Immaculate Conception) (1854) 391 95. Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors (1864) 392 96. Council of Vatican I (1869 1870) 393 97. B. B. Warfield, The Deity of Christ (1910) 396 Chapter 9: Late Modern Fragmentation and Ecumenism 401 A. Neo-orthodoxy 403 Biographical Note: Karl Barth 403 98. Karl Barth, Epistle to the Romans (1919; 2nd ed., 1922) 403 99. Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics (1932 1967) 407 100. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932) 412 101. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ethics (1949) 416 B. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Evangelical Approaches 420 102. G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (1908) 420 103. Pope Pius XII, Munificentissimus Deus (1950) 422 104. Council of Vatican II (1962 1965) 423 105. Georges Florovsky, The Function of Tradition in the Ancient Church (1964) 432 106. Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978) 435 C. Liberation Theologies 438 107. Gustavo Gutiérrez, A Theology of Liberation (1971; rev. ed., 1988) 438 108. Elisabeth Schüssler-Fiorenza, In Memory of Her (1983) 440 D. Pluralism and Ecumenism 444 109. Karl Rahner, Christianity and the Non-Christian Religions (1966) 444 110. John Hick, Problems of Religious Pluralism (1985) 446 111. Lesslie Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society (1989) 450 112. Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry (1982) 452 113. David Bentley Hart, Christ and Nothing (No Other God) (2003) 457 Sources and Acknowledgments 467 ix