City States A city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit. Parthenon Great marble temple with beautiful columns, constructed on the hill complex known as the Acropolis. Inside was a giant statue of Athena, patron goddess of the city. Socrates Greek philosopher who questioned his students about the use of moral terms: What is goodness? What is morality and justice? Was condemned to death by enemies, using the Athenian Council, because he was corrupting the young. Plato Most famous student of Socrates that took his method of questioning a step further. He concluded that values like goodness, beauty, and justice actually exist as independent ideas that are more real than the changing appearances we see in daily life. Ideal city state would be ruled by philosopher kings. Defined justice as the rule of reason over our desires. Polytheism A belief in many gods Monotheism A belief in one god. Silk Road A system of ancient caravan routes across central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods. Humanism Focus of ideas on the human potential and achievement Alexander the Great Macedonian prince, who conquered all of Persia by the age of 30. In the process, He helped spread Greek culture throughout much of Asia. This spread of Greek culture was called the Hellenistic Era. Culture A people s unique way of life, shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas/language. Civic Responsibility Democratic governance and social participation by the citizens(people). Unalienable Rights Rights (natural/human rights) that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws. Mandate of Heaven In Chinese History, the divine approval thought to be basis of royal authority to rule over others. Dynastic Cycle the historical pattern of the rise, decline (fall), and replacement of dynasties. Caste System The rigid Hindu system of class structure that is determined by birth/heredity. Bureaucracy A system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of the gov t.
Mansa Musa Perhaps the greatest king of Mali. He developed Mali s gold and salt trade of and his kingdom became very powerful and rich. He was a Muslim, building many beautiful mosques or Islamic temples in western Africa. He made a pilgrimage (a journey to a holy place) to Mecca, with 60,000 servants and followers and 80 camels carrying more than 4,000 pounds of gold to be distributed among the poor. This showed his power and wealth to the other people he visited. When he died there were no kings as powerful as he was to follow. Ancient Mesopotamia Achievements Agriculture (irrigation from rivers) Government (development of city states w/ theocracy) Religion (polytheistic with priest rulers) Building (world s 1 st city builders, using mud bricks and crushed reeds. 1 st to use arch) Ziggurats (pyramid temples) wheel sailboat tools and weapons of copper and bronze cuneiform (earliest known writing system) number system based on 60, calendar of 12 months legal system (Code of Hammurabi) Two classical empires that owe debt to Mesopotamia for their achievement Ancient Greece Roman Empire What promoted the spread of ideas and culture during the classical age? Roman road/trade route networks The Silk Roads extended from China to Roman Empire. Trade on the Silk Roads lead to what? Introduction of Buddhism in China What were the years of the Classical Age? 800 BC through approx. 500 AD
What were the years of the Classical Age? 1200 BC through approx. 500 AD GREECE: Where is Greece located? European coasts of Mediterranean and Aegean Seas.. Describe the geography of Greece? NO major Rivers, NO Deserts, Mountains, isolated valleys, Seas, many Peninsulas and Islands. Describe the religion of Greece? Polytheistic believing in several gods and goddesses( (Greek Mythology) that lived on Mt. Olympus. Olympic games started as a way to honor/please the gods with showcases of strong, graceful human bodies. What were the rights of women in Classical Greece? Women, along with foreigners and slaves, were not considered citizens and could not participate in government. Vennn Diagram: Athens v. Sparta Military Society Laws Made by an Assembly Monarchy With Two Trade With Other City-States Women Obey Men Kings Common Language Girls Trained to be Only Male Citizens Olympic Games Mothers of Soldiers Could Vote Polytheistic Trade & Travel Limited Direct Democracy Military Training For Boys Not Allowed
What type of government did Greece first introduce? Which city state introduced it? Democracy. Athens. Achievements of Greece Art and Architecture (great detail in sculptures of human form, beauty was based on harmony and proportion.) Music, History, and Literature (Greek dramas/tragedies, Iliad and Odyssey) Science and Math (geography, geometry, pulley & lever systems) Philosophy (dignity of the individual. Use of reason to understand the world.) Why were classical thinkers of Greece important to their culture? Through the use of reason, they believed humans could understand how the world worked and use it to their advantage. What classical culture did Alex bring to the areas he conquered? Greek. What four cultures blended together to form the Hellenistic Culture? Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian ROME: Where is Rome located? Located in Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River, 18 miles inland from sea. Describe the geography of Rome? Fertile soil along Tiber River. Italian Peninsula was important crossroad for Mediterranean trade.
Describe the Achievements of Rome Law (Roman concepts of justice, equality before the law, and natural law based on reason shaped later European legal systems.) Language (Latin several European languages evolved from it incl. Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian.) Bridge Building Aqueducts (use of arch) waterproof concrete use of arches and domes in architecture Adoption of Christianity by Roman Empire was major turning point in spread of Christianity. Road building sewage systems Which government system was first introduced in Rome? Republic system of gov t by representatives (Senate). What led to the collapse of the Roman Empire? S Split of the Empire P Political problems I Invasion of the Germanic Tribes C Christianity E Economic problems CHINA: Where is China located? Located in eastern present day China mainly between Huang He (Yellow) River and Yangtze River. Describe the geography of China? Fertile soil along Tiber River. Italian Peninsula was important crossroad for Mediterranean trade.
What three Dynasties make up the Classical China Era? Zhou, Qin, Han What was Confucianism? Founded by Confucius. Stressed importance of the family. Major beliefs included: Natural Order there is a natural order to the universe and to human relationships. Each person has a role in society, which reflects his or her position in the universe. Role of Each Person Each person s social role brings a number of obligations. If everyone fulfills these roles by meeting their obligations, people and society will be in harmony. Relationships In each relationship, there is a superior and an inferior. The superior must show love and responsibility, while the inferior must show loyalty and obedience. Mandate of Heaven If the ruler benefits his people and provides them with food and protection, then the people will obey their ruler, who will continue to hold the right to rule. What led to the fall of the Han Dynasty? Han emperors were weakened by a series of rebellions against their authority Provincial governors used their powers of collecting taxes and raising local armies to become local warlords Economic hardships from population growth led to banditry in the countryside Series of civil wars split apart Han China into separate states. Which Empire is similar in the way it fell? Rome What were the rights of women during Classical China? Marriages were arranged, and families prepared their daughters to serve their future husbands. Wealthy women were generally well treated and influential. Under Confucian teachings, woman were subordinate to men. In childhood, a woman obeyed her father; in adulthood, she obeyed her husband; and in old age, she obeyed her son. Women could not go to public school.
The Dynastic Cycle By a new DYNASTY He is overthrown New Emperor High taxes, drought Low taxes, bountiful harvest Everything s bad in China Everything s great in China He dies His son takes over INDIA: Where is India located? Located in river valleys of Indus and Ganges in present day India. Describe the geography of China? Fertile soil along Tiber River. Italian Peninsula was important crossroad for Mediterranean trade. What were two Empires of Classical India? Mauryan and Gupta Empires What was Hinduism? Brought to India by the Aryans. Provided a guide explaining everything a person should do from birth to death. Major beliefs included: Gods Believe that there are many gods and goddesses. Each of these gods, however, is a form of one Supreme Being. Reincarnation At death, a person s soul is reborn as another living thing. This creates an endless cycle of rebirth for each soul.
Karma Refers to a person s behavior in life, which Hindus believe determines that person s behavior in life, which Hindus believe determines that person s form in the next life. People who live a good life will be reborn in a lower caste. Sacred Object Believe the Ganges River is sacred and has the power to wash away sin and evil. The cow is also considered sacred, and religious Hindus do not eat beef. Main Caste Divisions in India Priests Warriors Merchants, Artisans, Farmers Unskilled Workers and Servants Pariahs (untouchables) What was Buddhism? Founded by Siddharta Gautama in India. He becameknown as Budda or enlightended One. Major beliefs included: Basic Philosophy Self denial and meditation are basis of philosophy. Buddhists also believe in reincarnation. Gods and Holy Books Do not believe in a single Supreme Being (God). They also do not have a primary holy book. Their basic beliefs are found in books called Sutras. Four Noble Truths Explain life s meaning. They explain that pain and suffering is caused by human desires, such as material wealth and selfish pleasures. Only by giving up wrongful desires can a person find peace and harmony. Eightfold Path To give up selfish human desires, Buddhists believe one should follow this path: have the right goal, have the right perspectives, be aware, act in a worthy manner, speak truthfully, live righteously, respect all living things, and meditate. Nirvana By following Eightfold Path, an individual can escape the soul s endless reincarnations and achieve a state of eternal peace and bliss (Nirvana).
How far did it spread? It spread throughout all of India. Then southwards from Northern India to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, and other Southeast Asian countries. It moved northwards into the Himalayan kingdoms of Bhutan and Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia and other parts of Central Asia. It also spread into China, Korea, and Japan. What were the rights of women during Classical India? Marriages were arranged, and families prepared their daughters to serve their future husbands. The overall position of women was always lower than men, yet on the whole the position of women was good. Women did start being discriminated against during classical period in terms of education and other rights. Even Buddha did little to uplift their position. Child marriage, extreme emphasis on physical chastity of women and unquestioned obedience to husband led to progressive deterioration of her position. AFRICA: Where were the civilizations in Africa located? Kush developed along the upper Nile in what is today Egypt and Sudan. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai developed in West Africa between the Niger and the Gambia Rivers. Describe the geography in those civilizations? Fertile soil along Nile River. The rivers helped Ghana, Mali, and Songhai to grow rich because they were used to transport goods and develop trade. What were the four major kingdoms of Classical Africa? Kush, Ghana, Mali, Songhai What religion was spread throughout Classical Africa? Islam Describe the Gold Salt Trade in Africa? Merchants, moving in camel caravans across the Sahara, picked up large blocks of salt on their journey, to exchange for gold. A thriving trade developed, based on this gold salt trade. As a result, ideas were exchanged, such as Islamic beliefs, as well as goods.
What were the roles of women in Africa? Marriages were arranged by families, and the groom paid a dowry to his bride s family. Under Islam, women were limited to running the household while their husbands represented the family outside it. A woman is a flower in a garden; her husband is the fence around it. MAYA: Where was the Mayan civilization located? Present day Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico. Describe the geography of the Mayan Civilization. Warm, humid rainforests. What were the major achievements of the Maya? Builders (huge cities in the jungle with large palaces, temples, and pyramids.) Writing System ( Developed their own hieroglyphics.) Math and Science (Developed a complex numbering system, with the use of zero. Their calendar consisted of 365 days and was used to keep track of changing seasons.) Artistry (Painted colorful murals to decorate their pyramids, palaces, and temples. They developed a ball game, played in a rectangular court, that became popular throughout the Americas.) Christianity The religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the Messiah, sent by God. They believe that Jesus, by dying and rising from the dead, made up for the sin of Adam and thus redeemed the world, allowing all who believe in him to enter heaven. Christians rely on the Bible as the inspired word of God. Buddhism A religion, founded by the Buddha, that emphasizes physical and spiritual discipline as a means of liberation from the physical world. The goal for the Buddhist is to attain nirvana, a state of complete peace in which one is free from the distractions of desire and self consciousness. Buddhists are found in the greatest numbers in eastern Asia. Hinduism A religion of India that emphasizes freedom from the material world through purification of desires and elimination of personal identity. Hindu beliefs include reincarnation. Traditionally, linked to the caste system a division of Indian society into several rigid groups, with members of a higher caste holding power over those of a lower. Confucianism A system of ethics, founded on the teachings of Confucius, that influenced the traditional culture of China. It places a high value on learning and stresses family relationships.
Judaism The religion of the Israelites of the Bible and of the Jews of today, based on the teachings of the Torah. Judaism involves the belief in one God, whose Chosen People are the Jews. Abraham is considered the founder of Judaism, although Moses, who delivered the laws of God to the Israelites, is also an important figure. Democracy Government where supreme power rests in the body of citizens who vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. Republic A state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state. Aristocracy A government or state ruled by an elite, or privileged upper class. Oligarchy A form of government in which all power is held by a select few people in a dominant class. Limited Monarchy A monarchy (king, queen, emperor, sultan, etc.) that is limited by laws and a constitution. Absolute Monarchy A monarchy that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution. Hammurabi s Code Babylonian law code (earliest written) that covered most occurrences in daily life. Aim was to ensure justice and protect the weak. Ten Commandments Presented to the Hebrews by Moses, which came directly from God. These commandments forbade stealing, murder, adultery, and other forms of immoral behavior. They also commanded the Hebrews to worship one God and to keep the Sabbath (a day of rest). Roman Twelve Tables Roman Republic written laws placed in public meeting places for all to see. They covered civil, criminal, and religious law, providing a foundation for later Roman law codes.