CHAPTER TIMELINE --1300 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY EASTVIEW HIGH SCHOOL MCKAY CHAPTER 12 STUDY GUIDE 30 pts. The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages (ce 1300-1460) Study Guides will be scored HOLISTICALLY using the following criteria: 1) Student s original scholarship only!! 2) Product represents pride of effort and scholarship 3) Correctness, thoroughness, and thoughtfulness of responses 4) TIMELINE must be comprehensively completed 5) Mapping activities must be completed neatly using COLOR you must also provide a key when appropriate --1340 CHAPTER SUMMARY The fourteenth century was a time of disease, war, crime, violence, and ethnicracial conflicts. The art and literature of the period are full of the portrayal of death, just as the historical accounts are full of tales of conflict and violence. There were several major causes for this century of human suffering. Natural disaster including changes in climate and horrible new diseases attacked Europe. A long series of wars between France and England not only brought death and economic ruin but increased personal violence and crime as well. In addition, a serious shortage of labor, created by the bubonic plague, resulted in intense social conflict among landlords. Economic crisis during the century also resulted in a bitter struggle between urban workers and their guild masters. --1380 Amid such violence the church lost power and prestige, partly because of the religious disillusionment that accompanied the plague. In short, the institutional church failed to fill the spiritual vacuum left by the series of disasters. A more immediate reason for the decline of the church s influence and prestige was the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism. The call for reform, often in the form of the conciliar movement, by people such as Marsiglio of Padua and John Wyclif, was a signal of things to come in the sixteenth century. The disillusionment with the organized church also led to greater lay independence and, ultimately, ideas of social and political equality. The wars actually fostered the development of constitutionalism in England. --1420 But the century of disaster was also a century of change, some of it for the good of ordinary people. It is in this light that the chapter examines some important changes in marriage practices, family relations, and the life of the people. The decline in population meant that those who survived had better food and higher wages. Peasants in western Europe used the labor-shortage problem to demand higher wages and freedom from serfdom. Meanwhile, landlords tried to shift the cost of war and the increase in expenses to their peasants. These circumstances often resulted in conflict with their lords. The migrations of peoples from European heartland to the frontier regions of Ireland, the Baltic, eastern Europe, and Spain led to ethnic frictions between native peoples and new settlers. Economic difficulties led to ethnic consciousness and spawned a vicious racism. --1460-1 -
SECTION 1 PRELUDE TO DISASTER 1. What were the causes and consequences of the population decline that began in the early fourteenth century? Little Ice Age Great Famine SECTION 2 THE BLACK DEATH 1. What was the source of the bubonic plague and why did it spread so rapidly in Europe? 2. What impact did the plague have on wages and the demand for labor? What happened to land values? 3. Describe the psychological effects of the plague. How did people explain this disaster? Pasteurella pestis Giovanni Boccaccio English Statute of Laborers Flagellants SECTION 3 THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337-1453) 1. What were the immediate and other causes of the Hundred Years War? 2. Why did the people support their kings in war? - 2 -
3. What were the results of the Hundred Years War? Who were the winners and losers within both countries? Queen Isabella Edward III Philip VI chivalry Edward the Black Prince Battle of Crecy Poitiers Agincourt Joan of Arc communes SECTION 4 THE DECLINE OF THE CHURCH S PRESTIGE 1. How did the Babylonian Captivity weaken the power and prestige of the church? Why were there three popes in 1409? 2. What was the conciliar movement and who were its advocates? Was this a revolutionary idea? Explain. 3. Why was Wyclif a threat to the institutional church? - 3 -
the Great Schism conciliarists Marsiglio of Padua Lollards INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIETY JAN HUS 1. Since Jan Hus lived and died insisting that his religious teaching was thoroughly orthodox, why has he been hailed as a reformer? 2. What political and cultural interests did the martyred Hus serve? SECTION 5 THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE 1. Did peasants lives improve or deteriorate in the 14 th and 15 th centuries? In what ways? 2. Why did a great amount of conflict and frustration among guild members develop in the 14 th century? 3. What was fur-collar crime and why did it occur? 4. What were the reasons for the French of 1358 and the English Peasants Revolt of 1381? 5. Describe and explain the increase in ethnic-racial tensions in the frontier areas of Europe in the late Middle Ages. merchet banns - 4 -
Robin Hood Jacquerie ciompi Dalimil Chronicle Statute of Kilkenny SECTION 6 VERNACULAR LITERATURE Geoffrey Chaucer Francois Villon Dante Alighieri Christine de Pisan LISTENING TO THE PAST CHRISTINE DE PISAN 1. How did Christine think courtly women should behave around men? 2. How did women fit into the larger picture of court culture? What was their role at court? GEOGRAPHY 1. Using Map 12.1 in your text, explain the timing and the spread of the Black Death. Where did it begin, how far did it spread, and why do you believe some areas were spared its destruction? - 5 -
UNDERSTANDING HISTORY THROUGH THE ARTS 1. Study the reproduction of the painting Procession of Saint Gregory. How did people respond to this mysterious disease? Look carefully at the figures in this painting. Who is represented in this procession? What role did the church play in fighting the plague? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The conciliar movement was a) An effort to give the pope the power to use councils to wipe out heresy. b) The effort by the French lords to establish parliament. c) A new monastic order vowing poverty. d) An attempt to place ultimate authority in a general council. 2. The plague was probably brought into Europe by a) Chinese soldiers b) Spanish warriors returning from South America. c) English soldiers pushing into France. d) Genoese ships from the Crimea. 3. Generally, the major new source of criminals after the Hundred Years War was a) The urban mobs. b) The rural peasants. c) The nobility. d) The bourgeoisie. 4. One reason for peasant-landlord conflict in the fourteenth century was a) Peasants opposition to declining wages and inflation. b) Landlords attempts to legislate wages. c) Land scarcity. d) Peasants refusal to be drafted for war service. 5. Which of the following statements about marriage during the Middle Ages is true? a) Most marriages were based on romantic love. b) Most marriages were arranged. c) Divorce was common. d) Marriage without the church s sanction was unheard of. 6. Which of the following was a writer of vernacular literature? a) Dante b) Jacques de Vitry c) Clement VII d) Marsiglio of Padua - 6 -
7. Prostitution in late medieval society a) Did not exist. b) Existed only among the lower classes. c) Was not respected but was legalized. d) Existed in the countryside but not the city. 8. Chaucer s Canterbury Tales is important because a) It depicts the impact of the plague on Italian life. b) It reflects the cultural tensions of the times. c) It illustrates the highly religious interests of most people. d) It shows how people were obsessed with the next world. 9. In the fourteenth century craft guilds began to change in that a) Master and journeyman distinctions began to disappear. b) The guilds lost control over the production process. c) Apprenticeship was abandoned. d) Membership became more restrictive and master-journeyman relations deteriorated. 10. The effect of the Hundred Years War on England was that it a) Brought great wealth in the form of cash reserves to England. b) Caused a great increase in wool exports. c) Allowed many English knights to become very rich. d) Resulted in a great net loss in cash. - 7 -