730: Iconoclast Against religious art based on Old Testament commandments against graven images Controversy began with emperor Leo III ended when art believed suitable Drove a wedge between eastern churches and Rome 730: Iconodule Favored religious art as silent sermons books for the illiterate Described religious art as visible signs of the sanctification of matter 540: Gregory I (the Great) Elected by clergy and people of Rome to be Pope Political negotiator who made peace with the Lombards Ruled Rome and Italy after collapse of Roman Empire : Theocratic Ruler The emperor viewed this as the relationship between emperor and pope The secular ruler is the highest authority in ALL affairs - church and state Created tension between emperor and pope 768: Charlemagne King of Franks, became emperor, maintained theocratic model Sneakily crowned emperor by the pope Upon his death the empire began to fall apart : Feudal System Economic, political, military, and religious power reside in local lord Power is passed down hereditarily : Benefice Land was given as a reward for service and loyalty to local lord Evolved into a fief which could be inherited : Proprietary church Part of feudal system Local lord owned the land, church, and priest(s) : Simony The buying/selling of an Episcopal office for power/control Marriage/concubinage was lucrative and was family managed : Lay Investiture Emperor used bishops to maintain control in Holy Roman empire Emperor appointed bishops because of their loyalty or ability to govern The ring and staff were symbols given to the bishops giving them real investment Page 1
1418: Conciliarism Council of Constance - resolving issues of unity Haec Sancta - claimed to receive powers directly from Christ Procedure installed for calling councils every 5 years 1325: John Wycliffe Priest and scholar at Oxford, founded views of ultrarealism Believe understanding scripture depended upon interpretation of Augustine Only the righteous can own property, secular ruler can take back the land Secular ruler is to have the dominant role in the visible church : Lollards Accepted and taught Wycliffe s beliefs Stressed moral and practical issues and pushed for an English Bible translation Condemned sinful clergy being active in worship 1409: Jan Hus Declared Christ is head of church not the pope Spoke against indulgences Excommunicated, arrested, tried, convicted as heretic and burned at the stake : Waldensians Named after Peter Valdes from Lyons - promoted evangelical poverty Could not preach unless bishop gave permission, but continued preaching Excommunicated and expelled, moved into France, Lombard, Germany Occasional conformity - if caught confessed eagerly, resumed after danger passed Page 2
German Reform 1483: Martin Luther Catholic priest Professor at university of Wittenburg 95 Theses - October 31, 1517 Church History - Final Exam Study Guide : 95 Theses No treasury of merits - Gospel of grace the only treasure Indulgences lead people to have false security in salvation Contrition was needed for forgiveness not indulgences 1529: Protestant Term coined at Diet of Speyer II Catholic majority enforced Edict of Worms and end permissiveness of Speyer I Lutheran minority protested these decisions, affirming answering only to God 1530: Augsburg Confession Charles V called Diet of Augsburg to raise Protestant support to war against Turks Lutherans - Augsburg Confession - articles that Charles could expect a united Germany Itemized list of what Lutherans had in common with Roman Catholics 1555: Cuius region, eius religio whose region, his religion Peace of Augsburg - each state could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism Zurich Reform 1484: Ulrich Zwingli Read Latin classics, taught himself Greek, appointed as priest in Zurich Defied Catholic bishop, city council authorities teaching authorized scripture Rebelled against Lenten fast by eating meat; rebelled against celibacy by getting married 1529: Marburg Colloquy Called to unite Lutherans and Zwinglians regarding views on Lord s Supper Ended after 3 days with no unity achieved Page 3
Radical Reform : Magisterial Reformer Desired personal faith, and regional/proprietary church Magistracy, city council, prince and/or king provided protection to the church : Radical Reformer The church is one part of society, not coterminous The church is made of true believers, having chosen to be baptized members of society 1527: Schleitheim Confession Swiss leaders to outline basic views of the church and its organization Explains radical reform movement to itself, Anabaptists views are included : The ban It is the only weapon of the church A sinner is shunned from the believers community until repentance is made 1496: Menno Simons Founded Mennonites After Munster disaster worked to purge Anabaptists of radical elements Believed the ban (reinterpretation of penance) Believed in subjection to government (no politics, oaths or warfare) Genevan Reform 1509: John Calvin Gave a new church order (1 st systematic system of theology) o Ecclesiastical Ordinances with council of 60 and council of 600 o Proposed 4 offices of church leadership (pastors, teachers, deacons, elders) o Councils made of elders and pastors o Elders appointed to council of 600 and approved by council of 200 Tried to unite Protestants, congregations sprung up all over France Influenced Protestant movement in England and Scotland, esp. reign of Mary Tudor : Institutes of Christ, Rel. Written by Calvin making a strong appeal to king Francis I on behalf of persecuted Calvin s writings: the first systematic thoughts to counter opponents & instruct converts Page 4
English Reform 1509: Henry VIII Married Catherine of Aragon - divorce proceedings 1527-1529 Henry needs a male heir, calls reformation parliament 1532 o Church of England legislative power curtailment o Set up barriers to Rome o Required loyalty to the crown Set himself up as the head of the church in ecclesiastical law - got his divorce 1553: Mary Tudor Daughter of Henry VIII, and a Roman Catholic queen Interested in reestablishing England as a Roman Catholic nation loyal to the pope Persecuted Protestants, 300 died - 1555 (nickname: Bloody Mary) : Marian exiles Persecuted by Mary, many of them fled to Strasbourg/Geneva Able to consolidate their views while in exile 1558: Elizabeth I 45 year reign; committed to England above all else; 2 acts o Act of supremacy - repealed Mary s Catholic legislation - 1559 o Act of uniformity - established a revised liturgy from the second prayer book - 1559 Catholic Reform 1545: Council of Trent 3 meetings: 1545-47, 1551-52, 1562-63 The Romans answer the Protestants o Doctrinal decrees outlined as an answer to the Augsburg confession o Reform examples: 7 sacraments not 2; no predestination, Latin service, hierarchy interprets the scriptures o Strengthen internal structures to counter challenges : Ignatius of Loyola 1540: Jesuits Right arm of the Roman Catholics; abandoned 2 principles of monasticism: o Common recitation of divine office (no more praying-all-the-time) o External forms of monastic order (no habits, no excessive fasting, etc.) They reclaimed believers; were Catholic evangelists to the new world Page 5
After 1555 1562: Huguenots Calvinists, strong opponents to royal church-state policy supported by merchants & lessor nobility 30 years war with Roman Catholic until Henry of Navarre became French king 1598: Edict of Nantes Henry of Navarre declared it because he needed Catholic support to become king Made Roman Catholicism official religion of France Gave Huguenots religious rights 1648: Peace of Westphalia Ended 30 years war giving lands to Roman, Lutherans, and Calvinists Ended the medieval papacy Europe is permanently divided religiously 1603: James I of England Son of Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots); produced King James Bible Believed in devine authority of king; king is image of God on earth Defiance against king was sacrilege, heresy and treason Religiously intolerant; Anglican church; dismissed Presbyterian Parliament changes 1559: Puritans Opposed: Elizabethian Settlement Romanist tendencies Anglicans who wanted the popish and Catholic influences from the Anglican church 1559: Presbyterians Opposed Elizabethian Settlement Not happy with Anglican Episcopal system Equality of all clergy - no bishop; co-leadership of laity and clergy 1559: Independents / Separatists / Congregationalists Opposed: Elizabethian Settlement Anglicans, Calvinists, Catholics; state control of church Met privately, wanted congregational autonomy, relied on inspiration of the Holy Spirit Wanted a church without rituals and no educated clergy 1647: Westminster Confession Parliament opposed king Charles I, declaring power over the military Parliament called Westminster assembly - giving confession & Presbyterian English govt Oliver Cromwell (Congregationalist) defeated Charles Page 6