What is religion?
What is religion? Something people believe in e.g. a god, gods, godesses, prophets Rules Organised groups, communities, organisations Place of worship Feast days, celebrations, rituals Worship, prayer, Holy books
What religions (and Gods/Prophets) are most popular?
What religions (and Gods/Prophets) are most popular? Buddhism: Buddha Christianity: Christ/God Islam: Mohammed Hinduism: Shiva etc... Judaism: God Sikh Shintoism
What different forms of Christianity do we have in the world today?
What different forms of Christianity do we have in the world today? Christians Roman Catholic Orthodox: Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox
Religion in Europe in the Middle Ages In middle ages the main religion in Europe was Christianity Most people in Europe were christian The leader of the christian church was the Pope (based in the Vatican, Rome)
In Western Europe... By 1600 Several versions of In the Middle Ages Christianity existed (before 1300) (1)Roman Catholic (Pope as There was leader/head) basically one (2)Lutheran (esp. Germany, version of Holland, Scandinavian countries) Christianity (with the Pope as the head of the (3)Calvinist (esp. Switzerland) Christian Church) /Presbyterian (esp. Scotland) (4)Anglican (e.g. Church of England, Church of Ireland)
Heretics People who disagreed with the official teachings of the christian church were called heretics People convicted of heresy were often executed
Structure of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages The Pope was the head of the Church Cardinals were in charge of a region or country Countries were divided into a number of dioceses (run by a bishop) Dioceses were divided into a number of parishes (run by priests) Communities of monks lived in monasteries Communities of nuns lived in convents
Many people unhappy about abuses in the Church Simony: buying/selling positions(jobs) in the church Nepotism: giving important positions to relatives Absenteeism: bishops/abbots/priests living away from the area they were supposed to serve Pluralism: bishops/abbots/priests holding several positions (with land, buildings, donations etc ) bishop of several areas
Other problems facing the Church Pope & priests supposed to be celibate but some popes had children: Innocent VIII, Alexander VI Popes involved in politics & war (Pope Julius II the Warrior Pope in wars with rival princes/rulers Some priests/bishops were loyal to Lords/rulers rather than church or congregation Corruption Lack of education
HEAVEN (forever/eternity) PURGATORY (for a time- decided by GodBefore going to Heaven) HELL (forever/eternity) CHRISTIAN BELIEFS ABOUT THE AFTERLIFE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES HUMAN SOUL AFTER DEATH
The selling of indulgences Christians believed that after they died their souls would go to heaven or hell or to purgatory (for a time before being allowed into heaven) Indulgences: were reductions in the time people would spend in Purgatory Indulgences were supposed to be granted for good works but began to be sold for donations to church
Pope Leo X In 1506 Pope Julius II began rebuilding St. Peter s Basilica Pope Leo X needed money to pay for St. Peter's Basilica In 1517 he granted Indulgences (less time in Purgatory) in return for donations to pay for the building
Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome
Bishop Albrecht of Mainz In Germany Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz was in debt for simony and needed cash Made a deal with the Pope (50% each) Albrecht sent John Tetzel (a Dominican friar) to sell indulgences around Germany
John Tetzel Albrecht sent John Tetzel to sell the Indulgences and collect money around Germany
The sale of indulgences
The Reformation: key personalities Pope Julius II Pope Leo X Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz John Tetzel Martin Luther Cardinal Catejan John Eck Emperor Charles V Frederick the Wise
The early life of Martin Luther (1483-1546) ML born in Eisleben in Saxony (Germany) Family wealthy but strict ML went to study at Erfurt University (1500) Joined monastery of Augustinian friars in Erfurt (1505) Began to study/teach theology at University of Wittenberg (1507) Luther lived a good life but worried about going to heaven Developed idea of Justification (salvation) by faith alone (without good works)
Martin Luther and Tetzel Martin Luther disagreed with the selling of Indulgences and after he saw Tetzel selling them in Wittenberg He wrote his '95 Theses' and wrote to the Bishop and the Pope to complain
The '95 Theses' The 95 Theses (arguments) were against indulgences and criticism of abuses in the church Luther is said to have pinned the list to door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg in October 1517 (start of the Reformation)
Luther, the Pope and Cardinal Catejan 95 Theses translated into German and printers made copies so ideas spread Pope Leo X worried and sent Cardinal Catejan to try to get ML to recant (take back what he had said)
John Eck The Pope wasn't happy that Luther was criticising the sale of Indulgences and sent Cardinal Catejan and later John Eck to try to convince Luther to take back his ideas but Luther refused
POPE LEO X BISHOP ALBRECHT OF MAINZ CARDINAL CATEJAN JOHN ECK MARTIN LUTHER JOHN TETZEL EMPEROR CHARLES V FREDERICK THE WISE
The Papal Bull Luther ends up by attacking power of the Pope moving close to heresy The Pope then issued an official letter (Papal Bull) threatening to excommunicate Luther ML risked being burnt at stake but refused to take back ideas Luther burnt the Papal Bull to show he disagreed with the pope
Emperor Charles V and Frederick the Wise of Saxony Luther being supported by Frederick the Wise (ruler of Saxony) Saxony was in the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Charles V (also King of Spain) Charles V
Emperor Charles V
The Diet of Worms (1521) Pope asked Charles V to punish Luther Charles didn t want to upset Frederick and instead agreed to hold a meeting (diet) at Worms with German lords and princes and let Luther put his case there
Luther declared a heretic At the Diet of Worms Luther declared a heretic & outlaw by Charles V after refusing to withdraw his ideas
Frederick the Wise of Saxony However, the prince of Saxony Frederick the Wise agreed to hide Luther and protect him
Luther in Wartburg Castle
While in hiding Luther translated the Bible into German
The growth of Lutheranism People begin to adopt Luther s ideas Justification by Faith Alone Christians should rely on the Bible for Guidance Married priests Services and bible in the vernacular (local language) not Latin 2 sacraments not 7 Bare churches No indulgences By 1525 Germany divided into Catholic and Lutheran States
Luther marries Catherine Von Bora 1525
Religious wars in Europe In 1529 Pope re-issued order against ML but Lutheran rulers protested (origin of word protestant ) Small civil wars between states in Germany 1530 Diet of Augsburg organised by Charles V but achieves little
Luther's Death and The Peace of Augsburg 1546 Luther dies of heart attack 1555 Peace of Augsburg agreed that individual rulers could decided if states and people in them were to be Catholic or Protestant
The Reformation: Key words Pope (VaticanRome) Cardinals Bishops (diocese) Priests (Parish) Monks (monasteries, abbey, abbot) Nun (convent, nunnery, abbey, abbess Tithes-taxes paid to church Abuses of power and position Simony Nepotism Absenteeism Pluralism Corruption, breaking celibacy rule Lack of education
Luther: Key words b. Germany Became a monk Studied and taught theology (religion) in Wittenberg Pope Leo X Wanted money to build St. Peter's Basilica in Rome Indulgences for donations Bishop Albrecht of Mainz John Tetzel Luther angry and writes letters to Bishop, Pope and list of complaints 95 Theses
Luther and the Reformation Pope Leo X Bishop Albrecht John Tetzel Martin Luther Wittenberg 95 theses Cardinal Catejan John Eck Papal Bull Charles V Diet of Worms Heretic/outlaw Frederick the Wise Wartburg Castle Bible into German Catherine Von Bora Peace of Augsburg