Answer Keys History and Geography Daily Work

Answer Keys History and Geography Daily Work 0616-0616 Contents History and Geography Textbook...25 History and Geography Lesson Manual...30 History and Geography Activities...32

Answer Keys History and Geography Textbook Note: The answers listed herein that follow a page number are from the textbook Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance ( Holt McDougal). Page 159 You Try It!: 1 Summary B, because it briefly covers the main points of the passage, whereas summary A is too long 2 It should summarize important details from the passage, be brief, and should cover the entire passage. Page 161 Interpreting Maps: Chang Jiang, Amur, Huang He, and Xi Reading Check: mountains and deserts Page 162 Geography and Living: river valleys with fertile soil in northern China, to southern China s more tropical climate, to the rugged mountains and deserts of western China Page 163 Reading Check: homes in villages buried partly underground, strawcovered roofs, animal pens, storage pits, cemeteries, walls to protect settlements from flooding, and hostile neighbors, water wells Page 164 Interpreting Maps: Huang He Page 165 Reading Check: Archaeologists have not been able to find any evidence of the Xia dynasty but have found artifact and other evidence from the Shang dynasty. Section 1 Assessment: 1a Huang He and Chang Jiang 1b It made it hard for trade and communica- tion with other civilizations, but Chinese civilizations grew along the rivers, whose fertile soil made farming easier. 2a Huang He 2b the fertile soil along the river banks 2c They hunted, fished, and used pottery for food and water, made cloth, and established settlements. 3a only through ancient stories 3b They believed in predicting the future and had a written language. 4 Xia dynasty founded by Yu the Great; information from ancient stories; Shang dynasty organized social order; many advances including writing system, calendar, and use of bronze; archaeological evidence; Both along Huang He; had kings 5 Possible responses might include that one event had a greater effect than another or that we have evidence about certain events and not about others. Page 167 Interpreting Maps: just south of the Chang Jiang Page 168 Reading Check: It weakened family structure and caused many civil wars among its citizens. Analyzing Visuals: speed, power, height, and maneuverability Page 169 Biography: He saw what condition his society was in and what was needed to fix society s problems. Reading Check: that when people behaved well they were simply carrying out what heaven expected of them Page 170 Analyzing Primary Sources: honesty, fairness, education Page 171 Biography: possible answer: he was always very wise Reading Check: Daoists believed government should stay out of people s lives; Legalists believed society needed strict laws. Section 2 Assessment: 1a the idea that heaven gave kings the power to rule 1b granted land to lords for loyalty, military support, and other services 1c decreased loyalty, civil wars 2a a teacher and philosopher who wanted to restore family order and social harmony 2b He believed that moral values needed to be taught by families. 3a Laozi 3b Let things flow in a natural way; the universe is a balance of opposites; government should stay out of people s lives. 3c possible answers: too much government power; innocent people punished 4 See information under Confucius and Society and Daoism and Legalism for possible answers. 5 Students should note the lasting influence of Confucius and other thinkers and teachers. Page 173 Interpreting Maps: along the northwestern border Reading Check: He took all power, kept control of nobles, divided China into districts ruled by appointed officials, and organized a tax system. Page 176 Reading Check: network of roads, improved water system including canals and irrigation, the Great Wall Section 3 Assessment: 1a first emperor 1b to make governing each area easier and more efficient and to collect taxes 1c Answers will vary but should be supported by facts. 2a to stop invaders from the north 2b He 25

created a uniform system of laws; standardized written language, money, and weights and measures; built uniform roads. 2c Answers will vary, but should be supported by facts from the text. 3 Road system connected the capital to all parts of the empire, made travel easier; Canals taking goods from north to south made easier and faster; Great Wall kept out invaders 4 Possible responses might include that he unified all of China for the first time, but his policies caused resentment among many Chinese. Page 177 Drawing Conclusions: He was known for strict laws and very harsh consequences for those who opposed him. Several attempts had already been made on his life. Page 179 Interpreting Maps: Tibet became part of China. Reading Check: Confucianism became government philosophy; government officials had to pass tests on Confucian teachings. Page 181 Illustration Caption: by bowing before their family shrine Reading Check: Han leaders promoted Confucianism, which emphasized strong family ties. Page 183 Analyzing Visuals: They show advancements in art, science, and medicine Reading Check: They invented paper, the seismograph, the sundial, and acupuncture Section 4 Assessment: 1a Confucius 1b took lands from lords, raised taxes, controlled grain supply 1c Answers will vary but should display familiarity with the exam system 2a to obey his parents, carry on the family line, and take care of his parents 2b wealthy in large, richly furnished homes, has servants, wore luxurious clothing; peasant simple houses, ate rice and grains, wore plain clothing, and worked hard 3 seismograph 4 Government Officials practiced Confucianism and had to pass an exam on Confucian teachings; some men gained government jobs based on respect for parents; Family Children were taught to respect their parents and obey their father. 5 Answers will vary but should be supported by textbased facts. Page 184 Guided Reading: 3 He showed his loyalty to the government by offering to give half of his wealth. Page 185 Guided Reading: 6 He believes wealth is to be shared and used his wealth to help the needy and the empire; the rich families wanted to keep their wealth to themselves. Connecting Literature to History: 1 possible answers: generosity, goodness towards others, treat others as you would like to be treated 2 Bu Shi feels it is his duty to help his government and others; the emperor rewards Bu Shi s loyalty and ethics. Page 187 Reading Check: Technology yielded the wheelbarrow and the iron plow, which greatly increased productivity. Technology also yielded foot-powered looms, which increased silk production. Page 188 Interpreting Maps: the Taklimakan Desert Reading Check: Han conquests put the Chinese in contact with more distant peoples who wanted to trade for Chinese goods. Page 189 Reading Check: Buddhism spread from India to China along the Silk Road and other trade routes. Section 5 Assessment 1a They allowed farmers to carry larger loads than before by themselves. 1b Silkworm cocoons were unwound, the silk thread was prepared for dyeing and weaving, and then woven into fabric. 1c so they could be the only people who knew who to make the valuable fabric 2a It began in central China and ended at the Mediterranean Sea. 2b In exchange for silk, traders returned with gold, silver, horses, and precious stones. 3a the spread of ideas from one culture to another 3b the promise that Buddhism offered rebirth and relief from suffering 4 Goods into China gold, silver, precious stones, horses, and Buddhism; Goods out of China precious goods, including silk and jade 5 technology, trade, and Buddhism Page 191 Interpreting Maps: 1 Han China and the Roman Empire 2 silk, jade objects, spices, wool, amber, gold Page 192 Practice and Apply the Skill: 1 possible answers: go to a search engine and type in Qin Dynasty: go to an online encyclopedia and look up Qin Dynasty 2 Confucius, Kongfuzi, Confucianism, Analects, Chinese philosophy 3 Students results should exhibit an understanding of how to use a search engine and how to evaluate a Web page or site. Pages 193 194 Chapter 6 Review Reviewing Vocabulary, Terms, and People: 1 g 2 h 3 l 4 a 5 k 6 i 7 c 8 b 9 f 10 e Comprehension and Critical Thinking: 11a in the Huang He 26

Valley of northern China 11b To the south and east, China was separated by water; to the north, by a vast desert; and to the west by tall mountain ranges. 11c possible answer: first dynasty, because there are many stories about it; a myth, because there is little to no direct evidence that the dynasty existed 12a Legalism 12b because Confucius said that the lower classes should learn by following the example of their superiors, which includes the emperor 12c Answers will vary but students should be familiar with the concepts of both Daoism and Legalism. 13a Dissention from Shi Huangdi s policies helped stir up rebels after he died, and the government fell apart under the next two emperors. 13b to ensure they would not rise up and revolt against them 13c Answers will vary but should display familiarity with Shi Huangdi s rule. 14a The first group was the upper class, which included the emperor, his court, and government scholars. The second class was peasants. 14b to put only the people who were wealthy or influential and knew Confucianism into government 14c the seismograph and sundial 15a the Silk Road, the increased production of silk and the high demand for silk by other countries 15b wealthy people 15c The Chinese would no longer have dominated the silk trade. Reviewing Themes: 16 He was a harsh leader who inflicted many injustices on his people. Although he did many good things for China, his human rights practices were bad for the country. 17 Confucianism stressed moral values, loyalty among family members, good behavior by a king and his subjects, and carrying out what heaven expected of people. Using the Internet: 18 Solving Problems Activity Rubric: Demonstrate knowledge of a current political or social issue in the United States today. Answer whether Confucius could solve a current political or social problem in the United States today. Have an organized structure to their argument by outlining their main point and providing supporting arguments. Use correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Reading Skills: 19 Sentences will vary depending on the subsection selected, but should be concise summaries of the text ideas. Social Studies Skills: 20 Students should use sources from governmental, educational, and other reliable organizations. Focus on Writing: 21 Rubric: Students oral presentations should include a clear description of the person s or event s importance compare the person or event to others in Chinese history. use vivid language be delivered in a clear and lively voice Page 195 Standardized Test Practice: 1 B 2 B 3 A 4 C 5 D 6 A 7 D Page 195 WW2 Practice and Apply Rubric: Students explanations of the chosen events should: begin with a clear statement of the big idea accurately and clearly explain why a specific event happened when it did. indicate an understanding of both direct and indirect causes for events define key terms related to the chosen event. use clear and logical organization be written at a middle school level include graphics as visual aids end with a summary and a restatement of the big idea use correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and capitalization. Page 197 Explore the Art: shows clothing styles, architecture, and that there were kings and warfare Page 201 You Try It!: 1 fact; it is supported in the passage 2 opinion; that cannot be proved 3 opinion; there is no evidence to support this 4 fact; information in the passage supports this Page 203 Interpreting Maps: 1 waterways, such as rivers and seas 2 about 1,200 miles Page 204 Reading Check: According to the Bible, God told Abraham to leave and move to a new land Canaan. Page 205 Focus on Reading: facts, because they can be verified Reading Time Lines: about 950 years Reading Check: The Israelites needed a single ruler to help them band together against the invading Philistines. Page 206 Interpreting Maps: Each was only a small part of Solomon s kingdom. Reading Check: Jewish society experienced many great advances, such as in religious education. However, the Jews were still unhappy with Roman rule. Page 207 Biography: lessons about how people should be devoted to family Reading Check: As in other ancient societies, Israelite life was dominated by men, but some women made great contributions to their society. Section 1 Assessment: 1a The man to which the Hebrew Bible traces back Jewish ancestry. 1b Jews believe it proved God loved and was protecting them. 2 They ruled with the full support of tribal leaders, conquered enemies, and added land. 3 The Chaldeans captured Jerusalem, 27

destroyed Solomon s Temple, and enslaved many Jews. 4a men made decisions; only first sons could inherit property; a woman s husband was chosen by her father 4b Ruth s devotion to Naomi served as a model for how to treat family members. 5 Abraham Hebrew ancestor; Moses led Exodus; David king: Solomon king who built temple; Ruth see 4b 6 Focus on Writing: people see answer 5 above; events Abraham s move to Canaan; Exodus and Ten Commandments; kings and Solomon s Temple; split of kingdom; Babylonian Captivity and Diaspora; Roman conquest Page 209 Moses and the Golden Calf: They are using axes and sledgehammers to break the calf apart while preparing a fire to melt the pieces. Page 210 Reading Check: belief in one God; education and study, commitment to justice and righteousness, and observance of religious and moral law Page 211 Analyzing Visuals: The Torah is a large scroll; whereas both the Hebrew Bible and the commentaries are bound in book form. Page 212 The Dead Sea Scrolls: difficulty in understanding the language or script; missing text; fragile remains Reading Check: Torah, Hebrew Bible, and commentaries Page 213 Reading Check (left): prayers, commentaries, letters, and passages from the Hebrew Bible Reading Check (right): some modern laws are based on the laws set forth in the Ten Commandments and in other Jewish teachings. Section 2 assessment: 1a the belief in only one God 1b Justice means to treat all people kindly and fairly, and righteousness refers to doing what is proper. 2a Torah, Hebrew Bible, and commentaries 2b possible answer: because many of them were written by scholars long ago, and they help explain the Torah and Jewish teachings 3 to learn about lives of Jews at the time the scrolls were written 4 Jewish teachings have helped shape modern Western society s laws and rules of behavior 5 belief in one God, education and study, commitment to justice and righteousness, and observance of religious and moral law 6 Focus on Writing possible links: central belief in monotheism and Abraham s worship of one God; education; synagogues and the Temple Page 215 History Close-up: greatly upset the Jews because the Temple was their holiest site and the center of Jewish religious life Page 216 Reading Check: as punishment for Jewish revolts against Roman rule Page 217 Interpreting Maps: 1 north, west, and southwest 2 Spain; France; Germany; Italy; Greece; Asia Minor; Syria; and Alexandria, Egypt Page 218 Linking to Today: Each item and event in the Passover seder tells the story or symbolizes a part of the Exodus in Jewish history. Reading Check: Ashkenazim, Sephardim Page 219 Reading Check: High Holy Days Section 3 Assessment: 1a the Romans 1b The Jews slowly scattered throughout the world, and two Jewish cultural traditions developed in Europe. 2a Yiddish 2b Ashkenazim lived apart from non- Jews and developed a unique culture; spoke Yiddish; Sephardim mixed with and bor- rowed from surrounding cultures; spoke Ladino 3 the Exodus 4 Answers will vary but should reflect under- standing of Jewish beliefs and customs. 5 Students should add notes that relate to each of the section s main ideas revolt, defeat, and migration; two cultural traditions; and traditions and holy days. Page 220 Practice and Apply the Skill: 1 shortterm effects expansion of the kingdom of Israel, growth of the kingdom s trade and wealth, construction of the Temple to God; long-term benefit The Temple became the center of Israelites religious life and a symbol of their faith 2 short-term effect Romans killed much of Jerusalem s population and took many of the surviving Jews as slaves; long-term effects spread of Jewish people and development of Jewish communities around the world Pages 221 222 Chapter 7 Review Reviewing Vocabulary, Terms, and People: 1 Abraham is considered the ancestor of the Jews, whose religion is Judaism. 2 Moses led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt in the Exodus. 3 Solomon was David s son 4 The Torah and Talmud are among the sacred texts of Judaism. 5 Passover and the High Holy Days, which includes Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, are important Jewish celebrations 6 The Hebrew Bible says that God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, a code of moral laws written on two stone tablets, on Mt. Sinai. 7 The Jewish festival of Passover commemorates the fleeing of the Israelites from slavery and their journey out of Egypt in the Exodus. 28

8 Judaism was the first religion to follow monotheism, the belief in only one God, that is still widely practices today. 9 At synagogues, Jewish teachers called rabbis interpret the Torah and guide other Jews in Judaism. 10 The Torah describes the laws and principles of Judaism. Comprehension and Critical Thinking: 11a Abraham led his family to Canaan and became father of the Jewish people; Moses led Israelites out of Egypt, where Israelite people had been enslaved, and received the Ten Commandments for the Israelite people. 11b all kings of Israel; Saul military commander, not a strong king, not loved by all the Israelites; David military leader, strong king, well loved by the Israelite people; Solomon expanded the kingdom with trade and allies, strong king, built the great Temple. 11c Ruth, because she dedicated her life to supporting her mother-in-law 12a monotheism, education, justice and righteousness, observance of law 12b Torah laws, history of the Israelites until the death of Moses; second and third parts of the Hebrew Bible messages of Jewish prophets and poetry songs, stories, lessons, history, Proverbs, Psalms; Talmud commentaries, stories, folklore; Dead Sea Scrolls prayers, commentaries, letters, passages from Hebrew Bible 12c possible answer: in the shaping of Christianity and the Ten Commandments as a guide for how to live 13a The Jews, led by the Zealots revolted against Roman rule. 13b the Diaspora 13c Answers will vary but should acknowledge the importance of traditions in Judaism and their survival over many centuries. Reading Skills: 14 fact 15 opinion 16 opinion 17 fact 18 fact Social Studies Skills: 19 the Exodus short-term: left Egypt, received Ten Commandments, wandered through desert, settled in Canaan; long-term: provided Jews with a significant and culturally binding historical event, which they remember during Passover; the Babylonian Captivity short-tram: Jews enslaved in Babylon for 50 years; long-term: After their release, many Jews did not return and thus began what is called Diaspora; the expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem short-term: Jews slowly dispersed throughout Mediterranean region and rest of world; long-term: changed nature of Judaism, led to creation of two Jewish cultural traditions Using the Internet: 20 Activity Rubric: Students maps should: show the birthplace of Judaism trace the Jews movements into other parts of the world include a legend include clear labels that identify important events and explain their impact on the Jewish people be neatly designed and use proper spelling Reviewing Themes: 21 Monotheism shaped Jewish religion, culture, and history, guiding Hebrew patriarchs and leaders and bringing the Israelites and Jews into conflict with others 22 possible answers: agree, because Judaism has shaped Jewish history and helped the Jews maintain an identity throughout their history; disagree, because Jewish history includes more than just the history of their religion 23 Mosaic law governs how Jews pray and celebrate, when Jews should work and worship, and what Jews may eat, among other activities Focus on Writing: 24 Rubric: Students Web sites should: have a title and clear labels describe what appears on the home page, menus, and hot links. include descriptions of images respect the beliefs and traditions of Judaism 29

History and Geography Lesson Manual Answer Key Answer Keys History and Geography Lesson Manual LESSON 41 Which happened first, the birth of Confucius or the emergence of Buddhism? The birth of Confucius How long did the Qin dynasty last? 15 years LESSON 42 Which dynasty do you think is more important to historians? Why? The Shang dynasty is more important to historians since there is evidence of its existence. What conclusions can you draw about why the Shang dynasty developed where it did? Answers will vary but should note that the dynasty included the two great rivers of China and was located along the flood plain where there was a good supply of water and rich soil. How did these two dynasties compare to the other early civilizations you have learned about? Answers will vary. Students may site the Chinese social structure, which was similar to the structures in India, Egypt and Mesopotamia. Students may compare the story of Yu the Great to the stories of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia. Accept all reasonable answers. LESSON 43 What would be the advantages and disadvantages of such a system? Answers will vary. Students may note that this system only works as long as the king retains power over the lords. If the lords challenge the king s power the system will crumble. Compare the territory of the Zhou dynasty with that of the Shang dynasty. What do you notice? Answers will vary. Possible answers include: The dynasties covered much of the same territory, The Zhou dynasty was slightly larger. Which philosophy do you agree the most with and why? Answers will vary. LESSON 45 Introduction Considering what you know about Legalism, what predictions do you have about this new dynasty, the Qin dynasty? Answers will vary but should be based on the teachings of Legalism involving a strong government with strict rules and harsh punishments. For example, students may predict that the Qin dynasty will tightly control the behavior of its subjects. LESSON 46 1 The Great Wall of China 2 The western area in the Taklimakan Desert, the southern area near the Xi River, the peninsula to the east of the Great Wall (the Korean peninsula) 3 Students should note that Luoyang is on the Huang He. They may conclude that having a capital on the river would be useful since the government could use the river for transportation. LESSON 47 Think about what you know about Buddhism and what you know about traditional Chinese philosophies such as Confucianism, Daosim, and Legalism. What might Buddhism offer to the Chinese that traditional philosophies did not? Possible answer: The focus on reincarnation or the focus on the relief from suffering. Accept all reasonable answers. How would having trade routes under the control of one empire help trade to flourish? Possible answer: The empire would be able to keep trade routes safe and allow traders to travel back and forth with their goods securely. Traders would be more likely to use routes that were safer for themselves and their goods. Application Essential Question: China is one of the world s oldest civilizations and it has influenced our civilization in many ways. Some of its inventions include paper, the sundial, a seismograph, and the practice of acupuncture. The ideas of Confucius, known as Confucianism, emphasized the values of virtue, kindness, and learning. How do the people, events, and ideas that shaped ancient China continue to influence the world? Possible answer: Students may reference the philosophies of Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. Students may refer to certain technological innovations of the Qin and Han dynasty. Students may refer to the Qin dynasty s unification of China into one kingdom. 30

History and Geography Lesson Manual Answer Key LESSON 52 What event happened around the same time that the Jews were enslaved in Babylon? The Buddha was born in India. LESSON 53 Based on these commandments, what do you believe that the early Hebrews valued and why? Accept all reasonable answers that students justify with evidence from the text. For example: The early Hebrews must have valued family because they say that you should honor your mother and father and should not commit adultery. Bible to remind themselves of the stories of their ancestors and to learn the laws connected to Judaism, their religion. They wrote and then read the Talmud, which commented on the meaning of their holy books. They celebrated holidays such as Passover, which remembered their past. In these ways they defended themselves as a people and the culture and maintained their beliefs. LESSON 56 What aspects of Judaism did the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim share? In what ways did the two traditions differ? Answers will vary but may include that the Ashkenazim lived separately from the rest of society while the Sephardim tended to mix more with other cultures. Students may note that both traditions shared the same holy books and values of monotheism, education, justice and righteousness and observance of religious and moral law. Application How did the Hebrews and the descendants defend themselves and maintain their beliefs? Possible answer: During the time of a Hebrew kingdom, the Hebrews defended themselves using force. However, once they were conquered and were scattered in the Diaspora, the Hebrews used religious traditions and holy texts to maintain their beliefs. They read the Torah and the Hebrew 31

H I M A L AYA S History and Geography Activities Answer Key Answer Keys History and Geography Activities ACTIVITY 6 The Geography of Ancient China (History and Geography Lesson 47) Map: GOBI DESERT Beijing Huang He (Yellow River) Luoyang Chang Jaing (Yangzi River) PACIFIC OCEAN Xi River Guangzhou Shang dynasty Han dynasty Great Wall Silk Road Questions: 1 The Gobi Desert 2 Luoyang 3 Xi 4 They overlap in the area between the Huang He and Chang Jiang near the Pacific Ocean. One possible conclusion is that this area is very fertile and can support sophisticated civilizations. 5 possible answer: The Gobi Desert was on the other side and would not have been good farmland. ACTIVITY 7 Short- and Long-Term Effects of Historical Events (History and Geography Lesson 57) Part A: The Exodus: Short-term effects include the giving of the Ten Commandments and the settling of Canaan; Longterm effects include the kingdom of Israel and the celebration of the holiday of Passover. Accept all reasonable answers. Accept all reasonable answers for the rest of the chart as long as they are based on actual historical events studied. Part B: The paragraph should be about one of the events chosen in the chart above and should accurately identify and describe both short- and long-term effects of the event. Use the text to verify information. 32