Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Mária Baranová Character Analysis: Juxtaposition of Aragorn's Inner and Outer Transformation on the Background of the War of the Ring Bachelor s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Zuzana Klímová 2014
I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography... Author s signature 2
I would like to thank my supervisor Mgr. Zuzana Klímová for her help, patience, and valuable advice. 3
Table of Contents 1. Introduction 5 2. J. R. R. Tolkien and the Lord of the Rings 7 3. The First meeting at Prancing Pony 9 4. Aragorn s relation to Gandalf 17 5. Rivendell and the Council of Elrond 19 6. Fall of Gandalf 23 7. Lothlórien 25 8. The river Andúin 30 9. Death of Boromir and meeting the Riders of Rohan 32 10. The Golden Hall of Edoras 35 11. Aragorn and Andúril 36 12. The Battle of the Hornburg at Helm s Deep 39 13. Palantír 41 14. Paths of the Dead and the Battle of Pelennor Fields 45 15. Towards the Battle of the Black Gate 48 16. The Coronation 51 17. Conclusion 54 18. Works cited and consulted 56 19. Résumé 58 20. Resumé 59 4
1. Introduction Aragorn, as a one of characters in Tolkien s Lord of the Rings (LotR), is often underestimated, and despite his crucial position in the story, as well as his complex personality and its development, he is often overlooked by readers, with his achievements, qualities and struggles often ignored, misunderstood or unappreciated. Aragorn is not portrayed straightforwardly, and the significance of his deeds in the War of the Ring is often only implied and overshadowed by Frodo s mission to destroy the Ring (Nicholas 1-3). Aragorn is an exceptionally elaborate character, undergoing a remarkable transformation from the moment he first appears in the LotR till his coronation after the Ring is destroyed. This thesis focuses on the process of Aragorn s transformation and its phases. His development from Strider to the king of Gondor is a long journey full of contrasts and shifts of his inner state and attitude, but also of his appearance that clearly reflects his particular mental state. Strider is depicted as a man in worn-out dark clothes, often hiding from others in the shadow and not showing his face. With this depiction is repeatedly linked Aragorn s struggle with uncertainty, self-doubt and inability to make decisions, affected by his feeling of responsibility for others and for destruction of the Ring, as well as by fear of a failure. In contrast, moments when Aragorn is certain, selfassured, and resolute, reflect in his kingly appearance, making him a majestic figure invoking awe in people around him. An important part of the whole Aragorn s appearance is his sword Andúril, which is an inseparable part of its owner, also mirroring Aragorn s inner state. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate development and analyze the process of Aragorn s transformation and the link of his mental state with his appearance. I will 5
point to the particular occasions, when the shift between Strider s appearance and the kingly appearance emerges, as well as on the different factors that influence his transformation, which, as the story develops, results in his gradually increasing resemblance with the kingly figure, and finally in crowning him the king of Gondor. 6
2. J. R. R. Tolkien and the Lord of the Rings John Ronald Reul Tolkien devoted a great part of his life to the creation of Middle-Earth, a realm where the story of the LotR is situated. LotR is only one of many Tolkien s works, but arguably the most well-known. The initial purpose of this story was to serve as a sequel to the Hobbit (1937), but it developed into the extensive trilogy first published in the years 1955-1956 followed by a number of later publications. Tolkien s devotion to the Middle-Earth and its stories is apparent from his letters to his friends and acquaintances, in which he often mentions, eagerly describes and explains his plans for different characters and events that take place in the realm he created. The outcome of his life-long work is a complex world of Arda, including Middle-Earth, having its own history of creation, races, languages and scripts. A great part of Tolkien s work was published posthumously in different volumes and collections by his son Christopher Tolkien, and they all enjoy a great success among the readership. LotR meant a revolution in the fantasy genre, which was not really popular in the previous years, but after the success of Tolkien s work, readers became attracted to fantasy literature, and its popularity still endures (Mitchell). LotR has come back to spotlight by the epic film adaptation at the beginning of the 21 st century, named after the respective parts of the trilogy: The Fellowship of the Ring (FotR), The Two Towers (TTT), and the Return of the King (RotK). The film trilogy brought fame to the Tolkien s books and soon they were translated into many languages, read and praised by millions of readers all around the world. The trilogy and the realm of Middle-Earth has been an object of focus of many scholars, studying and exploring various features of the story from the focus on the 7
influence of Tolkien s life, studies, and belief on the story, to the analysis of the realm itself, its events, and characters, including Aragorn. 8
3. The First meeting at Prancing Pony The first encounter with Aragorn occurs when Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pipin arrive at the inn in Bree called Prancing Pony. Aragorn is described as a strangelooking weather-beaten man (168) with face hidden under a hood, sitting in the dark corner of the room. He appears to be a mysterious and slightly frightening character that people usually evade. From his clothing, it is clear that this man spends much time on the road. The entire depiction of Aragorn s appearance in the first encounter bears an important contradiction: his clothes are old and in a worn-out condition, but they still hold a mark of their foregone quality and purpose. The clothes he is wearing and the whole dark appearance could indicate that his clothes were made to be inconspicuous, allowing Aragorn to hide and stay unnoticed or ignored by others. It suggests that there is a greater cause for him to stay unseen. Nicholas analyses Aragorn s clothes, giving emphasis on their suitability for camouflage, which allows him to stay hidden from the sight of others. She also highlights that Aragorn uses shadowy places for staying and sitting, where no one notices him until he speaks or moves out of the shadow (117). This is clear from the very first depiction of Aragorn at Prancing Pony, but also later, when he talks with Frodo, remaining in the dark corner of the room, or when he stays unnoticed at the Council of Elrond till the time he speaks. Regarding Aragorn s appearance, it is described with much effort and detail. It suggests that he could play an important part as the story continues. He wears high boots of supple leather that [fit] him well, but [have] seen much wear and [are] now caked with mud (168). Deeper analysis can reveal that he has probably avoided, or at least not always used, well-known paths used by others. This confirms his need to stay 9
hidden, or unnoticed because of some threat he faces. The possible threat is clarified, when Aragorn tells hobbits about the Black Riders, and later when his real identity is unshrouded. Aragorn explains that he knows paths very few people know and use. This is important information for hobbits, because they need to successfully reach Rivendell. Due to their awareness of the Black rider s presence around Shire and Bree, it is reasonable to avoid well-known paths and use those that are not usually taken. There is a strong probability that the beaten tracks are watched by Sauron s servants to find Frodo. When Frodo asks Mr. Butterbur, the owner of the inn, about Aragorn, his mysteriousness only deepens. It is clear no one knows much about Aragorn, known in Bree as Strider. He is briefly described by Mr. Butterbur as one of wanderers whom they call Rangers. Additional information the reader gathers is that Strider comes to Bree quite sporadically; sometimes he is there often and sometimes he does not appear for months. When his face is seen for the first time, it is depicted as a shaggy head of dark hair flecked with grey, and a pair of keen grey eyes (169). When Frodo is invited to join Strider, his feeling is described as far from comfortable under the stare of those keen eyes (169). It is notable, that the expression keen eyes is used two times consecutively in the narrative. This is a fundamental part of Strider s countenance, which now evokes rather curiosity and respect than fright, and his appearance now seems to be more eerie than maleficent. All the descriptions ultimately lead to the image of character tested by life, but the character of Strider is still quite mysterious and bizarre. Robertson ascribes this obscurity of Aragorn to the fact that Tolkien himself was not sure about the role of dark stranger when he wrote the first description of him, building the picture of the hidden king in his subconsciousness (318). This surely adds obscurity and unpredictability to the character that shows only hints of his future 10
role. The feature of the narrative that also supports Aragorn s secrecy is the use of name Strider instead of his real name till he is introduced as Aragorn in the letter which Gandalf wrote to Frodo. By this, the obscurity of the character of Aragorn is preserved not only for hobbits but also for the reader, showing only an implication of the role and status of Aragorn through the depiction of his appearance and actions. After his real name is revealed, he is still called Strider not only by hobbits, but also in the narration. Only from the moment, when he draws his sword at the Council of Elrond, and announces his true name and his royal lineage, is he referred to as Aragorn, not Strider anymore. The whole mysterious and somewhat frightening depiction, and the tense situation is lightened by a glimpse of humour in Aragorn s speech, which appears when Aragorn talks to Frodo, after Frodo unintentionally puts the Ring on his finger: Why did you do that? Worse than anything your friends could have said! You have put your foot in it! Or should I say your finger? (173). This makes the frightening side of Aragorn vanish and the character starts to evoke a slightly positive impression along with his eeriness. Chapter 10 of the FotR is named Strider. It is dedicated to the conversation between Aragorn and Frodo, joined by Sam and Pipin. Through this discussion, Aragorn reveals more of his nature and experience. Most evident is Aragorn s cautiousness and prudence. It can be spotted from the beginning of the conversation. First of all, Aragorn warns Frodo to be more careful and emphasizes keeping the Ring in secret because Black Riders are presumably somewhere around Bree looking for Frodo and the Ring. Another observable feature is how Aragorn introduces his request to accompany Frodo. He does not use any force or excessive struggle. He stays courageous and 11
steadfast (Nicholas 38). He simply sets forth arguments without arousing any distrust of hobbits: You can do as you like about my reward: take me as a guide or not. But I may say that I know all the lands between Shire and the Misty Mountains, for I have wandered over them for many years. I am older than I look. I might prove useful. You will have to leave the open road after tonight; for the horsemen will watch it night and day... They will come on you in the wild, in some dark place where there is no help. Do you wish them to find you? They are terrible!... Tomorrow you will have to escape, if you can. Strider can take you by paths that are seldom trodden. Will you have him? (177) In this speech, Aragorn uses hobbit s fear as well as his awareness of the fact that hobbits have not yet realized how dangerous the Black Riders are and also Frodo s quest to bring the Ring to Rivendell. Aragorn realizes their only chance is to take him as a guide, and if he rouses any suspicion about his trustworthiness, they will possibly refuse him as their company. Accordingly, Aragorn s actions demonstrate previous deliberation. In the first encounter in the LotR he already creates an image of a mysterious but also wise man. His approach to this particular uneasy situation testifies to his perceptiveness, and the final impression is that Aragorn knows very well what he is doing, how and why he acts towards Frodo as he does. In his speech to hobbits Aragorn uses the third person while referring to Strider. Nicholas sees this as a tactic based on two possible reasons: Aragorn encourage[s] their trust by appearing vulnerable and by using a form of a plead, or he is putting emphasis on the fact that Strider was not his real name (37). With regard to the particular situation, when 12
Aragorn needs to persuade hobbits to take him as guide because they have hardly any chance to reach Rivendell without him, Aragorn s speech resembles more an appeal on hobbits than giving a hint of his true identity, and referring to himself using the third person could be considered as an emphasis he uses in his plea. Moreover, Aragorn s argument that he might prove useful could be perceived as a euphemistic way of saying: I m the only person with the slightest hope of protecting you from [Black Riders] (Nicholas 37). Aragorn s cautiousness again appears after Frodo receives the letter written by Gandalf. In this letter, Strider s real name is revealed. When Frodo finds out, he asks Aragorn why he has not said that he is a friend of Gandalf. Aragorn provides an explanation: For all I knew I had to persuade you to trust me without proofs, if I was to help you. In any case, I did not intend to tell you all about myself once. I had to study you first, and make sure of you. The Enemy has set traps for me before now. (183) This answer uncovers a great deal of information about Aragorn. Above all, it suggests that he could be one of those who are in the centre of conflict with the Enemy (183), which means Sauron, the Lord of Mordor and the one who created the Ring in the depths of Mount Doom. Besides, his words underline that he is a truly cautious character acting with deliberation, and also that he certainly has some daunting experiences with the Enemy. Nicholas deliberates the issue of Aragorn and the Enemy stating that Aragorn could be hunted by servants of Sauron because he has been a leader of Northern Dúnadain, who are the remnants of foregone kings of Gondor. At that time 13
Sauron was seeking proof of the existence of heir to the Gondor throne. Also, Aragorn has been a friend of Gandalf and this also could make him an object of Sauron s suspicion (36). Aragorn uproots all doubts pronounced by hobbits about him using only reasonable but striking arguments. When Sam questions if he is the Strider Gandalf was talking about in the letter, Aragorn s answer seems slightly frightening but also reassuring: If I had killed the real Strider, I could kill you. And I should have killed you already without so much talk. If I was after the Ring, I could have it NOW! (183). It is after this statement that for the first time in the LotR Aragorn truly reveals his greatness: He stood up, and seemed suddenly to grow taller. In his eyes gleamed a light, keen and commanding. Throwing back his cloak, he laid his hand on the hilt of a sword that had hung concealed by his side. They did not dare to move. Sam sat wide-mouthed staring at him dumbly. But I am the real Strider, fortunately, he said, looking down at them with his face softened by a sudden smile. I am Aragorn son of Arathorn; and if by life or death I can save you, I will. (183) These two paragraphs portray a paradox. Aragorn is depicted here from two sides. One is a great man with majesty in his appearance, but a frightening man as well. The description of Sam s stunned reaction clearly denotes his greatness. The other side of Aragorn unveiled here is kindness and a glimpse of nobility, reflected in his unexpected countenance. In addition, within the description of Aragorn s sudden change 14
appearance, the keen eyes are again mentioned. It becomes obvious, that they are a distinctive feature of his character. Another paradox appears in Aragorn s talk when comparing the following statement I am Aragorn son of Arathorn; and if by life or death I can save you, I will (183) to the words he says after a while: Strider shall be your guide (184). It seems that while Aragorn is supposed to guide the hobbits, he calls himself Strider, but when he talks about defending hobbits and saving them from possible menace, he refers to himself as Aragorn. This could mean that when he is on the journey, or on the quest to guide the journey with no need of fighting, he considers himself Strider, who uses unknown paths in order to hide and avoid the threat. But when a perilous situation occurs, he emerges as Aragorn who is capable of protecting his allies and fighting the enemy. Frodo expresses his belief that Aragorn is a friend, admitting that he frightened [him] several times... but never in the way that servants of the Enemy would... (183). This statement suggests that the reason this side of Aragorn is frightening, is not because he emerges as an evil and vicious character, but rather as a character of great dignity and leadership that evokes strong respect in others. Hobbits could not understand the poem Gandalf wrote in the letter: 1 All that is gold does not glitter, Not all those who wander are lost; The old that is strong does not wither, Deep roots are not reached by the frost. 1 the poem was originally written by Bilbo, and Gandalf used it in his letter to introduce Aragorn 15
From the ashes a fire shall be woken; A light from the shadows shall spring; Renewed shall be blade that was broken, The crownless again shall be the king. (182) The first and the last line of the poem both offer similar contrasts gold without glitter and crownless king. Both verses point out the hidden quality, or hidden greatness. Applying the verses to Aragorn, they simply imply that under the surface of the weather-beaten man hiding in shadows is concealed a man of opposite quality, and his power and majesty will come to the spotlight. Greenwood underlines the contrast in the verses, which illustrates the paradox of Aragorn s appearance: heir to the throne clad not in the costly raiment of the king, but in the simple clothing of a Ranger (176). The meaning of the last verse is not clear at this point of the story, because Aragorn s descent is still a secret, but it certainly suggests the transformation of the character commonly ignored or unnoticed to a character of great importance. This poem initially leads Aragorn to a revelation of his descent and fate. First time he declares he is Aragorn son of Arathorn (183) and explains to confused Frodo, that the poem is about him. However, he does not proclaim himself an heir to the throne of Gondor. He shows to hobbits his broken sword and says that the time is near when it shall be forged anew (184). By this, Aragorn gives a hint of meaning to the verses of the poem, but the full meaning still remains unknown and unexplained. Then Aragorn returns to discussion about their oncoming journey to Rivendell and says nothing more about the poem or his descent. His character therefore keeps his mysteriousness and his role in the War of the Ring stays unclear, undoubtedly because he himself does not wish to be recognized for the time being. 16
4. Aragorn s relation to Gandalf During the talk with hobbits, Aragorn shows signs of uncertainty when Frodo asks when he last saw Gandalf. Aragorn s countenance is depicted as grave (184) and subsequently expresses, that he is troubled, for the first time since [he has] known [Gandalf]. (184). For the first time, except the fact that Aragorn is Gandalf s friend, there is a sign of some relation towards Gandalf mentioned. More of their relation is unveiled when Aragorn and hobbits set out on the journey to Rivendell. Aragorn decides to go there through Weathertop, the hill towering above the land, hoping that he will find there some track or message from Gandalf. This decision is examined by Nicholas, who sees the only reason for going there is to find Gandalf. She also accentuates that Aragorn is soon stricken by hesitancy about his decision, confessing that the chance of finding Gandalf is almost none. But despite this confession, he is driven by despair and carelessly approaches Weathertop, disregarding possible consequences (40). Aragorn looks for footprints and any other signs by which he would be able to identify whether Gandalf was there or not. It seems Aragorn is really eager to find any sign of Gandalf s presence. His behaviour somehow changes to more desperate, and not as cautious as before, all in the struggle to find what happened to Gandalf. After going down from the Weathertop, Aragorn admits he was too careless on the hill-top (202) since he was very anxious to find some sign of Gandalf; but it was a mistake [ ] to go up and stand there so long (202). This is the first moment in the LotR when Aragorn is stricken by strong doubt about his decision. His desperate need of finding Gandalf, and the negligence induced by this need is a significant factor that throws him to hesitancy, indecisiveness and lack of faith in himself which was to plague him later 17
on, and especially in the moment when Gandalf falls in Moria (Nicholas 41), and Aragorn realizes that he really lost him. From this particular moment, his doubts and uncertainty start to develop visibly. 18
5. Rivendell and the Council of Elrond Probably because of Aragorn s carelessness at the Weathertop, Black Riders appear, and despite Aragorn s effort to defend the hobbits, one of the Riders stabs Frodo by a poisoned Morgul blade. Aragorn then uses his skills and knowledge of plants to ease and reduce the spreading of the poison. Finally Aragorn succeeds in his quest to guide the hobbits to Rivendell. During the stay at Rivendell, the true identity of Aragorn is clarified through Elrond s narration and then Aragorn s own speech. Elrond narrates the history of the creation of the Ring and how Sauron was defeated by the united forces of elves and men. In the narration the reader encounters the character of Isildur and his sword Narsil that was broken by Sauron, and with this broken sword Isildur cut the Ring off from Sauron s finger. By this act, Sauron was defeated and the Ring was kept in possession of Isildur, who refused to throw it into the fires of Mount Doom, where it had been made, and only there it can be destroyed. Isildur failed and the Ring betrayed him. In consequence, Isildur was shot dead and the Ring was lost and forgotten for a long time. Broken Narsil is now in possession of Aragorn as an heirloom of his lineage, brought to Rivendell for re-forging. This narrative is an important issue in understanding Aragorn s inner development, his struggles, and both the inner and outer development he undergoes through the LotR as a descendant of Isildur. As the story develops, it is revealed that Aragorn bears the burden of Isildur s failure and this failure affects his trust in himself. Aragorn reveals his royal ancestry when Boromir, son of the Denethor steward of Gondor, explains that he came to the Rivendell following the dream in which a voice cried: 19
Seek for the Sword that was broken: in Imladris 2 it dwells; There shall be counsels taken Stronger than Morgul-spells. There shall be shown a token That Doom is near at hand, For Isildur s Bane shall waken, And the Halfling forth shall stand. (259) This dream, as well as the poem in the Gandalf s letter written by Bilbo, is essential in examination of Aragorn s character. Possible fate of Aragorn is inscribed in them. In the dream, a Sword that was broken is to be found in Rivendell. This dream brings Boromir not only to the sword but also to its owner Aragorn, whose descent is revealed at the Council of Elrond. After Boromir s utterance, Aragorn cast[s] his sword upon the table (259) saying: This is the Sword that was broken! (259). A similarity between the state of the sword and Aragorn can be seen here. Sword is still broken into two pieces and Aragorn is still depicted as a man with a lean face of the ranger [wearing] his weatherstained cloak (260). When the fellowship leaves Rivendell, Aragorn is again dressed as Strider, not in a way one would expect from the heir to the throne of Gondor. He has his sword and is clad only in rusty green and brown (292).This description could be contrasted with words from Bilbo s poem: All that is gold does not glitter... From the ashes a fire shall be woken... (261). Both these verses indicate a change, by which something with seemingly no worth is transformed to a thing of great importance. The 2 elvish name for Rivendell 20
first verse clearly refers to Aragorn with worn-out appearance of Strider hiding his royal descent, while the second verse could also refer to Andúril, called also the Flame of the West, re-forged from Narsil. While Aragorn still preserves the appearance of Strider, Bilbo s verses predict a change, which will later be applicable not only to his appearance, but predominantly to Aragorn s inner transformation. By casting the sword in front of the Council, Aragorn confesses he is a descendant of Isildur. According to Flieger, by this act Aragorn publicly puts off Strider, assuming his rightful identity... (132). Nevertheless after a while he proclaims: I am but the heir of Isildur, not Isildur himself (261). Aragorn clearly does not wish to be compared to Isildur. According to his talk, he considers Isildur a great and majestic figure. It suggests that he does not see himself becoming a great king a kingly figure. His doubt and lack of self-confidence emerges. Another reason why Aragorn does not wish to be equated to Isildur could be Isildur s failure. Although Isildur was a great king who defeated Sauron, he also failed because the Ring manipulated him. Robertson expounds Aragorn s refusal of being compared with Isildur as a result of Isildur s failure. Aragorn dreads the repetition of the fault which he bears as a descendant of Isildur (318). He could feel the doubt about his strength and ability to resist the power of the Ring, because Isildur, despite his greatness and might, was not able to resist, and he could also assume that this weakness is rooted in Isildur s lineage. Comparison with Isildur possibly invokes in Aragorn even more self-doubt. Generally, Aragorn seems that he identifies himself much more with Strider than the potential future king of Gondor. Furthermore, he denotes that his home is not in Gondor but in the North (261). At the Council, Aragorn is insulted by Boromir, who sees him only as a man in old clothes, nothing like the heir of Isildur shall wear and look like, and Boromir as a 21
possible future Steward of Gondor is somehow offended by the appearance of the heir to Gondor s throne, and he possibly assumes that Aragorn is coming to claim the throne. He judges him and expresses resentment towards Aragorn. Aragorn seems to clarify his intention by saying:... now the world is changing once again. A new hour comes. Isildur s Bane is found. Battle is at hand. The Sword shall be re-forged. I will come to Minas Tirith (262). This statement could announce that he is coming to Minas Tirith to claim the throne; however, Aragorn does not declare that he is going to Minas Tirith as an heir of the throne. Aragorn s attitude is examined by Robertson, who defines Aragorn s reluctance to claim the throne as an evidence of his belief that his line is cursed by Isildur s greed for the Ring (319) and Aragorn most likely considers this burden of failure as an obstacle, and while bearing it, he is not worthy of ruling Gondor. In the broader context and from the actual portrayal of Aragorn, Aragorn s statement endorses that he is not prepared to claim the throne. His intention is only to help the people of Gondor in the battle as if it is his duty, based on his descent. Aragorn is driven by this duty because he feels responsible for the failure of Isildur. If Isildur had destroyed the Ring in the Mount Doom, Gondor would not have fallen into such perils 3. Aragorn as well participated on the search for Gollum, from his own initiative to repair Isildur s fault (264). This is another proof that he has taken responsibility for Isildur s action. 3 Minas Tirith is an important point on the frontier between Mordor and the rest of Middle-Earth. It is strategically significant, because it is considered a gateway of the Middle-Earth. It is the reason why Sauron intends to conquer it. 22
6. Fall of Gandalf After the Council, Aragorn is chosen as one of the nine members of the Fellowship, which has a quest to help Frodo, the bearer of the Ring, reach Mordor and destroy the Ring in Mount Doom. As the fellowship begins a journey from Rivendell towards Mordor, they have to surmount many obstacles. Probably the most striking misery is brought on them by the death of Gandalf in the mines of Moria. Immediately, Aragorn spontaneously takes charge and leads the fellowship out from Moria following Gandalf s last command to flee. When the fellowship is safely out of Moria, Aragorn says: What hope have we without you [Gandalf]?... We must do without hope... Let us gird ourselves and weep no more! Come! We have a long road, and much to do (347). In this part of Aragorn s speech, different aspects of Aragorn s attitude can be explored. The first sentence indicates Aragorn s sorrow of losing Gandalf. It is not a question as such; it is rather a groan testifying about loss of certainty and hope, which Aragorn saw in Gandalf. In the second sentence, Aragorn goes through a moment of submission and then the last part of his words uncovers partly unexpected courage. He, despite his grief, encourages others to continue the journey. This scene clearly shows Aragorn s inner conflict. Nicholas focuses on Aragorn s mental state, explaining that his grief stands against his will to keep the fellowship strong. Furthermore, he struggles with the fear of responsibility for the Fellowship after the loss of his mentor and close friend, without whom he is exposed to the feeling of hopelessness (46). For a while he falls into despair but his selfpreservation and feeling of responsibility to continue the journey defeats his grief at least on the surface, he control[s] his own grief for the sake of the others (Nicholas 23
46). His words to the other members of fellowship are resolute and supportive. With these words his leadership ability emerges, despite his grief, he encourages other members of the Fellowship, because he is aware that they should get to safety as soon as possible to take a rest after the terrible struggle in Moria. For a time, he smothers his uncertainty and hopelessness and takes responsibility as a leader of the Fellowship. So as Gandalf meant hope for Aragorn, after Gandalf s fall Aragorn becomes an embodiment of hope for others, who follow him as their leader. 24
7. Lothlórien After Aragorn undertakes the role of leader, he guides the fellowship to Lothórien, a forest realm of elves. There, the fellowship takes a rest before continuing their journey. During the stay in Lórien, which was a city of elves in the heart of the forest of Lothlórien, Frodo once finds Aragorn completely changed in appearance and countenance:... a light was in his eyes. He was wrapped in some fair memory: and as Frodo looked at him he knew that he beheld as they once had been in the same place. For the grim years were removed from the face of Aragorn, and he seemed clothed in white, a young lord tall and fair. (366-7) For the first time, Aragorn is depicted with quite a changed appearance. Till this occasion he was still shown as Strider, only with momentary changes while he was proclaiming his royal lineage, and these changes were noticeable in his actions, not in his whole appearance. The moment when Frodo sees Aragorn is an important one. Agøy states that: Aragorn changes and becomes more and more kingly... and Tolkien wants to make absolutely sure that the reader observes it (57). Agøy underlines the importance of the change in Aragorn s appearance, which is now bright and youthful, and reflects the process of the inner transformation, here particularly a fair memory which evokes in Aragorn positive feelings. By perceiving the outer change, inner change is more noticeable for the reader. At this moment it is clear that Aragorn is not the same person as he was at the beginning. Although he is gradually consumed with more and more uncertainty, 25
especially after Gandalf fell in Moria, he develops also as a leader, taking responsibility for the Fellowship, which in part negatively influences his certainty, but it also accentuates his ability to encourage others that consequently follow him as their leader. Frodo s view of Aragorn s appearance in the quote seems to be rather subjective and possibly the result of Frodo s perception of Aragorn as their leader who he is willing to follow anywhere. Frodo confirms his will to follow Aragorn later, while the Fellowship continues their journey down the river Andúin. In addition, the whole of Aragorn s appearance is connected here with light and brightness. This provides a contrast between his previous depictions: at Prancing Pony, he was sitting in the shadow, his character was dark and unknown and hiding his face under the hood; at the Council of Elrond, he was sitting unnoticed by Boromir till he stood up and spoke, still clothed in dark colours as Strider, as well as when the Fellowship was leaving Rivendell. In Lórien, his appearance alters to a bright one, having light in his eyes, a fair lord wearing white clothes. This alteration of his appearance from dark to bright arises throughout the story, as Aragorn s appearance shifts from the appearance of Strider filled with doubt and uncertainty to Aragorn, a kingly and confident figure, interlocking to the verse of Bilbo s poem telling that [a] light from the shadows shall spring (261). Before the departure from Lórien, a conversation among Aragorn, Boromir and Celeborn takes place, discussing which way the Fellowship should continue their journey. They have to decide, if they will take the western shore or the eastern shore of river Andúin. Boromir proposes to continue to Minas Tirith - to take the western shore. But then he announces: But I am not the leader of the Company (383). He clearly indicates that Aragorn is considered the leader of the Fellowship. The members of the fellowship accepted Aragorn as a leader without any need of agreement beforehand. 26
After the fall of Gandalf, he emerged as a natural leader and the fellowship followed his commands without any contest. In the question of which shore to take, Aragorn is set to the position of decision maker about the question and he is conscious of his own burden of choice (Dickerson 103). Aragorn s leading position is acknowledged also by Galadriel, when she presents gifts for the members of the fellowship. She gives Aragorn a sheath for Andúril, saying to him: Here is the gift of Celeborn and Galadriel to the leader of your Company (391). During the stay in Lórien, Aragorn reveals his hesitancy and doubt in a few situations. A discussion with Boromir and Celeborn about the course of their journey is an event, in which Nicholas points out the rapid emergence of Aragorn s uncertainty and inability to decide, and also on encouragement of this uncertainty by Aragorn s feeling of responsibility for Frodo s safety (47). Aragorn here says that [the Fellowship has] not decided [their] course (383), possibly seeking some advice from others, and then he is depicted look[ing] doubtful and troubled (383). It is important to point out that this debate is held a month after the Fellowship arrives to Lothlórien. Moreover, in the discussion he also says: Beyond Lothlórien I do not know what Gandalf intended to do. Indeed I do not think that even he had any clear purpose (383). This assertion unveils that Aragorn contemplates about what Gandalf would do, what Gandalf planned. He does not want to decide by himself, he tries to continue the journey following Gandalf s decisions still seeking support in him. Aragorn falls more and more into uncertainty and inability to decide by himself without being in doubt. It seems that all of Aragorn s certainty and confidence fell in Moria with Gandalf. Tolkien later elaborates on Aragorn s indecisiveness. He denotes Aragorn is still divided in his mind (384). He is depicted being deep in his own thought (385), 27
considering the route the Fellowship should take, after the Fellowship unexpectedly lost Gandalf and because of this, Aragorn s initial plan to go to Minas Tirith is disrupted by his feeling of responsibility for Frodo s journey to Mordor: His own plan, while Gandalf remained with them, had been to go with Boromir, and with his sword help to deliver Gondor. For he believed that the message of the dreams was a summons, and that the hour had come at last when the heir of Elendil should come forth and strive with Sauron for the mastery. But in Moria the burden of Gandalf had been laid on him; and he knew that he could not now forsake the Ring, if Frodo refused in the end to go with Boromir. And yet what help could he or any of the Company give to Frodo, save to walk blindly with him into the darkness? (384-5) Aragorn s thoughts reveal a significant amount of his intention but also of his character. First of all, as well as at the Council of Elrond, his plan to help Gondor is again mentioned. In both occasions, the will to help and fight against Sauron is evident. Aragorn is conscious of the fact, that he, as the heir of Elendil and Isildur, is able to oppose Sauron and by defeating him, save Gondor. But during the council of Elrond and also here in his thoughts, there is no allusion of going to Minas Tirith in order to become the king of Gondor. He still bears the burden of Isildur s failure and his ultimate goal is to repair the damage Isildur made by his failure, and to remove the burden of this failure. Moreover, Aragorn could feel that he is not worth ruling the kingdom, while this burden still lies on his lineage. Another important factor is that Aragorn is really stricken by indecisiveness, not only because he does not know which way Gandalf intended to go, but also because he 28
feels responsibility for Frodo and the successful destruction of the Ring. He fears the option he chooses will not be right and he is under a heavy burden of responsibility which was transferred to him after Gandalf s death. In this situation, he is forced to stand not only for himself and his plan, but also for Gandalf s intention, which is not known to Aragorn. It means that he has to decide not only his route, but also the fate of the Fellowship, and especially Frodo. Anything bad that will happen, he will feel responsible for it, and now he cannot predict possible consequences of his resolution. 29
8. The river Andúin The choice laid on Aragorn was postponed for a while as the Fellowship left Lórien, continuing their journey on boats floating down the river Andúin. Aragorn s visible transformation occurs when the boats are near Argonath 4, as the whole scene evokes a feeling of danger and abhorrence. When Frodo expresses his dismay, and with Aragorn s answer to Frodo s fear arises one of crucial portrayals of his character in LotR: Fear not! said a strange voice behind [Frodo]. Frodo turned and saw Strider, and yet not Strider, for the weatherworn Ranger was no longer there. In the stern sat Aragorn son of Arathorn, proud and erect, guiding the boat with skilful strokes; his hood was cast back, and his dark hair was blowing in the wind, a light was in his eyes: a king returning from exile to his own land. (409) This paragraph describes a sudden change of Aragorn s voice, and his whole appearance in some ways resembles a kingly appearance of stone statues of two Gondor kings. Nicholas states that his appearance is at this point... certainly comparable with them (118). This resemblance between Aragorn and the statues of Isildur and Anárion could serve as a hint showing that he is capable of such greatness the old kings represent. It also suggests that Aragorn perhaps underestimates himself, especially his possible greatness and power, according to his resentment for being compared to Isildur at the Council of Elrond. 4 the Pillars of the Kings of Gondor two monumental stone statues, one of king Isildur and one of king Anárion, standing on the sides of Andúin marking a border of Gondor 30
The statues of the Kings of Gondor are depicted as majestic and wearing a great power, evoking awe and fear in the members of Fellowship (409). It seems Aragorn s doubts disappear for a moment, and recognizing his ancestry he ensures hobbits not to be afraid. His inner transformation is also reflected in a change in his appearance and countenance. The paragraph clearly indicates that his appearance alters from Strider to a more kingly character. At this stage, however, Aragorn is still predominantly Strider and his kingly alteration occurs only sporadically in specific occasion such as this one. Right after reassuring others not to fear he changes from a kingly character back to Strider, while uncertainty and doubts return: The light in his eyes faded, and he spoke to himself: Would that Gandalf were here! How my heart yearns for Minas Anor 5 and the walls of my own city! But wither now shall I go? (409). Aragorn again yearns for Gandalf s presence, so he would not be the one who have to decide. He continue[s] to display a marked lack of faith in himself but he also sees a duty to help and protect Frodo (Nicholas 49). His anxiety of making a wrong decision arises again. Though, this time Aragorn refers to Minas Tirith as [his] own city (409), which could mean he slowly starts to accept the possibility that his home city is Minas Tirith and he could become the king of Gondor in the future. A slight transformation in this attitude could be seen, because at the Council of Elrond in Rivendell, Aragorn said his home is in the North, and he has not mentioned Minas Tirith in this particular context till the Fellowship sails near Argonath. 5 original name of Minas Tirith 31
9. Death of Boromir and meeting the Riders of Rohan At Part Galen, Aragorn decides, that Frodo will choose a way. It signals that he himself was still too afraid of deciding by his own will, despite the Fellowship s reliance on him as on their leader. By this act Aragorn shows again his uncertainty. Besides, he again talks about what Gandalf would do: I am not Gandalf, and though I have tried to bear his part, I do not know what design or hope he had for this hour, if indeed he had any (412). Aragorn here shows that he continually contemplates about Gandalf s plans and that he is actually not willing to decide by himself, because he cannot rely on his own decision about this issue. Dickerson states that Tolkien shows us an Aragorn who is nearly overwhelmed at times by the choices facing him, and who is filled with great human doubt about his ability to make them (103). He eventually regrets this decision when Boromir dies when fighting orcs. Aragorn marks his wrong decisions as a cause of Boromir s death and the breaking of the Fellowship. He captur[es] both his doubt about past decisions and his confusion about current ones (Dickerson 103): It is I that have failed. Vain was Gandalf s trust in me. What shall I do now? (TTT 16). He [kneels] for a while, bent with weeping (16) above Boromir s body in complete despair. Except the feeling of guilt for what happened, Aragorn also considers himself a failure in eyes of Gandalf. His words demonstrate that he has been very fond of Gandalf, his opinions and trust. Robertson describes Aragorn at this point of the story as being desperately afraid of his failure, and that Gandalf was wrong to trust him as a leader (329). Aragorn was encouraged by Gandalf s presence and without it, he gradually falls to rock bottom of his doubts and uncertainty. When Boromir dies Aragorn finds himself a sheer disappointment for Gandalf. Robertson focuses on Aragorn s dread of not being able to act as a real leader 32
pointing up that Aragorn, instead of blaming Boromir who tried to take the Ring from Frodo, sees the fault in himself, and this Robertson labels a typical of a great man (329). By blaming himself, Aragorn shows his noble character, even though he is not aware of it. Full of doubt and uncertainty, he is taking the blame on himself without further consideration. His inner state falls at this point to the lowest degree full of regret, self-blame and distrust of himself. In spite of this psychological condition Aragorn after a while finds again an inner strength to continue the journey. Forest-Hill explains his restored strength and confidence as a result of the released grief for Gandalf that has never [been] freely expressed till the grief for Boromir purges an unresolved grief for Gandalf. This grief also restrained Aragorn and made him unable to act decisively and confidently (86). He has to choose, if he, Gimli, and Legolas will follow Frodo or hunt for Orcs who have taken Merry and Pipin. This time he makes a decision without hesitation. Dickerson gives an emphasis on this choice and the process of choosing in this particular situation, because any choice Aragorn makes comes with the possibility of great loss, but Aragorn decides without prolong consideration and he follows this decision without doubting it. To the contrary he shows his determination (104). This is possibly the first hint that the process of his transformation has begun. Aragorn says: And now may I make a right choice, and change the evil fate of this unhappy day! (21). This resolution confirms that he literally started to transform, and regained his inner strength and self-confidence that has been vanishing since the fall of Gandalf. Aragorn s clear advancement in his transformation to kingly character is affirmed during the hunt for Orcs. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas encounter the Riders of Rohan led by Éomer, who is nephew of Théoden king of Rohan. In front of these men Aragorn, holding Andúril in hand, introduces himself in a different manner than before: 33
I am Aragorn son of Arathorn, and am called Elessar, the Elfstone, Dúnadan, the heir of Isildur Elendil s son of Gondor. Here is the sword that was Broken and is forged again (36). With his words his appearance changes again: He seemed to have grown in stature while Éomer had shrunk; and in his living face [was] a brief vision of the power and majesty of the kings of stone (36). It is not for the first time in the LotR, when he unveils his majesty, but near the Argonath, his greatness and awe were not as striking as at this point. Robertson states: As the story develops, Aragorn is increasingly able to awe those around him by the sheer force of his personality (330). The description confirms this. Moreover, it uses for depiction of Aragorn s appearance identical words as were used in depiction of The Pillars of the Kings emphasizing the greatness of his appearance. When Frodo saw the stone statues of kings, he look at them with fear and awe and now; another example can be seen when Éomer steps back in fear with a look of awe... in his face (36) while looking at Aragorn. After this act, Éomer speaks to Aragorn naming him Lord which signs respect and reverence towards Aragorn. In addition, Legolas and Gimli look amazed, because they [have] not seen [Aragorn] in this mood before (36). Firstly, Aragorn s resemblance to the statues of Kings is in this moment undeniable and conspicuous. Secondly, the reaction of Legolas and Gimli are another evidence of inner change Aragorn underwent in quite a short time span after the death of Boromir. 34
10. The Golden Hall of Edoras Aragorn declares his ancestry and his heirship to the Gondor's throne more and more openly. From the beginning of the LotR till the death of Boromir he never proclaimed himself heir to Gondor s throne. But since, his attitude towards kingship has been changing and this change emerges in the moment, when after reunion with Gandalf, Aragorn comes to Edoras, the city where Théoden dwells. When Aragorn is asked to put aside his sword before entering the Golden Hall to meet with Théoden, he hesitates. Then he says: It is not clear to me that the will of Théoden son of Thengel, even though he be lord of the Mark, should prevail over the will of Aragorn son of Arathorn, Elendil s heir of Gondor (115). This statement proves the shift and growing prevalence of kingly character in Aragorn. His reaction expresses his consciousness of being an important person. Nicholas expounds Aragorn s acting is possibly affected by the unwillingness to put aside Andúril because of its importance as a symbol and heirloom of his lineage (339). He does not act as before, when his Strider part dominated and he was almost constantly filled with uncertainty and doubt. Now his character transformed and he seems to be more a kingly person than Strider living in recluse and suspense. Aragorn shows by his words, that his status is considerably high and he, as the heir to Gondor s throne, stands above king Théoden and his will. He basically demands respect and awe from others, which is a feature of his character that appears only since the death of Boromir and not before. Till Boromir s death Aragorn acted more unpretentiously and submissively. While meeting Éomer and also before entering the Golden Hall, this change is noticeable. 35