KNOW YOUR REGIONS New England (Northern: Mass, RI, Conn., New Ham. Middle: Penn, NY, NJ, Delaware. Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1755 (Ch. 5 and 6) South: Virginia, Maryland, North Car., South Car., Georgia The Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland) Outline of our Discussion: Chapter 5 (1700-1776) Review: Where did the colonies come from? New Ethnicities Bring New Issues Social Class in the New World The Great Awakening: Religion in the 18 th Century Education in the Colonies Culture and Folkways The Press and Politics Chapter 6 France and New France The French and Indian War Uh Oh Americans become Restless like you pesky teenagers Jamestown & Plymouth? 1607-1700 Growth of America? Growth of the colonies to 1776? A Little Review to Help the Brain Remember the Colonies: New England Religious : Intolerant and Puritanical (leading to Congregational) Political: Town Meetings, Majority Rule, Mayflower Compact Economic: Diversification, shipping, lumber, fish, subsistence ag. 1
A Little Review to Help the Brain Remember the Colonies: Middle Colonies: Religious: Diversity, toleration, Quaker Haven Political: Representative Assemblies Economic: Rich soil produced grain, shipping and commercial centers in the cities A Little Review to Help the Brain Remember the Colonies: Southern Colonies: Religious: Anglican Church Political: Ruled by Aristocratic Elite (Slavocracy) Economic: Focused on Cash Crops (Tobacco, Rice, Indigo) Slavery Northern and Middle Colonies: Domestic Servants, Urban Slaves Little agricultural slaves Merchants and traders profiting from the slave trade. Southern Colonies: Upper South Tobacco (poor man s crop), gang system (Slaves developed more Euro-African American Culture) Lower South Rice (rich man s crop), task system (Slaves retained more African Traditions) Slave Rebellions Resistance: Runaways Florida and the cities (why Florida? NYC Slave Revolt 1712 1 st in British North America Stono Rebellion 1739 South Carolina Largest pre-revolutionary War revolt Put down by white militia South Carolina 2
Immigrants and Ethnicities IMMIGRANTS AND ETHNICITIES Talking about VOLUNTARY Immigrants (not involuntary slaves) Reasons for Immigration: Chance to own land (do they?) Greater social mobility (always?) Religious freedom (everywhere?) Lower taxes & Material Goods Better diet (MORE MEAT!) Immigrant Groups Immigration also contributed to population growth in the 18th century. Diversity through Immigration English and Welsh were still important, but other European groups arrive (Esp. the Middle Colonies) 15 16 More Immigrants Causes Complexity Booming immigrant population calls for more cheap land Isolation on the frontier Scots-Irish Confrontation with the Natives East vs. west land conflicts Paxton Boys Regulators Where do they get it from? Need of protection causes growth of militias (ready made army kinda) 3
Social Class: Rise of the Elites Lesser Professional Men Small Landowning Farmers Lesser Tradesmen, Manual Laborers, Hired Hands Indentured Servants and Jailbirds SLAVES Aristocrats: Leading Planters, Merchants, Lawyers, Officials, Clergymen Discussion Questions: Was there greater social mobility in the English colonies? What contributed to this social mobility? What was a major impediment to the idea of social mobility in the English colonies? Why? Religion RELIGION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT Name of Religion Number of Members Chief Location Congregationalist 575,000 New England Anglicans 500,000 N.Y, Southern Colonies Presbyterians 410,000 Frontier (West) German Churches (Including Lutherans) 200,000 Pennsylvania Dutch Reformed 75,000 N.Y., N.J. Quakers 40,000 Pennsylvania,N.J., Delaware Baptists 25,000 R.I., Penn, N.J., Del. Roman Catholics 25,000 Maryland, Penn Methodist 5,000 Scattered throughout Jews 2,000 N.Y., R.I. TOTAL MEMBERSHIP 1,857,000 TOTAL POPULATION 2,493,000 % of Population that were Members 74% Religion Continued Tax Supported (Established) Churches, 1775 Colonies Church Date of Disestablishment Massachusetts Congregationalist 1833 Connecticut Congregationalist 1818 New Hampshire Congregationalist 1819 Rhode Island NONE New York Anglican (Only in NYC) 1777 New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware NONE NONE NONE Maryland Anglican 1777 Virginia Anglican 1786 North Carolina Anglican 1776 South Carolina Anglican 1778 Georgia Anglican 1777 4
Rule of reason and logic Scientific Method Philosophy that attempts to explain the earth through human endeavors Creation of Deism Superior being created Universe, universe is guided by logical principles Many founding fathers were followers of the Enlightenment and Deism Jefferson, Washington, Franklin The Enlightenment God as the watchmaker The Great Awakening: A Reaction to the Enlightenment Jonathan Edwards The New Lights 5
Great Awakening (in 3 Parts) Jonathon Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Anti-Arminianism Use Enlightenment logic to argue against the Enlightenment Helps orchestrate George Whitefield George Whitefield Conversion through emotion Frontier, itinerant preacher Preaches to the Poor New lights John Wesley Methodist (reform religion anti-slavery, prison reform, temperance) Embrace Arminianism Humans can choose election Effects of the Great Awakening Short Term: Americans become more emotional Churches split over revivals (new denominations) More powerful amongst the Frontiersmen (poor people) More disunity between the colonies Effects of the Great Awakening Long Term: Inspired criticism of colonial society Breaks down localism First mass movement that spread over all of the colonies Methodists, Baptists, Presbysgrow Anglicans, Catholics, and Quakers shrink. Scots-Irish Colonial Economy Slave Trade (Triangle Trade) Lumber and Naval Stores 4 World Wars Mercantilism Molasses Act of 1733 Navigation Acts Period of Salutary Neglect Salutary Neglect Economically: Mercantilism Navigation Acts 1660s Molasses Act 1733 Politically: English Civil War Restoration Confederation of New England Dominion of New England Glorious Revolution - 1688 6
Phyllis Wheatley Former Slave Poet John Trumbull Painter Charles Willson Peale Painter Washington s portrait Benjamin West John Singleton Copley Painters Loyalists Art and Artists Most had to go to England and Europe to become famous artists and train A Rebus I. A bird delicious to the taste, On which an army once did feast, Sent by an hand unseen; A creature of the horned race, Which Britain's royal standards grace; A gem of vivid green; II. A town of gaiety and sport, Where beaux and beauteous nymphs resort, And gallantry doth reign; A Dardan hero fam'd of old For youth and beauty, as we're told, And by a monarch slain; Phyllis Wheatley III. A peer of popular applause, Who doth our violated laws, And grievances proclaim. Th' initials show a vanquish'd town, That adds fresh glory and renown To old Britannia's fame. An Answer to the Rebus The poet asks, and Phillis can't refuse To show th' obedience of the Infant muse. She knows the Quail of most inviting taste Fed Israel's army in the dreary waste; Boston's a town, polite and debonair, To which the beaux and beauteous nymphs repair, Each Helen strikes the mind with sweet surprise, While living lightning flashes from her eyes, See young Euphorbus of the Dardan line By Manelaus' hand to death resign: And what's on Britain's royal standard borne, The well known peer of popular applause But the tall, graceful, rampant Unicorn? Is C----m zealous to support our laws. The Emerald with a vivid verdure glows Quebec now vanquish'd must obey, She too much annual tribute pay Among the gems which regal crowns To Britain of immortal fame. compose; And add new glory to her name. Discussion Question How did the printing press change American society? Born in Boston (moved to Philly) Inventor, Scientist, Printer Early career: satires of N.E. under the pseudonym Silence Dogooder Later career: Poor Richard s Almanack Respected diplomat, author, philosopher Benjamin Franklin The First American Things you didn t know Benjamin Franklin invented 7
Words of Poor Richard A Flatterer never seems absurd The Flattered always takes his Word Beware of meat twice boil d and an old foe reconcil d He s the best physician that knows the worthlessness of most medicines 8