Chapter 10: Section 1 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Islam was created by Muhammad in 570 ACE Main Idea #2: Islam is monotheistic, Allah is God, Quran is the sacred text of Islam, and Prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (last great prophet) Main Idea #3: Followers of Islam are called Muslims, and Muslims are to follow the 5 Pillars
Section 1: The Rise of Islam begins in the Arabian Peninsula (mostly desert) involving Bedouins & Arabs Muhammad Becomes a Prophet, was born in 570 ACE in Mecca, as a youth he worked as a shepherd, later led caravans across the desert as a merchant, married at 25, and Muhammad was known for his honesty Muhammad Becomes God s Messenger through meditation in a cave and being called to be a messenger of God by the angel Gabriel (start of Islam, and Allah was the Arabic word for God) The Hijra: A Turning Point came as Muhammad was threatened with murder, then started his hijra or journey moving to Yathrib (Medina) People of Medina became a umma (Muslim community), came back to Mecca and destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and rededicated to Allah
Teachings of Islam: monotheistic (Allah), Quran (sacred text of Islam), people are responsible for their own actions, and Prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (last great prophet) Muslims Study the Quran (sacred word of God to Muhammad) to know and practice God s will for life (ethical standards: honesty, generosity, and social justice) Muslims Follow Duties (5 Pillars: 1. declaration of faith; 2. pray 5 times a day; 3. give to charity; 4. practice the holy month of Ramadan (fasting from sunrise to sunset); 5. to make the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) Jihad, or struggle in God s service, usually dealt with personal duty for Muslims (overcoming immorality within themselves)
Islam: (A Way of Life) begins to govern daily life, and Islam determines behavior and family relations Sharia Islamic System of Law regulates moral, family, business, government and other aspects of life (developed by Muslim scholars, and does not separate religion from criminal or civil law)
Activity اإلسالم Create a word map showing the beginnings and basic teachings of Islam Muhammad created Islam Kaaba was dedicated to Allah / Islam Quran is the sacred text Sharia Law Beginnings of Islam Islam began in Mecca / Arabian Peninsula Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel Began in 570 ACE Muhammad Meditated in a cave Groups of followers were called Umma Pillar #1: declaration of faith Pillar #2: Pray 5 times a day Pillar #5: Hajj to Mecca / Kaaba Basic Beliefs of Islam Jihad / Personal Struggle Pillar #3: Give to Charity Pillar #4: Celebrate Ramadan
Chapter 10: Section 2 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Muslims defeat the Byzantine & Persian Empires Main Idea #2: Islam splits over who should be caliph, creating Sunnis and Shiites Main Idea #3: Umayyad Empire is the first major Islamic empire, and includes Spain, the Byzantine Empire, North Africa, and into France Main Idea #4: Abbasid Empire is the second major Islamic empire, and focused on learning and encouraging conversion
Section 2: Building a Muslim Empire was in doubt when Muhammad died Early Challenges to Islam occurred as no successor had been named, but Abu Bakr (Muhammad s father-in-law) was named the first caliph (leader of Islam) Divisions Emerge Within Islam over who should be chosen to lead the Islam (Sunni and Shiite) Sunnis: Muhammad was the last prophet, future caliphs would be decided upon their political position / ability, caliphs had to be a male from Muhammad s tribe, and people followed the customs of the community Shiites: Ali, Muhammad s son-in-law, should be caliph and only decedents could rule Today s differences: religious practice, law, and daily life (90% of Muslims are Sunni; Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen; Shiite sect splits creating several groups)
Venn Diagram Sunni & Shiite Islam Sects Caliph should be the most capable Represent 90%- 85% of Muslims Located in N. Africa, Middle East, India, Indonesia Muhammad is Caliph should be founder a blood relative of Muhammad Quran is sacred text Follow 5 Pillars Represent 10%- 15% of Muslims Sharia is used Located in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, and Yemen Sunni Shiite
Umayyad (661-750) Caliphs Build an Empire expanding Islam to Spain, Morocco, Indus River Expanding the Muslim Empire encompassed Spain, the Byzantine Empire, North Africa, and into France (stopped at the Battle of Tours)
Rise of the Abbasids (750-850) began as Abu al- Abbas, Muhammad s uncle, gained support from Shiite and non-arab Muslims, and took over from the Umayyad dynasty (killed Umayyad family) Splendors of Baghdad (became the Muslim capital) was protected by a large wall, and focused on learning, had markets, palaces, and mosques (palaces and mosques known for their minarets)
The Muslim Empire Declines through invasions by the Seljuk Turks & Mongols Seljuk Turks Take Control by migrating from the Central Asia, adopted Islam, and built an empire across the Fertile Crescent (which would eventually led to the crusades) Mongols Sweep Across Central Asia in 1216 and in 1258 (migrating from Central Asia) as Genghis Khan & Hulagu (Genghis s grandson) looted and burned Baghdad (killing the last Abbasid caliph)
Chapter 10: Section 3 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Muslim Social Advances: ended slavery and allowed social mobility Economic Advances: trade network, unified system of weights and measures Main Idea #2: Muslim Art: had no figures of gods and/or human figures in Islamic religious art Architecture: known for minarets, arches, and decorated with calligraphy Main Idea #3: Muslim knowledge had advances in philosophy, history, mathematics, and sciences (medicine); both boys and girls received elementary education
Section 3: Muslim Civilization s Golden Age had freedom of religion and revival of Greco-Roman learning Social and Economic Advances included Arab, Persian, Egyptian, African, European, Mongol, Turkish, Indian, and Southeast Asian people (blending many traditions) Muslims Build an International Trade Network between 750-1350 using the Silk Road spreading products, technologies, knowledge, and using money, implemented partnerships, credit, banking Manufactured Goods Are Highly Valued as guilds set prices, weights and measures were used, methods of production developed, and the quality of the product increased Social Structure and Slavery allowed for social mobility, but slavery was common such as household servants and artisans (Islamic law encouraged the freeing of slaves as an act of charity)
Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture were a collection of many different cultural traditions in the arts (no figures of gods and/or human figures in Islamic religious art) Poetry and Tales of Adventure dealt with desert journeys, joys of battle, or the glories of their clans, chivalry; poetry developed rules and explored religious and worldly themes Firdawsi wrote in Persian using Arabic script, and his greatest work was the Book of the Kings; Omar Kyayyam (Muslim scholar and astronomer) wrote The Rubaiyat; The Thousand and One Nights were a group of tales narrated by a fictional princess Religious Buildings had domes and minarets and arches, and were decorated with calligraphy
Cultural Area Economics Muslim Achievements Example from the Golden Age of Muslim Civilization Examples in the United States how we incorporate or use a Muslim advancement Arts Literature Philosophy Science
Chapter 10: Section 4 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Delhi Sultanate rules over northern India Main Idea #2: Muslims and Hindus clash due to the differences between Islam & Hinduism Main Idea #3: Muhgal India had a strong central government, a policy of toleration, used paid officials, and treated Hindu princes as equals
Section 4: India s Muslim Empires became a blend of Islam and Hindu traditions The Delhi Sultanate came to power as the Gupta Empire fell and broke into kingdoms Muslim Rule Changes Indian Gov. introducing Muslim traditions and developed trade & education The Sultans Lose Power when Tamerlane invaded northern India in 1398, enslaved thousands, and the Sultan no longer controlled a large empire (region broke into rival Hindu and Muslim states)
Muslims and Hindus Clash brought chaos and destruction on Hindus and Buddhists (killing many) Hindu-Muslim Differences: Muslims a newer faith, one sacred text, one god, equality, no religious hierarchy; Hindus thousands of years old, many gods, many sacred texts A Blending of Cultures occurred to unify government, religion, and economics saying Hinduism is monotheistic, rajahs ruled local provinces Muslim absorbed marriage customs, caste ideas, and urdu (new language, combination of Persian, Arabic, and Indian) The religion of Sikhism was a blending of Islam and Hindu beliefs / customs
Mughal India was created when Turkish and Mongol armies poured through mountain passes into India (led by Babur, who claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan) Babur Founds the Mughal Dynasty by defeating a larger and stronger army led by the sultan Ibrahim and created the Mughal Dynasty (Mughal is the Persian word for Mongol ) Akbar the Great (1556-1605) created a strong central government through toleration, he used paid officials rather than hereditary ones, and treated Hindu princes as partners Akbar s Successors, his son Jahangir and grandson Shah Jahan, were weaker rulers Shah Jahan s wife passed away and Shah built her a tomb (Taj Mahal), which is the greatest monument of the Mughal empire
Three Religions Islam Monotheistic, Religious & Moral duties in 5 Pillars Belief in Heaven, Hell, Judgment Day No priests; all believers are religious equals Hinduism Polytheistic Emphasis on religious and moral duties, or dharma Belief in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth Sikhism Belief in the Unity of God Belief in Reincarnation Rejection of Caste
Chapter 10: Section 5 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Ottoman Empire takes over the Byzantine Empire Main Idea #2: Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, had a strong army, Govt. and religion worked together Main Idea #3: Safavid (Shiite) Empire fought with Ottomans & Mughals (both Sunni)
Section 5: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires dominated the Middle East through new military technology (some call this time period 1450 1650 the age of gunpowder empires ) The Ottoman Empire Expands in Central Asia, in Asia Minor, and into Eastern Europe s Balkan Peninsula Constantinople Falls to the Ottomans (renamed Istanbul) Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, a strong army, and had a theocracy
Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, had a strong army, and gov and religion worked together Society is Organized Into Classes: men of the sword (all Muslims), men of the pen (all Muslims), men of negotiation (mixed) and men of husbandry (mixed) People were organized into Millets (religious communities, each with its own leader) Janizaries The Elite Force made Christian families pay a large tax and give up their sons for military service (boys were converted to Islam and trained, and the best soldiers were put in the janizaries) Literature and the Arts produced detailed miniatures and illuminated manuscripts Decline of the Ottomans began with Suleiman s death, bureaucracy became corrupt, and Europeans advance
The Safavid Empire (present day Iran) was sandwiched between Ottomans and Mughals, which created war (Safavids were Shiites & Ottomans were Sunnis)
PBS Documentary Islam, Empire of Faith