Leipzig on the path to the Reformation celebrations In the footsteps of Luther and Bach
Content 1 03 Leipzig and the Reformation 04 Leipzig Disputation 06 Martin Luther in Leipzig a city tour 10 J. S. Bach and Protestant church music 12 The Luther Trail in Saxony 14 Exhibitions 2016 18 15 Tours, excursions, educational trips 16 Our tour package Would you like to find out more about Luther in Leipzig and exhibitions and events to celebrate the 500 th anniversary of the Reformation? Then go to: www.luther-in-leipzig.de 2
Leipzig and the Reformation In the 15 th and 16 th century, Leipzig was of crucial importance to spiritual and economic life in the Electorate of Saxony. The Reformation brought an unexpected boom to the city, in the same way that Leipzig was key to the unfolding of the Reformation: Luther s writings were printed in vast quantities here and disseminated throughout the country. Leipzig printer Melchior Lotter published more than 160 writings by the Reformer. Martin Luther in Leipzig Martin Luther was born in Eisleben in 1483. He studied theology and then went to Wittenberg, where he became professor at the theological faculty of the university. From Wittenberg he repeatedly travelled about 60 miles to Leipzig sometimes even on foot. However, Luther s most important visit to this city of trade came about in 1519: this was the year of the Leipzig Disputation, a rhetorical debate between Luther and the Roman Catholic theologian Johannes Eck. It marked a turning point for Luther himself and for the Reformation movement. Follow in the footsteps of the Reformer and his supporters Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder. And of course: Johann Sebastian Bach. Two centuries later, the great composer and choirmaster of St. Thomas made the Lutheran spirit and Protestant views of life resound in his considerable oeuvre of sacred music. 1) St. Thomas Boys Choir 2) Old City Hall with the Museum of City History 3) Portrait of Luther as Junker Jörg by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1522 (Museum of Fine Arts) 3
Leipzig Disputation 1517 saw the birth of the Reformation. When Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg on 31 October of that year, it was the beginning of Luther s public clash with the institution of the Church and with the papacy in particular. Luther attacked the commercial sale of indulgences, which allowed believers to pay to redeem themselves and their dead relatives from sin rather than going to confession to do so. He was particularly opposed to the activities of Johann Tetzel, a preacher of indulgences and the source of the saying As soon as a coin in the cofferrings, the soul from purgatory springs! The smouldering conflict between Luther and the Church hierarchy came to a head in the summer of 1519 in Leipzig at the famous Leipzig Disputation. This began on 27 June with a Mass in St. Thomas Church, at which the St. Thomas Boys Choir also sang. Accompanied by his friends, the scholar Philipp Melanchthon and the theologian Andreas Karlstadt, Luther held his own against his opponent, the theology professor Johannes Eck, a supporter of the Pope. Their verbal duel lasted several days and took place in Pleissenburg Castle, now the site of the New City Hall. It covered a range of topics including indulgences, the legitimacy of the Pope, free will and divine grace. For Martin Luther, the Disputation, also known as the Leipzig Church Battle in 4
German, represented a final break with the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his refusal to recant his theses on the sale of indulgences, Luther and his followers were finally excommunicated from the church and outlawed by the Emperor in 1521. The Reformation finds its way to Leipzig Henry the Pious introduced the Protestant faith as the state religion in the Duchy of Saxony at Pentecost 1539. The official ceremony in Leipzig was also attended by Luther. He preached in the chapel of Pleissenburg Castle and gave a ceremonial speech in St. Thomas Church, accompanied by a performance of the St. Thomas Boys Choir. The Reformer s last visit to Leipzig was in August 1545, when he attended the Evangelical consecration of the University Church. He died in Eisleben on 18 February 1546. 4) Over the rooftops of Leipzig 5) Sandstone portrait The Mocking of Luther on the Fregehaus 6) Luther window in St. Thomas Church Did you know...? Leipzig printer Melchior Lotter was one of the first to print the 95 theses as a poster. 5
Martin Luther in Leipzig a city tour There are many places in Leipzig where Martin Luther and his companions once stayed. Follow in Luther s footsteps on a tour through the centre of the city (see map on page 9). 1 St. Thomas Church This late Gothic house of worship dates back to the 12 th century. A memorial plaque on a pillar in the nave recalls the start of the Reformation, launched by Luther with a sermon in 1539. One of the largest stained-glass windows in the church shows Luther holding the Bible. St. Thomas Church is also inextricably linked with Johann Sebastian Bach, who served as choirmaster of the St. Thomas Boys Choir for 27 years and whose tomb is in the choir. 3 Pleissenburg Castle (today the New City Hall) The Leipzig Disputation took place in Pleissenburg Castle in 1519. The building was destroyed around thirty years later, and the imposing New City Hall was built on its foundations in 1905. Did you know...? Johann Tetzel, preacher of indulgences and Luther s opponent, died of plague in 1519 and was buried in the choir of St. Paul s. 6
4 Auerbachs Keller In Luther s times, the wine cellar was owned by Heinrich Stromer von Auerbach, a friend and supporter of the Reformer. In later years, Goethe also spent time here and found inspiration for a famous scene in his play Faust. 5 Old City Hall Built in 1556, this magnificent example of Renaissance architecture now houses the Museum of City History, where visitors can see paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder, writings of Martin Luther, the Luther Chalice and the wedding ring of Luther s wife. 11 University Church of St. Paul With the service and final sermon given by Luther in Leipzig on 12 August 1545, the monastery church of the Dominican Order, consecrated in 1240, became the Protestant University Church of St. Paul. Although it was only slightly damaged during the Second World War, the GDR authorities had the church demolished in 1968. Today, the Paulinum on the new university campus traces the outlines of the original Church of St. Paul. 7) Paulinum University Church of St. Paul and auditorium 8) Auerbachs Keller 9) Katharina von Bora s original wedding ring, 1525 7
2 Thüringer Hof On his visits to Leipzig, Luther is believed to have often stayed in this guest house, which belonged to his friend Dr H. Schmiedeberg. 6 Barthels Hof / Market square, corner of Hainstrasse Luther is thought to have preached to the people from the bay window here in 1539, although this is not attested. 7 Katharinenstrasse 11 / Fregehaus The Gothic entryway leads to a small inner courtyard with a sandstone portrait depicting the Emperor, the Pope and a monk, and the year 1535. The meaning is somewhat ambiguous, and the title The Mocking of Luther is contested. 8 Hainstrasse 16 18 (today Hôtel de Pologne) This is where Melchior Lotter lived. He was a key figure in the dissemination of Luther s ideas: between 1518 and 1520 alone, more than 40 of Luther s writings were printed in his workshop. During the Leipzig Disputation, Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchthon and Andreas Bodenstein (known as Karlstadt) stayed in this house. 8
Currently certified as accessible detailed information available at: www.sachsen-barrierefrei.de 9 Museum of Fine Arts The museum has a large collection of graphic works and 18 paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Lucas Cranach the Younger, of which eleven are on display. The most famous is the Portrait of Luther as Junker Jörg (1521) by Cranach the Elder. 10 St. Nicholas Church This church, completed in 1165, has a Gothic pulpit dating from Luther s time, which is known as the Luther Pulpit for this reason. In the autumn of 1989, St. Nicholas Church played a crucial role in the Peaceful Revolution as the site of the Monday peace prayers. 12 St. John s Cemetery (today Johannisplatz) Sebastian Fröschel gave the first Protestant sermons in St. John s Church in 1523, in response to which the citizens of Leipzig rushed to the gates of the city. The church is no longer in existence. For more information, go to www.luther-in-leipzig.de 9
J. S. Bach and Protestant church music In 1723 the genius composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 1750) became cantor and choirmaster of St. Thomas Church, a position he held for 27 creative years until his death. During that time he wrote outstanding works of music, such as the Christmas Oratorio, St. John s Passion and St. Matthew s Passion as well as numerous cantatas. The staunch Lutheran also dedicated much of his energies to the Protestant chorale. The special importance of spiritual songs for the Evangelical Church had been stressed by Martin Luther himself, who is said to have stated once that Singing is a noble art and exercise. More than 30 hymns by Luther have been preserved to this day. Many of them were used by Johann Sebastian Bach as a basis for multi-part music for choir and organ adaptations, which have never lost their captivating appeal. This kind of music resounds regularly in St. Thomas Church during motets and concerts by the world-famous St. Thomas Boys Choir. Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1809 1847), who revived interest in Bach s work and is himself inseparably linked with Leipzig, also had a formative influence on Protestant church music: the son of Jewish parents, he was still a child when he converted to Protestantism. His deep religious feelings had a decisive influence on his musical work: In addition to the Reformation Symphony, he also wrote the two outstanding oratorios St. Paul and Elijah. 10) Johann Sebastian Bach (Leipzig Museum of City History) 11) Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy 11
The Luther Trail in Saxony The Luther Trail in Saxony leads to a number of locations where Martin Luther, his wife and other reformers lived and worked. The circular trail, which covers some 550 km, forms part of the German Luther Trail network and connects to paths in Saxony- Anhalt and Thuringia. www.lutherweg-sachsen.de Torgau In Luther s day, Torgau and its Renaissance castle Hartenfels were the main residence of the Ernestine line of Electors of Saxony and an important centre for the Reformation: in 1544, the castle chapel was consecrated by Martin Luther as the first newly built Protestant church. Luther s wife Katharina is buried in the town, in the Church of St. Mary. Johann Walter, the publisher of the first Protestant choral hymn book and a close friend of Martin Luther, was choirmaster in Torgau from 1526. Borna Martin Luther travelled to Borna on many occasions. Here he visited his friend Michael von der Strassen, a strong advocate of the Reformation, and preached several times in the Church of St. Mary in the town. Nimbschen Convent At Easter 1523 the nun Katharina von Bora escaped from the Cistercian convent in Nimbschen near Grimma together with eight other sisters, from which time she lived in Wittenberg. Two years later she married Martin Luther, with whom she then had six children. Did you know...? Johann Walter is considered to be the earliest choirmaster of Protestant church music. 12
12) Torgau 13) Katharina von Bora 14) Nimbschen Convent 13
Exhibitions 2016 18 Exhibition: Sensation Propaganda Resistance: Luther, the Pamphlet and the Consequences Nov 2016 July 2017 German Museum of Books and Writing, part of the German National Library Permanent exhibition: Lucas Cranach and the Motifs of the Reformation Museum of Fine Arts Exhibition: GIVING SPACE TO THOUGHTS. Artists Design Rooms for Contemplation 24 Nov 2016 28 May 2017 GRASSI Museum of Applied Arts Permanent exhibition: GOD S WORK AND WORD IN FRONT OF YOUR EYES. Art in the Context of the Reformation 24 Nov 2016 1 Jan 2018 GRASSI Museum of Applied Arts Exhibition: Worlds of Belief 27 Jan 25 June 2017 Leipzig Bach Museum Exhibition: The spirit of the Monasteries. Saxony s Centres of Religious Intellect in the Middle Ages 9 March 18 June 2017 University Library Leipzig, Bibliotheca Albertina Exhibition: Luther in Dispute. Leipzig and the Consequences 12 Apr 2017 28 Jan 2018 Leipzig Museum of City History, Old City Hall Permanent exhibition: Luther and Printing May Sept 2017 Museum of Printing Arts, Leipzig Special opening: Leipzig University in the Age of the Reformation 25 May 7 July 2017 Leipzig University, art collection in the rectory Exhibition: Bach and Luther 8 Sept 2017 28 Jan 2018 Leipzig Bach Museum Exhibition: The Office of the Church and Matters of Faith. Leipzig and the Challenge of the Reformation 12 Oct 2017 11 Feb 2018 University Library Leipzig, Bibliotheca Albertina For more information, go to: www.luther-in-leipzig.de 14
Tours, excursions, educational trips Themed tours: In the footsteps of Luther through Leipzig Luther and Bach Via Thomana 800 years of church, choir and school These and other tours of Luther landmarks can be booked through: Leipzig Erleben GmbH Tourist Information Katharinenstraße 8 04109 Leipzig www.leipzig-erleben.com Email: info@leipzig-erleben.com Tel. +49 (0)341 7104-230 Educational trips to Leipzig and to other Luther landmarks can be booked through: ReiseMission GmbH Jakobstraße 10 04105 Leipzig www.reisemission.de Email: info@reisemission-leipzig.de Tel. +49 (0)341 3085-410 Kirchentag on the Way in Leipzig: Music. Dispute. Life 25 28 May 2017 www.r2017.org 15) And they brought the little children to him so he could touch them, Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1545, in the Leipzig University collection 16) Memorial plaque in St. Thomas Church recalling the start of the Reformation 15
Our tour package If you want to follow in the footsteps of Martin Luther and the Reformation in Leipzig, a tour package from Leipzig Tourismus und Marketing GmbH is the ideal choice. from 185 per person in a double room Single person supplement from 50 Martin Luther and Leipzig for groups 2 nights with breakfast in a hotel in Leipzig Guide for a 2-hour themed walking tour Martin Luther and Leipzig Luther Meal (4-course meal excl. drinks) in the Thüringer Hof Inn (which around 1515 was owned by Dr H. Schmiedeberg, a friend of Martin Luther) Note: Minimum of 20 people. Booking required four weeks prior to departure; customised packages possible for last-minute bookings. Futher information and booking: Leipzig Tourismus und Marketing GmbH, Phone +49 (0)341 7104-275, incoming@ltm-leipzig.de This flyer as a pdf for mobiles City of Leipzig Department for Culture, New City Hall, 04092 Leipzig Phone: +49 (0)341 123-4200, Email: peter.matzke@leipzig.de www.leipzig.travel www.leipzig.de Funded with financial support from the government of the Free State of Saxony. Photo credits: Title (St. Thomas Church): fotolia.com / F. Seidel; LTM / Dirk Brzoska, LTM / Andreas Schmidt, Leipzig Museum of Fine Arts, Heimrich & Hannot / Christian Günther, Leipzig Museum of City History / Punctum (Bertram Kober) / Christoph Sandig, Wartburg Stiftung / Rainer Salzmann, University of Leipzig / Marion Wenzel; Maps: Leipzig: fenchelino design Gaby Kirchhof, Luther Trail in Saxony: Tourismusverband Sächsisches Burgenund Heideland e. V. (TV SBuHL)