Religion comes to America.

Religion comes to America The Scots-Irish Dunmore s War Of Gods and Guns: a New Perspective on the Revolutionary War The rifle that tamed the frontier and the British Riflemen Daniel Morgan

Why even bring up the topic of religion in a class about the Revolutionary War? Great question, but there s NO way to ignore it..

For a government that went to so much trouble to guarantee religious freedom to all, and to separate the state from the practice of religion, just look at every coin or bill in your pocket, In God We Trust

What we ll be covering today: - The Part Played by Religion in the Revolutionary War - Religions and the Native American Balance of Power - How the Reformation Changed Europe, then America - The Major Beliefs and Their Leaders - *** Pilgrims vs Puritans *** (Finally!!) - Roger Williams: Religious Tolerance in Rhode Island - King Philip s War: The End of Native American Culture in New England

Let s go back to some (9!) press clippings of the day, and the significance should become totally clear to all Was it really just "taxation without representation"?

Views on why England lost the Revolution

an Anglican Minister, 1753: They call themselves Scotch-Irish, and are the bitterest railers against the Church of England that ever trod on American ground. written even before the F&I War (1754-1763);

Scots-Irish historian James Leyburn wrote: A Philadelphia Episcopalian said that a Presbyterian Loyalist was a thing unheard of

King George III called the Revolution a Presbyterian war

A representative of Lord Dartmouth writes from NY (Nov 1776, now under British occupation, and to remain that way for 7 more years): Presbyterianism is really at the bottom of the whole conspiracy, has supplied it with Vigor, and will never rest till something is decided upon.

Parliamentarian Horace Walpole (a Whig) said: There is no use crying about it; Cousin America has run off with a Presbyterian parson, and that is the end of it.

Oxford scholar and well known English historian, James Froude (1818-1894), wrote: In the War of Independence, the English had no fiercer enemies than the grandsons and great-grandsons of the Presbyterians who had held Ulster..

A New England Loyalist declared the Scots-Irish to be. the most God-provoking democrats on this side of Hell.

a Hessian officer s diary entry, 1778, sums it up with "Call this war by whatever name you may, only call it not an American rebellion;. it is nothing more or less than a Scotch-Irish Presbyterian rebellion."

but it wasn't just the white man who was faced with religious conflicts.

What prompted the Natives to accept the missionaries attempts to convert them to Christianity in the first place?

it was all a matter of who had the stronger God.

and one look at what the Europeans were using for trading answered THAT question

metal cooking utensils, deadly muskets for hunting and fighting, woven fabrics the White man s God was indeed a powerful force, MORE powerful than their own Gods - but now the missionaries got involved. Which flavor of their God would be promoted? - the Jesuits converted the Canadian Hurons to Catholicism - tribes of the Iroquois nation would be split between Anglicans and Presbyterians, based on support for the British or the Americans

Understanding the Iroquois Confederation of Western New York and their split of allegiances..

Mohawk Seneca other Algonquin tribes Cayuga Onondaga Oneida

The Five (then six) Nations (c. 1650) (c. 1720) Seneca (guardian of the western gate ) Cayuga Onondaga Oneida (+ Tuscarora, c. 1722) Mohawk (guardian of the eastern gate )

Johnson Hall, estate of Sir William Johnson. Supervisor of Indian Affairs in North America (Johnstown, NY)

The Six Nations

Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Oneida (+ Tuscarora) Mohawk Allied with the British Allied with the Americans.. BUT WHY?

Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Oneida (+ Tuscarora) Mohawk Converted to the Anglican Church of England the English (they had the good stuff!)

Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Oneida (+ Tuscarora) Mohawk Converted to the Presbyterian Church by Rev. Samuel Kirkland (an American; if they win, we may get our lands back)

So once again, as with the Anglicans (British) vs. the Presbyterians (Scots-Irish), we again have alliances here based on a religious theme, and once again it s Anglicans vs Presbyterians, but now within the Native American tribes.

Looking at the influence that religion of the times had with regard to this 8 year long conflict, let s try to better understand it.

A short roadmap of how religions changed throughout the world - and then crossed the Atlantic

The year 2017 marked the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation.

At first, there was one Christian following (Catholicism, the Papal Shield)

then, came the Reformation. 50% of Catholicism Protests and moves to a new practice of their religion

The Reformation Upset with the Vatican practice of issuing Indulgences, Martin Luther, a practicing monk at the time, issued a call to purify, or reform, the church. He believed that the Bible, not any individual, should be the sole source of spiritual authority, and that nothing was needed to intercede between man and his God. A Pope was not, he felt, needed!

Historians usually date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther s 95 Theses. Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Banished from the Holy Roman Empire for his views, Luther devoted his time in a monastery to producing the first German translation of the Bible. These services, no longer all in Latin, would then be capable of being understood by ALL the worshippers.

Luther became one of the the first to skillfully use the power of the new printing press to give his ideas a wide audience.

New York s law barring Catholic priests from even entering the state had been repealed only in 1784. The growing influx of immigrants even before the late-1840s famine in Ireland was mortifying the city s Protestant, Anglophile and nativist majority. Two Philadelphia churches were burned by crowds in anti-catholic rioting

The major divisions of Protestantism

Anglican, Church of England

(Anglican, Church of England) Episcopal

(Anglican, Church of England) (Episcopal) Congregationalist

(Anglican, Church of England) (Episcopal) (Congregationalist) Methodist

(Anglican, Church of England) (Episcopal) (Congregationalst) (Methodist) Dutch Reformed

(Anglican, Church of England) (Episcopal) (Congregationalist) (Methodist) (Dutch Reformed) Lutheran

(Anglican, Church of England) (Episcopal) (Congregationalist) (Methodist) (Dutch Reformed) (Lutheran) Presbyterian

(Anglican, Church of England) (Episcopal) (Congregationalist) (Methodist) (Dutch Reformed) (Lutheran) (Presbyterian) Baptist

The ending of the Reformation has several different definitions. In Germany, it was the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany.

In France: The Edict of Nantes, 1598 (King Henry IV), granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (Huguenots) substantial rights. The edict offered concessions to Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, marking the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century.

but later, the Edict of Fontainebleau, in 1685 (by Louis XIV, grandson of Henry IV) revoked the Edict of Nantes. This created an exodus of Protestants from France and increased the hostility of the Protestant nations on her borders.

note: New Paltz was founded in 1678 by some of these Huguenots who had earlier taken refuge in Mannheim, Germany (centered in the Palatinate region)

While in England, Catholic King Henry VIII (the King of the 8 wives) was frustrated by the Pope s refusal to grant him a divorce so he could remarry in his quest for a male heir

He did not end Catholicism in England, but renamed it: The English Catholic Church, with, (no surprise), the role of Pope now replaced by the King of England as its leader

Now, the Archbishop of Canterbury, their new religious leader, had little choice but to grant His Majesty s every wish, including that long sought divorce

King Henry s church was, in reality, Catholicism w/o the Pope., with the ruling English Monarch at its head

It was King Henry s daughter who, to pacify the Protestants and their Reformation movement, created the non-catholic, Protestant, Church of England, the Anglican Church but still very similar to Catholicism (w/o the Pope), and not tolerant of those who disagreed with their precepts

we need look no further than Poughkeepsie to see an example of how close they were, and still are:

The Anglican Church of the Holy Comforter

In Catholic Scotland of the early 1500 s, corruption of the church brought about the most radical reform to Protestantism in all of Europe but, the Scots had no desire to accept the King of England as their religious leader (ie: Anglicanism)

Meanwhile, over in Ireland, the strongly Catholic Irish had no incentive to follow the Reformation, especially since English preachers sent to convert them never even bothered to learn to speak Gaelic, their native language

Wisely, they sent promising preachers off to Spain where the Jesuits provided them with a formal education (as was required of the Anglican and Presbyterian ministers).

They returned to Ireland with the ability to provide significant assistance and guidance to their followers, and did much for the public good there. The Irish would now remain staunch Catholics

Elsewhere in Europe, John Calvin s (French, Swiss, and a former Catholic) evangelical Christian movement gathered strength.

John Calvin (by H. Holbein)

In Scotland, Calvinism, under John Knox, a former priest and follower of John Calvin, took the lead and melded it with the Scottish view on populism, (popularism = a growing support for the rights of the common people)

.. result: the beginning of the Presbyterian movement in Scotland, where it remains to this day

A Basic Roadmap: what came from where, etc..

We saw how England s King Henry VIII, for personal reasons, broke from the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church to start his own church: the English Catholic Church

with the reformation, his daughter created the Anglican Church of England, which is really everything Catholic, w/o the Pope

A part of the Anglican service contains a prayer for the health of the King but this was problematic for American Colonists who supported independence from England

With coming of the Revolution, Congress made it illegal to recite that prayer, and some ministers were forced to preach with a firearm at the ready on their pulpits! Others just bailed out, and left for Loyalist friendly Canada.

Patriot Anglicans here petitioned, to no avail, for their own Bishop in America, instead of having to report to theirs residing in London, following the King s orders. That request was denied!

It wasn't until AFTER the end of the war that they got their wish (from an ordination that took place in Scotland, because it would not meet the English allegiance requirements!) Look at what we see on today s Episcopal church in Fishkill:

organized in communion with the Church of England

after the War, Episcopalianism was started in America

so, in short: - Catholicism started it all, - Anglicanism = Catholicism w/o the Pope - Episcopalianism = Anglicanism w/o the King but it goes even further now

Many believers felt the Episcopal service was too formal, and needed to be brought down to a more common-folk approach, enter John Wesley, an Anglican minister who created the Methodist church (but died an Anglican) by preaching to the poor coal miners

John Wesley

Methodism caught on in acceptance here, promoting more evangelical work amongst non-church goers, and finding a place of importance even for the poor; It merged with the Episcopalian movement to become the ME Church, Methodist-Episcopal

but with the Civil War coming to America, and differing feelings as to slavery and its abolition, the two organizations split apart, even today, however, you still will find AME Zion churches, African-Methodist-Episcopal as a reminder of this old partnership

What about our Presbyterian Scots-Irish frontier-folk? An interesting transformation was taking place in that community, too..

The formal educational prerequisites for becoming ordained in the Presbyterian church was tough: - 4 years of college, followed by - 2 more in divinity school (including Greek and Hebrew), plus - a mandatory visit to preach in the colonies.

The requirement for 6 years of college resulted in too few ministers available to preach in the frontier country. Formal services were often weeks apart - this was unacceptable to a community of God respecting people - some alternative was needed

The Baptist movement in England : NO formal educational prerequisites for its preachers In essence, this gave the Baptists a 6 year jump start over the Presbyterians, and the movement took off in America with great acceptance.. even to this day

They felt that neither Christ nor any of his disciples were University Men and it was noted that Christ had even commanded ALL his followers to go out and preach the gospel but why the Baptists?

The Baptists No complex organizational structure No approving Presbytery required No formal educational prerequisites Communities would pick from amongst their members, and, even if illiterate, some with the calling already had the bible memorized by heart! THEY would minister to their flock - and now could do it EVERY Sunday

No more 6 week waits between marriages, baptisms, etc.

A holy Sunday morning, down by the crick

and on any OTHER day.

????? In a simplified manner, it can be said that Methodism was a more simplified, common-folk approach than was its roots, Anglicanism / Episcopalianism Similarly, Baptists were a more simplified, common folk observance of what had been Presbyterianism or

????? Methodism is to Episcopalianism as Baptists are to Presbyterians

To sum up here with some bits and pieces on some of the others we haven't touched upon: - Huguenots = Calvinist French Protestants - first allowed, - then banned, - then allowed, - then massacred, then, finally, allowed once more

The problem the Kings faced: how can you permit two religions, but insist that the King was selected by God. Which religion s God?

- Dutch Reformed: Calvinist Protestants in the Netherlands, with a belief and prayerbook so similar to - Scottish Presbyterians that they are often - said to be cousins (Calvanist)

- Counting them up, we have three protestant faiths inspired by John Calvin: Dutch Reformed Scottish Presbyterian French Huguenot

Baptists / Anabaptists: rejected infant baptism or coercion (the Anabaptists were the more radical in their beliefs); you are Baptized as an adult;

but who were the Anabaptists? As a result of being persecuted, they opposed participating in government: - no holding of public office - no participation in wars - baptismal regeneration (more than once) Often seen in Mennonite and Amish sects.

Anabaptists - a Christian sub-sect whose members practice believer s baptism. When old enough to independently state their faith, they are able to become full members of the church. (Usually taking place between the ages of 16 and 24.)

The various pacifist sects: Hutterites: Central Europe; followers of Czech reformer, John Hus, and his Moravian church. Hus started the Reformation 100 years before Martin Luther, and was burned at the stake for heresy as a result. Mennonites: Germany; followers of Menno Simons Amish: Flanders; followers of Jacob Ammon Quakers: England; a Protestant break from the Church of England. They refuse to swear oaths and were opposed to slavery and the use of alcohol.

finally, let s try to clear up a long confusing comparison, Puritans vs Pilgrims Were they the same, similar, different?

Recall, once Catholic Church of England had become the Anglican Church of England,

an interesting movement began, as these new Protestants started to Protest once again. more changes were demanded enter: Pilgrims and Puritans

Pilgrims: Separatists, because they wanted to separate from the state (Anglican) church;.. in reality, here we have Protestants - protesting - Protestantism!

a slight, but important detour here.. Also separatists in England, the Baptists, started in 1609 by Pastor John Smyth who had left for the safety and tolerance of life in the Netherlands (Amsterdam for them, as opposed to Leiden for the Pilgrims). Its practice was considered illegal in England, and worthy of imprisonment.

In the Colonies, the first Baptist congregation was started in 1638 by Roger Williams in RI, after having been banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony (along with Anne Hutchinson) for his radical views (where radical meant the separation of the state from religion!)

The Baptists believed that their congregational control and organization would be on a locally determined basis, agreeing amongst themselves as to how they would pray and follow the Bible, and, most significantly, calling for a delay in being baptized until members were at an age to make that decision for themselves. They believe that only adult, conscious believers could be baptized

Also, the ceremony of being baptized would require a total water immersion of their members, not simply ceremonial affusion, the pouring of water on the believer s head.

recall this scene..

Puritans: wanted to purify the Anglican church and the King, which they did, after their Civil War. The victorious Oliver Cromwell and the Congregational church (merging Puritans and Pilgrims) took over and created (until his death) the Commonwealth of England which replaced the monarchy.

So now, for the very first time, YOU will be able to distinguish between Pilgrims and Puritans Similar today, but quite different back then

enter the commoner, Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) a Puritan / Congregationalist who opposed the King of England (Charles I)

A Civil War Begins (England); he fought with the Parliamentarians, the Roundheads against the Royalty ( Roundheads - because of their short haircuts, to distinguish themselves from the long haired, wigged, Royals )

He and his forces were victorious, ridding England of it s monarchy, executing King Charles in the process, and created a republic, the Commonwealth of England

King Charles I, King of England (Anglican) Oliver Cromwell, Roundhead Leader (Puritan / Congregationalist)

King Charles I, Attempted to become an absolute monarch and impose taxes w/o approval of Parliament, leading to a Civil War 1645 - Lost the Civil War against Cromwell s forces; creating a republic, the Commonwealth of England 1649 - Tried, then executed for high treason

Oliver Cromwell Commanded the English campaign against Ireland - leader of the Roundheads Occupied Ireland Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales Enacted almost genocidal anti-catholic laws in Scotland and Ireland: - the public practice of Catholicism is banned - priests are executed - a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation - 600K of 1.4M Irish were killed (approx. 50%)

Act of Settlement of Ireland : Catholic owned lands are confiscated (1652); - awarded to Scots and English settlers and soldiers. (Catholic land ownership drops from 60% to 8%)

Cromwell 1658: died, and was buried in Westminster Abbey Attempts to bring his son to power were rejected Charles son, Charles II, was brought out of exile in France to resume a Monarchy - the Royals then restart by exhuming Cromwell s corpse, having it hung it in chains, and then beheaded

and now, let s compare Puritans and Pilgrims:

both are considered Congregationalists, but there were major differences

Pilgrims vs. Puritans How their views compared: Similar to Dutch Reformed and Presbyterianism, both of these two reformation sects were also based on the teachings of the French/Swiss religious reformer, John Calvin.

but there were significant differences: The Puritans were richer, and better educated, many with Harvard educations. They wanted to remain under the Anglican church, BUT wanted to change it, reform it, PURify it, and remove all remnants of Catholicism, and were expelled from England for these beliefs whereas.

The Pilgrims were generally poorer, less educated, and wanted to totally separate themselves from the Church of England and abandon their local parishes that reported to higher authorities.

They were also, even before the Puritans, expelled from England for insulting the King and his Anglican church, resettling in Leiden, Netherlands, for several years, before finding life there too liberal in which to raise their children; Next stop: America

Pilgrims Puritans Came to America 1621 1629 Settled in Plymouth Salem and Boston Led by William Bradford John Winthrop Sponsored by Va Company MA Bay Company of London Policies Live with Natives Eliminate Natives, (& Catholics, Quakers)

Puritans Pilgrims

And now, some inconvenient truths about life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

the overly tolerant were expelled, driven out (if not hung, as were Quaker dissenters, along with those dangerous Salem witches!)

enter Roger Williams (c.1603-1683) Puritan clergyman and advocate of religious freedom, who became a Reformed Baptist minister. Exiled from MA Bay Colony (1635) for his radical religious beliefs when he: - challenged his fellow Puritans to acknowledge their separation from the Church of England - questioned the King's right to confiscate Native s lands

The reason for his being exiled? The spreading of new and and dangerous ideas

In purifying the church, he believed in: - religious tolerance and - a complete separation between church and state

He founded Rhode Island : - legally purchased native lands to establish its capital, biblically naming it.. Providence Plantation

Puritan Pilgrim where ALL were welcome

People fleeing persecution both in the Massachusetts colony and England were afforded safe haven here, later to become the colony of Rhode Island - explains why it attracted Quakers - became an official colony in 1644 - the first REAL religious freedom in America - Williams served as its president for three consecutive terms maintaining close ties with the local Native Americans, especially the Narragansetts, whose language he learned

To his additional credit, Roger Williams organized the first attempts to abolish slavery in the British colonies. A number of African American slaves later had their freedom purchased and then served as free men in Washington s army during the Revolutionary War. (The Southern colonies were not at all impressed!)

The Other Safe Place of the Day William Penn s Pennsylvania came later (1681) when he was granted a charter for The Province of Pennsylvania by King Charles II (it was granted by the King to settle a 16,000 debt that the King owed to Penn s father!) As with RI, it became a haven for Quakers and others fleeing religious persecution

enter: King Philip s War (1675-1676) ( King Phillip - a local Indian Chief)

For the first 50 years after the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth in 1620, the English colonists had a fairly peaceful relationship with the local Native Americans Without the help of the Wampanoag people, the Pilgrims would have never survived that first winter

As the colonies began to expand into Indian territory, the local tribes became more concerned Promises made by the colonists were broken, as more and more people arrived from England

by the early 1670s, 50 years of peace began to deteriorate when the rapidly expanding settlement forced land sales on the tribe

Reacting to increasing Native American hostility, the English met with King Philip, chief of the Wampanoag, and demanded that his forces surrender their arms The Wampanoag did so, but in 1675 a Christian Native American who had been acting as an informer to the English was murdered, and three Wampanoag were tried and executed for the crime

King Philip responded by ordering the attack on Swansee, which turned into a massacre, and set off a series of Wampanoag raids in which several settlements were destroyed and scores of colonists massacred

Swansea, MA

RI MA

The colonists retaliated by destroying a number of Indian villages. The destruction of a Narragansett village by the English brought the Narragansett into the conflict on the side of King Philip, and within a few months several other tribes and all the New England colonies were involved.

in early 1676, the Narragansett were defeated and their chief killed, while the Wampanoag and their other allies were subdued. King Philip s wife and son were captured. Later, after his secret headquarters in Mount Hope, RI, was discovered, Philip was assassinated by a Native American in the service of the English.

In harsh English fashion, they drew and quartered his body and publicly displayed his head on a stake in Plymouth, just like they d have done back home!

The war was the single greatest calamity to occur in seventeenth century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in the history of European settlement in North America in proportion to the population.

In just over one year, twelve of the region's towns were destroyed, many more damaged The colony's economy was all but ruined, and its population decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service. More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Indians.

King Philip's War began the development of a greater American identity. The colonists' efforts, with no help from the English government, began to give them an identity separate and distinct from those who lived in Britain.

King Philip s War the final tally: 4000 Indians dead 650 colonists dead the result: New England Indian life was over!

King Philip s War, which was extremely costly to the colonists of southern New England, ended the Native American presence in the region and inaugurated a period of unimpeded colonial expansion. The Quakers, thanks to William Penn and Roger Williams, fared better

So, the ground we ve covered includes: Catholics, Anglicans, Episcopalians, Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Baptists and Anabaptists, Dutch Reformed, Puritans, Huguenots, Amish, Quakers, Mennonites, and Hutterites.

Talk about diversity. Does anyone now want to volunteer to explain Shakers, Christian Scientists, Mormons, Jehovah Witnesses, Nazarenes, Seventh Day Adventists? Perhaps best a lesson for some other day but.

Summing up today s class: - The part played by religion in the Rev War - Religions and the Native balance of power - How the Reformation changed Europe, then came to America - The major beliefs and their leaders - Pilgrims vs Puritans - Roger Williams: religious tolerance in RI - King Philip s War: the end of Native culture in NEng

If you couldn t find an organization here to your liking, you would start a new one on your own!

Catholics, Anglicans, Episcopalians, Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Baptists and Anabaptists, Dutch Reformed, Puritans, Huguenots, Amish, Quakers, Mennonites, and Hutterites.

Shakers, Christian Scientists, Mormons, Jehovah Witnesses, Nazarenes, Seventh Day Adventists?... take your pick.

along with the growth in popularity of nondenominational congregations,.. simply drawn to a different worship style short, conveniently timed services that emphasized a personal connection to God with no need for a vertical organization with its HQ far away, both physically as well as spiritually.

Religion in America.

Questions?

Pilgrims vs Puritans

Pilgrims and Puritans were very similar in their origins: After the Protestant reformation, there were a series of wars over religion- and namely who got to choose an area s religion. England ended up with the Church of England - a Protestant church ran by the monarchy. Puritans were those who wanted to purify the Church of England - they believed the Church had become corrupted by Catholic values (excessive ceremony, etc.).

These Puritans took two different routes- 1) try to change the Church that currently existed or 2) create their own Church

Those two groups are the Puritans and Pilgrims that we commonly know today. The Pilgrims were persecuted first, and fled to Holland. The Puritans were persecuted in England, but stayed. After years in Holland, the Pilgrims were part of a group that sailed to the New World. Blown off course, they landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Not everybody in that group was a Pilgrim - the Mayflower Compact was an agreement between saints and sinners (Pilgrims and everyone else).

The Pilgrims landed in 1620, and had their famous Thanksgiving feast in 1621. Then, the Puritans decided to leave England also, sailing in an all-puritan group to the New World, a move supported by British nobles, who simply wanted to get rid of them. They landed in Boston in 1630. This became the start of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, as well as the start of the infamous Salem Witch Trails and the persecution of Quakers

Trying to promote a separation of church and state lead Puritan minister Roger Williams to be expelled, become a Baptist, and to set up a religious haven in what he called Providence Plantations, later to become the colony of RI.

The two colonies had differences regarding their attitude towards Native Americans - the Pilgrims clearly treated them better. The two colonies would however ally in the Pequot war, and would eventually ally to become Massachusetts.

King Philip s War

King Philip's War (sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, or Metacom's Rebellion) was an armed conflict between American Indian inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Indian allies in 1675 78.

The war is named for Metacomet, the Wampanoag chief who adopted the English name Philip due to the friendly relations between his father and the Mayflower Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678.

Metacom (c. 1638 1676) was the second son of Wampanoag chief Massasoit, who had coexisted peacefully with the Pilgrims. He succeeded his brother in 1662 and reacted to rising tensions between the Wampanoags and the colonists. At Taunton in 1671, he was humiliated when colonists forced him to sign a new peace agreement that included the surrender of Indian guns. Officials in Plymouth Colony hanged three Wampanoags in 1675 for the murder of an Indian, and Metacom's followers and allies launched a united assault on colonial towns throughout the region.

Metacom's forces gained initial victories in the first year, but then the Indian alliance began to unravel.

By the end of the conflict, the Wampanoags and their Narragansett allies were almost completely destroyed. Metacom anticipated their defeat, and returned to his ancestral home at Mt. Hope, where he was killed fleeing an English attack.

The war was the single greatest calamity to occur in seventeenth century Puritan New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in the history of European settlement in North America in proportion to the population. In the space of little more than a year, twelve of the region's towns were destroyed and many more damaged, the colony's economy was all but ruined, and its population was decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service. More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Indians.

King Philip's War began the development of a greater European- American identity. The colonists' trials, without significant English government support, gave them a group identity separate and distinct from those who lived in Britain.

Views on why England lost the Revolution an Anglican Minister, 1753: They call themselves Scotch-Irish, and are the bitterest railers against the Church of England that ever trod on American ground. (written even before the F&I War (1754-1763);.. Scots-Irish historian James Leyburn wrote: A Philadelphia Episcopalian said that a Presbyterian Loyalist was a thing unheard of.. King George III called the Revolution a Presbyterian war..

George Bancroft, Father of American History : The first public voice in America for dissolving connection with Great Britain, came not from the Puritans of New England, not from the Dutch of New York, nor the planters of Virginia,. but from the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians... A representative of Lord Dartmouth writes from NY (Nov 1776, now under British occupation, and to remain that way for 7 more years): Presbyterianism is really at the bottom of the whole conspiracy, has supplied it with Vigor, and will never rest till something is decided upon... Parliamentarian Horace Walpole (a Whig) said: There is no use crying about it; Cousin America has run off with a Presbyterian parson, and that is the end of it...

Oxford scholar (and one of the best known English historians of his time, 1818-1894), James Froude, wrote: In the War of Independence, the English had no fiercer enemies than the grandsons and great grandsons of the Presbyterians who had held Ulster.... A New England Loyalist declared the Scots-Irish to be. the most God-provoking democrats on this side of Hell...

a Hessian officer s diary entry, 1778, sums it up with: "Call this war by whatever name you may, only call it not an American rebellion;. it is nothing more, or less, than a Scotch-Irish Presbyterian rebellion."

after it was all over, they would admit: We have lost America thru the Irish. Lord Montjoy, addressing Parliament

In the Continental army, the Pennsylvania Line, perhaps the best unit in the entire army, was mostly Scots-Irish. As a whole, the Scots-Irish represented over 40% of Washington s entire army.

Washington wrote home about the dire situation, as well as how he felt about these strong frontiersmen, he explains what he would do for a last stand, should that be necessary; HIS words, HIS thoughts

If all else fails, I will retreat up the Valley of Virginia, plant my flag on the Blue Ridge, rally around the Scotch- Irish of that region, and make my last stand for liberty...amongst a people who will never submit to British tyranny whilst there s a man left to draw a trigger. G.Washington

Hebrew? Many of America s Universities started as theological seminaries; a knowledge of Hebrew, the language of the bible, along with Greek was required;

The Ivy League

The Ivy League Brown Yale Dartmouth Princeton Columbia Penn Harvard Cornell

Two actually have Hebrew script on them.

Yale translation: Light and Truth

Columbia

H V H Y reading, from right to left: Y H V H, My Lord and phonetically pronounced: Je-ho-vah, Jehovah

LAST WEEK: Religion comes to America.

What we ve covered: - The part played by religion in the Rev War - Religions and the Native balance of power - How the Reformation changed Europe, then came to America - The major beliefs and their leaders - Pilgrims vs Puritans - Roger Williams: religious tolerance in RI - & William Penn s Pennsylvania - King Philip s War: - The end of Native culture in New England

The Indian Nations Take Sides : Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Oneida (+ Tuscarora) Mohawk Allied with the British Allied with the Americans

Pilgrims vs Puritans

Pilgrims: Separatists, because they wanted to separate from the state (Anglican) church;.. in reality, here we have Protestants - protesting - Protestantism!

Puritans: wanted to purify the Anglican church and the King, which they did, after their Civil War, forming the Congregational Church, which merged the Puritan and Pilgrim beliefs.

A little more on the Anabaptists: Baptists / Anabaptists: rejected infant baptism or coercion (the Anabaptists were the more radical in their beliefs); you are Baptized as an adult;

Anabaptists: like the Baptists, a Christian sub-sect whose members practice believer s baptism. When old enough to independently state their faith, they are able to become full members of the church. (This usually takes place between the ages of 16 and 24.)

How were Anabaptists different? As a result of being persecuted, they opposed participating in government: - no holding of public office - no participation in wars - baptismal regeneration (more than once) Often seen in Mennonite and Amish sects.

Religion comes to America.

(Anglican, Church of England) (Episcopal) (Congregationalist) (Methodist) (Catholic) (Dutch Reformed) (Lutheran) (Presbyterian) (Baptist)

The start of NYU by the Presbyterians of NYC

An interesting aside, as religious differences bring about a new college in NYC : King s College, to be renamed after the Revolution as Columbia University, was chartered in 1754, and was created by the English Anglicans/Episcopalians.

A group of influential and wealthy Scots-Irish Presbyterians in NYC (including William Livingston and William Smith) formed a group calling for equal rights in religious liberty in education. Their descendants, in 1831, founded The University of the City of New York, later renamed to NYU, as one of the first American colleges to be free of any religious affiliation.

An early chancellor of NYU, Henry Mitchell MacCracken, was the father of Vassar College s Henry Nobel MacCracken (author of Old Duchess Forever ).