PHE 422 Christian Social Ethics Spring 2016 Instructor Fr. Michel Legault, MSA mlegault@holyapostles.edu - 860 632 3082 1. COURSE DESCRIPTION This course is an application of basic Christian principles to the political, economic and social spheres. It includes analysis of questions of wealth and poverty, cultural development, war and peace, and Christian involvement in government. 2. ENVISIONED LEARNING OUTCOMES Students will be able to demonstrate an awareness of social issues expressed in the precedent questions and to help him find answers at the light of the Doctrine of the Catholic Church through a philosophical personalist approach. Students will be able to articulate this information through active class participation. Students will be able to demonstrate that they have acquired useful notions which will enable them to study social problems more fruitfully and reflect on actions to be undertaken in order to favor social progress and justice in their respective fields of activities. 3. COURSE SCHEDULE This schedule below provides an investigation of the social issues under a Catholic approach to social order according to the Social Teaching of the Church. This course wants to answer the following questions: How should a Christian deal with social, political and economic issues? What Christian Social Ethics is? What the foundation of a Christian Social Ethics is? What human rights and the moral value of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are? What Society is? What its origin and components are? What the origin of the authority of the State and Government is? What property is? Is personal property opposed to the Common Good? How can one define human work and just wages? How can one understand liberalism and capitalism? How can one judge the precedent social systems under the light of Personalism? 1
Answers to these questions are found in some of the most important documents of the Catholic Church on social order. 1. Caristas in veritate, Charity in Truth, Benedict XVI, 2009 2. Centesimus Annus, One Hundred Years, John Paul II, 1991. 3. Mater et Magistra, (Mother and Teacher). Christianity and Social Progress, John XXIII, 1961 4. Pacem in Terris, Peace on Earth, John XXIII, 1963 5. Gaudium et Spes, The Church in the Modern World, Vatican II, 1965 6. Populorum Progressio, The Development of Peoples, Paul VI, 1967 7. Laborem Exercens, On Human Work, John Paul II, 1981 8. Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, The Social Concerns of the Church, John Paul II, 1988 8. The Challenge of Peace, U.S. Bishops, 1983 10. Economic Justice for All, U.S. Bishops, 1986 11. Gaudium Evangelii, Pope Francis, 2013 12. Laudato si, Pope Francis, 2015 1 January 12 2 January 14 3 January 19 4 January 21 5 January 26 6 January 27 7 February 2 8 February 4 Introduction Nature and object of Christian Social Ethics The Social Agenda, art. 1, The Nature of Catholic Social Teaching The Principles of the Social Doctrine of the Church (Javier Hervada) Human Rights The Human Person as a foundation for Social Ethics (Text of Fr. Michel Legault) The Social Agenda, art. 2: The Human Person Universal Declaration of Human Rights Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, chapter 3 Virtue of Justice - Rights and Duties (Fagothey, pages 234-235 + ch. 15, pages 238-262 + ch. 20, pages 322-330) Pacem in Terris (John XXIII) Society (Fagothey, ch. 22, pages 342-357) Gaudium et Spes (The Church in the Modern World) Vatican II Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, chapter 4 State (Fagothey, ch. 24, pages 379-395) The Social Agenda, art. 5: The Role of the State Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, chapter 8, II-III Government (Fagothey, ch. 25, pages 397-409) The Social Agenda, art. 5: The Role of the State Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, chapter 8, IV-VI Civil Law (Fagothey, ch. 26, pages 411-431) Inflence of the Catholic Church on Civil Law http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09066a.htm Education (Fagothey, ch.27, pages 433-443) Pius XI, Divini Ilius Magistri [The Christian Education of Youth] (1929) 2
Papal Teachings on Education (text from Edocere) http://www.edocere.org/articles/papal_teachings_on_education.htm 9 February 9 Property (Fagothey. ch. 28, pages 445-456) The Social Agenda: art. 6: The Economy + Pope Francis, Joy of the Gospel. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/apost_exhortations/document s/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium_en.pdf 10 February 11 Titles to Property and Contracts (Fagothey. ch. 29, pages 458-478) 11 February 16 Work and Wages (Fagothey, ch. 30, pages 479-496) The Social Agenda: art. 7: Work and Wages Laborem exercens (John Paul II) Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, chapter 6 12 February 18 Liberalism and Capitalism Historical and philosophical approach (Fagothey, Capitalism, text ad hoc) 13 February 23 Liberalism and Capitalism (continued) (Cronin, John. Current and recent social philosophies, Individualism) (Schweickart, David, Whose Self-interest: Reflection on Democracy and Capitalism) 14 February 25 Critical examination of capitalism. (The teaching of Frederic Ozanam, Emmanuel Mounier and Dorothy Day) Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (The Social Concerns of the Church) John Paul II Economic Justice for All, The American Bishops statement on economy 15 March 1 Mid-Term Exam on lectures 1 to 11 16 March 3 March 4-13 17 March 15 18 March 17 19 March 22 20 March 29 21 March 31 Marxism, Communism and Socialism Fagothey, ch. 31, pages 497-508 Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, The Communist Manifesto (SparkNotes Philosophy Guide) http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/communist/section2.rhtml Spring Break Communism: historical materialism and dialectical materialism From J. V. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, Septembre 1938. Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1976 Critical Examination of Marxism, Communism and Socialism Fagothey, ch. 31, pages 508-519 Rerum Novarum (Leo XIII) Personalism, a Third Way. Emmanuel Mounier, Personalism [text ad hoc] Dorothy Day, Paul Maurin and The Catholic Worker Social Order / The Social Question: The Teaching of the Catholic Church (Fagothey, ch. 32, pages 523-538) The Social Agenda: art. 4: The Social Order Rerum Novarum (Leo XIII). Quadragesimo Anno (Pius XI) The Social Question: The Teaching of the Catholic Church (continued) 3
22 April 5 23 April 7 24 April 12 25 April 14 26 April 19 Mater et Magistra (John XXIII) Centesimus Annus (John Paul II). Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (John Paul II) The Economy The Social Agenda: art. 6: The Economy; art. 9: The Environment Economic Justice for All, The American Bishops statement on economy Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, chapter 7 Nations and International Relations. (Fagothey, ch. 33, pages 539-554) The Social Agenda: art. 10: The International Community War (Fagothey, ch. 34, pages 555-578) The Social Agenda: art. 10: The International Community Peace and International Organizations (Fagothey, ch. 35 pages 579-587) (U.N.O., UNESCO, Peace and Justice, Caritas International, etc.) The Social Agenda: art. 10: The International Community Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, chapter 11 Ethics of Development The Social Agenda: art. 8: Poverty and Charity Populorum Progressio (Paul VI). Caritas in Veritate (Benedict XVI) 27 April 21 The Actual Issues of Globalization and Economic Crisis (Texts ad hoc ) Ecology, Laudato si (Pope Francis) April 28+ 30 4. COURSE REQUIREMENTS Final Exam on lectures 12 to 27 1) Class attendance and active participation: 10% 2) Mid-term exam: 40% 3) Personal Reflection on a social issue (from 2 to 5 pages with double spaces): (10%) 4) Final Exam : 40%. 5. REQUIRED READINGS and RESOURCES: 1. Fr. Austin Fagothey, S.J.. Right and Reason, Second Edition, Tan Books and Publishers, Inc., Rockford, Illinois 61105, 2000. ISBN 0-89555-668-5. $ 27.95 2. Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church. Libreria editrice vaticana, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Wahsington, D.C., 2005. ISBN 1-57455-692-1. $29.95. This book can be found on line for free: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/justpeace/documents/rc_pc_justp eace_doc_20060526_compendio-dott-soc_en.html 3. Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, The Social Agenda, A Collection of Roman Catholic Magisterial Texts. Citta del Vaticano, Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2000. This document in on line and can be downloaded for free. 4
http://www.thesocialagenda.org 4. Peter J, Henriot, Edward P. DeBerri, Micheael J. Schultheis, Catholic Social Teaching, Our Best Kept Secret, 4th edition, Orbis Books (Maryknoll, New York) and Center of concern (Washington, D.C. 20017) 2003. ISBN 1-57075-485-3 (pbk.). $ 22.00 6. SUGGESTED READINGS and RESOURCES: The titles that are marked with an asterisk (*) are in the Library of Holy Apostles College and Seminary *ALBERIONE, James. Design for a Just Society. Boston, St. Paul Editions, 1976. *BIGO, Pierre, S.J. The Church and Third World Revolution. NY, Orbis Books, 1977. CARRIER, Herve, S.J. The Social Doctrine of the Church Revisited. Vatican City : Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, 1990. *CALVEZ, Jean-Yves, S.J. The Church and Social Justice. The Social Teaching of the Popes from Leo XIII to Pius XII. Chicago, Henry Regnery Co, 1961 *CALVEZ, Jean-Yves, S.J. The Social Thought of John XXIII: Mater et Magistra. Chicago, H. Regnery Co,1965 *CHAMBRE, Henri, S.J. Christianity and Communism. NY, Hawthorn Books, 1960 *CHAMBRE, Henri, S.J. From Karl Marx to Mao Tse-Tung; a systematic survey of Marxism- Leninism. NY, Kenedy, 1963 COLEMAN, John, S.J. One Hundred Years of Catholic Social Thought: Celebration and Challenge. Maryknoll, NY, Orbis Books, 1991 COLEMAN John and Gregory BAUM, eds. Rerum Novarum : One Hundred Years of Catholic Social Teaching. Philadelphia : Trinity, 1991 CORKERY Padraig, Coompanion to the Compendium of the Social Dcotrine of the Church. Veritas Publications, Dublin, Ireland, 2007. ISBN 978 1 85390 959 7 *CRONIN, John, S.S. Christianity and Social Progress. A Commentary on Mater et Magistra. Baltimore, Helicon, 1964. *CRONIN, John S.S. Social Principles and Economic Life. Milwaukee, The Bruce Publishing Co, 1964. *CRONIN, John Francis. The Social Teaching of Pope John XXIII. Milwaukee, Bruce Pub Co, 1963. CURRAN, Charles E. Directions in Catholic Social Ethics. Notre Dame, IN. University of Notre Dame Press, 1985. 5
CURRAN, Charles E., Catholic Social Teaching 1891-Present: A Historical, Theological, and Ethical Analysis (Moral Traditions Series), Georgetown University Press, Washington D.C., 2002. DWEYER, Judith A, ed. The New Dictionary of Catholic Thought, Collegeville, MN : Liturgical Press, 1994. *GONSALVES, Milton A, Fagothey 's Right and Reason; Ethics in theory and practice. Colombus, Merrill Publishing Co. 1989. *GREMILLON, Joseph. The Gospel of Peace and Justice, Catholic Social Teaching since Pope John. NY, Orbis Books, 1976 *GUERRY, Emile,The Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church. N.Y. Alba House, 1961 (or Boston : St. Paul Publications, 1961) HESSEL Stéphane, Time for Outrage, Indignez-vous! Twelve, Hachette Book Group, New York, 2011. ISBN: 978-1-4555-0972-0 HIMES, Kenneth, R., O.F.M., Responses to 101 Questions on Catholic Social Teaching. Paulist Press, 2001. ISBN: 0-8091-4042-X *HOFFNER, Joseph. Fundamentals of Christian Sociology. Westminster, MD, The Newman Press, 1962 KAMMER, Fred, S.J., Doing Faithjustice: An Introduction to Catholic Social Thought, Paulist Press, 1991. *MARITAIN, Jacques. Christianity and Democracy, and The rights of man and natural law. San Francisco, Ignatius Press, 1986. *MARITAIN, Jacques. Man and State. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1951. *MARITAIN, Jacques. The Person and the Common Good. Notre Dame Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, 1946. *MARITAIN, Jacques. The rights of man and natural law. NY Charles Scribner's Sons. 1943. MASSARO, Thomas, S.J., Living Justice: Catholic Social Teaching in Action, (Come and See Series), Sheed and Ward, 2000. MASSARO, Thomas, S.J., American Catholic Social Teaching. Co-editor with Thomas A. Shannon, Liturgical Press, 2002. MASSARO, Thomas, S.J., Catholic Social Teaching and United States Welfare Reform, Liturgical Press, 1998 McKENNA., A Kevin, E. A Concise Guide to Catholic Social Teaching. Ave Maria Press, 2002. ISBN-13: 978-0-87793-979-5; ISBN-10: 0-87793-979-9 MOUNIER, Emmanuel, Personalism. Translated by Philip Mairet. University of Notre-Dame Press, ISBN 026800434X, 1970 6
NELL-BREUNING, Oswald von. Christian Social Doctrine of Karl Rahner, ed. Encyclopedia of Theology, The Concise Sacramentum Mundi. NY, Seaabury, 1975. O BRIEN David, J. and Thomas A. SHANNON, Catholic Social Thought: The Documentary Heritage. 7 th printing. Orbis Books,,Maryknoll, N.Y., 2000 RODGER Charles, S.J. An Introduction to Catholic Social Teaching. San Francisco, Ignatius Press, 1999. SIMON, Yves Rene-Marie. World, Society and Culture, NY, Fordham University Press, 1971 * SIMON Yves. Philosophy of democratic government. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1951 * SIMON Yves. A General Theory of Authority. Notre Dame Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, 1962 WALLACE, William, O.P. The elements of Philosophy, A compendium for Philosophers and Theologians. NY, Alba House, 1977. (chapters. 13 and 14) YUNUS Muhammad, Creating a World Without Poverty, Social Business and the Future of Capitalism, Public Affairs, New York, 2007. HC ISBN: 978-1-58648-493-4; PB ISBN: 978-1- 58648-667-9 Internet: Catholic social teaching: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/catholic_social_teaching About Emmanuel Mounier Personalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Personalism is the school of thought that consists of three main principles, and which can broadly be qualified as species of Humanism :... en wikipedia.org/wiki/personalism Roots of the Movement: Emmanuel Mounier and Personalism Personalism requires an affirmation of value, viz., the affirmation of the absolute value of the human person. We are not asserting that the human person is... www.cjd.org/paper/roots/remman.html JSTOR: Personalism Engaged: Mounier Reviews PERSONALISM ENGAGED: MOUNIER* The fame of Emmanuel Mounier, the French personalist and director of Esprit, has grown remarkably since his death... links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0034-6705 Using Google, go to Catholic Social Teaching. You will find all the major texts of the Catholic Church on social issues and other links. You can also go to the Vatican site. List of other Papal documents on Social Justice Sublimus Dei (On the treatment of Indians; 1537) 7
Apostolic Muneris (On the Evils of Socialism; 1878) On Plurimism (On the Abolition of Slavery; 1888) Libertas (On the Nature of Human Liberty; 1888) Exeunte Jam Anno (On the Right Ordering of Christian Life; 1888) Catholicae Ecclesiae (On Slavery in the Missions; 1890) II Fermo Proposito (On Catholic Action in Italy; 1905) Singulari Quadam (On Labor Organizations; 1912) Non Abbiamo Bisogno (On Catholic Action in Italy; 1931) Mit Brennender Sorge (On the Church and the German Reich; 1937) Divini Redemptoris (On Atheistic Communism; 1937) Summi Pontificatus (On the Unity of Human Society; 1939) Quemadmodum (A Plea for the Care of the World's Destitute Children; 1946) Le Pelerinage De Lourdes (Warning Against Materialism; 1957) Other non-papal links on Social Justice Franciscan Justice and Peace files. Catholic Resource Net was absorbed into the Eternal Word Television Network as their online division and renamed EWTN Online. Address of Alfonso Cardinal Lopez Trujillo to the tenth annual conference of Women for Faith and Family A speech delivered by Pope Pius XII to the National Confederation of Farm Owner- Operators Pax Christi Page. Economic Justice for All, the American Bishops's statement on the economy. The Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor is a statement by Archbishop Samuel Carter. Cardinal Roger Mahoney's statement on immigration. Address by Pope John Paul II at the opening of the Puebla Conference in 1979. The Ecological Crisis: A Common Responsibility (Message of Pope John Paul II on Jan. 1, 1990) The Busy Christian's Guide to Catholic Social Teaching is a great resource for showing how the Church's social teaching has developed over the last 150 years with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Archidiocese St. Paul Minneapolis : Office for Social Justice*** http://www.osjspm.org/cst/themes.htm Casa San Diego : The Houston catholic Worker *** http://www.cjd.org/ 8
7. EVALUATION GRADING SCALE: A 94-100; A- 90-93; B+ 87-89; B 84-86; B- 80-83; C+ 77-79; C 74-76; C- 70-73 D 60-69; F 59 and below Grading Rubric for the oral exams and personal reflection CONTENT 1 (F) 2 (D) 3 (C) 4 (B) 5 (A) Absence of Understanding Posting shows no awareness of the concepts addressed in the topic by shifting off-topic Misunderstanding Posting demonstrates a misunderstanding of the basic concepts addressed in the topic through an inability to reexplain them Adequate Understanding Posting demonstrates an adequate understanding of the basic concepts addressed in the topic by a reexplanation of them Solid understanding Posting demonstrates an understanding of the basic concepts addressed in the topic and uses that understanding effectively in the examples it provides Insightful understanding Posting demonstrates an understanding of the basic concepts of the topic through the use of examples and by making connections to other concepts RESEARCH 1 (F) 2 (D) 3 (C) 4 (B) 5 (A) Missing Research Paper shows no evidence of research: citation of sources missing. Inadequate research and/or documentation Over-reliance on few sources; poor quality of chosen sources; spotty documentation of facts in text; pattern of citation errors. Adequate research and documentation but needs improvement Good choice of sources but could be improved with some additions or better selection; did not always cite sources; too many citation errors. Solid research and documentation A number of relevant scholarly sources revealing solid research; sources appropriately referenced in paper; only a few minor citation errors. Excellent critical research and documentation Critically selected and relevant scholarly sources demonstrating extensive, in-depth research; sources skillfully incorporated into paper at all necessary points; all citations follow standard bibliographic format. 9
8. DISABILITIES ACCOMMODATIONS POLICY Holy Apostles College & Seminary is committed to the goal of achieving equal educational opportunities and full participation in higher education for persons with disabilities who qualify for admission to the College. Students enrolled in oncampus courses who have documented disabilities requiring special accommodations should contact Bob Mish, the Disability Resource Center ADA Coordinator, at rmish@holyapostles.edu or 860-632-3015. In all cases, reasonable accommodations will be made to ensure that all students with disabilities have access to course materials in a mode in which they can receive them. 9. ACADEMIC HONESTY POLICY Students at Holy Apostles College & Seminary are expected to practice academic honesty. Avoiding Plagiarism In its broadest sense, plagiarism is using someone else's work or ideas, presented or claimed as your own. At this stage in your academic career, you should be fully conscious of what it means to plagiarize. This is an inherently unethical activity because it entails the uncredited use of someone else's expression of ideas for another's personal advancement; that is, it entails the use of a person merely as a means to another person s ends. Students, where applicable: Should identify the title, author, page number/webpage address, and publication date of works when directly quoting small portions of texts, articles, interviews, or websites. Students should not copy more than two paragraphs from any source as a major component of papers or projects. Should appropriately identify the source of information when paraphrasing (restating) ideas from texts, interviews, articles, or websites. Should follow the Holy Apostles College & Seminary Stylesheet (available on the Online Writing Lab s website at http://www.holyapostles.edu/owl/resources). Consequences of Academic Dishonesty: Because of the nature of this class, academic dishonesty is taken very seriously. Students participating in academic dishonesty may be removed from the course and from the program. 10. ATTENDANCE POLICY Students are expected to attend class during its scheduled times. Excessive absence may result in a lowered course grade. 11. INCOMPLETE POLICY An Incomplete is a temporary grade assigned at the discretion of the faculty member. It is typically allowed in situations in which the student has satisfactorily completed major components of the course and has the ability to finish the remaining work without re-enrolling, but has encountered extenuating circumstances, such as illness, that prevent his or her doing so prior to the last day of class. 10
To request an incomplete, distance-learning students must first download a copy of the Incomplete Request Form. This document is located within the Shared folder of the Files tab in Populi. Secondly, students must fill in any necessary information directly within the PDF document. Lastly, students must send their form to their professor via email for approval. Approval should be understood as the professor responding to the student s email in favor of granting the Incomplete status of the student. Students receiving an Incomplete must submit the missing course work by the end of the sixth week following the semester in which they were enrolled. An incomplete grade (I) automatically turns into the grade of F if the course work is not completed. Students who have completed little or no work are ineligible for an incomplete. Students who feel they are in danger of failing the course due to an inability to complete course assignments should withdraw from the course. A W (Withdrawal) will appear on the student s permanent record for any course dropped after the end of the first week of a semester to the end of the third week. A WF (Withdrawal/Fail) will appear on the student s permanent record for any course dropped after the end of the third week of a semester and on or before the Friday before the last week of the semester. 12. ABOUT YOUR PROFESSOR Father Michel Legault, priest of the Society of the Missionaries of the Holy Apostles Life and activities Born in Montreal in 1935, Fr. Michel Legault studied first to become a teacher in the Province of Quebec, Canada. He taught 13 years as a Brother of Christian Instruction in public primary schools (1954-1958) and private secondary schools (1958-1964) [physics, chemistry, mathematics, Latin, Philosophy and music]. From 1964 to 1967, he taught philosophy at Normal School (College) In la prairie, QC. In 1967, he entered the Society of the Holy Apostles and studied theology at St. Paul University in Ottawa. While studying theology, he taught General Ethics and Social Ethics at Ottawa University. He was elected as representative of the students on the Senate of Saint Paul University. In 1970-1971, he spent one year at the Institut d Études sociales de Institut Catholique de Paris. He was ordained a priest on July 10, 1971. Then he taught philosophy, sciences and music while being dean of studies at Holy Apostles Seminary, in Otele, Cameroon (1971-1982). 11
From 1982 to 1984, he completed his doctoral dissertation (The Philosophy of Education of UNESCO) at Institut Catholique de Paris. In August 1984, he was elected on the general council of this religious family. During his sojourn in Montreal he taught philosophy at Saint John Vianney College and was the director of the Vocational Residence (students discerning for priesthood and religious life). He returned to Cameroon from 1988 to 1997. He was rector of Holy Apostles Seminary in Otele. He founded a Seminary of Philosophy for the religious of Central Africa, Institut de Philosophie Saint-Joseph-Mukasa. He organized the propaedeutic year of spiritual formation before the Major Seminary for the Ecclesiastical Province of Yaoundé. He was one of the first teachers of philosophy who opened the Faculty of philosophy at Catholic University of Central Africa (Yaounde, Cameroon), and he initiated the teaching of Philosophy of Education and Pedagogy at the same University. Since 1998, Fr. Michel teaches philosophy at Holy Apostles College and Seminary, in Cromwell, Connecticut. Studies Baccalaureate of Arts (University of Montreal) Baccalaureate in Education (University of Montreal) Baccalaureate in Theology (University St. Paul, Ottawa) Licentiate in Philosophy (University of Ottawa) Master in Philosophy (Institut Catholique de Paris) Master in Divinity (Holy Apostles College and Seminary) Doctorate in Philosophy (Institut Catholique de Paris) Studies in Sociology (Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. and Institut d Études sociales, Paris) Publications La conception démocratique de l'éducation : John Dewey dans Démocratie et éducation] Yaoundé, Cameroun : Presses de l'université catholique d'afrique centrale, [2002] Pour une philosophie de l éducation, Cahiers Jacques Maritain, no 14, Déc. 1986, pages 5-58 Une éducation libérale pour la démocratie: Jacques Maritain : pour une philosophie de l'éducation, Presses de l Université catholique de l Afrique centrale (Yaoundé, Cameroun), 2002, 62 pages Communication at the symposium on Jacques Maritain, Montréal, 1988, Métaphysique et éducation http://maritain.nd.edu/ama/knasas/knasas14.pdf 12