ISLAMI GLOBALIZATION Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy
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ISLAMI GLOBALIZATION Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Robert R Bianchi Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI
Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bianchi, Robert, 1945 Islamic globalization pilgrimage, capitalism, democracy, and diplomacy / Robert R. Bianchi. pages cm ISBN 978-9814508438 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-9814508445 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-9814508452 1. Globalization. 2. Islamic modernism 3. Muslim pilgrims and pilgrimages. 4. Finance--Religious aspects--islam. 5. Globalization--Political aspects. I. Title. JZ1318.B534 2014 303.48'21767--dc23 2013008278 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Front cover image credit: Egyptian Elections by Svitalsky Bros Copyright 2013 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. In-house Editor: Chye Shu Wen Printed in Singapore
For Lenny and the memory of Fazl
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Acknowledgments Several of the essays in this collection have also appeared in other publications in different versions or with different titles. Below are the citations to the original sources with grateful acknowledgement of the publications and conference organizers in each case. Chapter 2 The Hajj in Everyday Life, In Everyday Life in the Muslim Middle East, 3rd Edition, Donna Lee Bowen, Evelyn A. Early, and Becky Schulthies, eds. (2013). The material appears courtesy of Indiana University Press. Chapter 3 Hajj, In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Editor in Chief: Esposito, John (2007). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. Chapter 4 Reprinted from The Hajj, In The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, Immanuel Ness and Peter Bellwood, eds. (2013). With permission from Wiley & Sons, USA. Chapter 5 Hajj, Women s Patronage of: Contemporary Practice by Robert Bianchi from Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women. Editor in Chief: Delong, Bas, Natana; Series Editor: Esposito, John (2013). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. Chapter 6 Travel and Travellers: Travel for Religious Purposes by Robert Bianchi from The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Editor in Chief: Esposito, John (2007). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. vii
viii Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Chapter 7 Capitalism and Islam by Robert Bianchi from The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Editor in Chief: Esposito, John (2007). By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. Chapter 8 Reprinted from The Battle for the Soul of Islamic Finance If it Has One, Islamic Finance, September 2007. Chapter 9 Reprinted from The Revolution in Islamic Finance, The Chicago Journal of International Law, 7(1), January 2007. Chapter 10 Reprinted from Islamic Finance and the International System: Integration without Colonialism, In Integrating Islamic Finance into the Mainstream: Regulation, Standardization, and Transparency, S. Nazim Ali (ed.), Copyright (2007), with permission from Harvard Law School, Islamic Legal Studies Program, Islamic Finance Project. Chapter 11 Reprinted from Egypt s Revolutionary Elections, The Singapore Middle East Papers, Copyright (2012), with permission from Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore. Chapter 12 Reprinted from The Socioeconomic Bases of Ennahdha Power: Khaldunian and Tocquevillian Reflections on the Tunisian Elections, The Singapore Middle East Papers, Copyright (2013), with permission from National University of Singapore, Middle East Institute. Chapter 13 Reprinted from On Liberty and Human Interests in the Work of Iliya Harik, Journal of New Media Studies in MENA, Issue 2, Copyright (2013).
Chapter 14 Acknowledgments ix Reprinted from Leonard Binder s, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Developmental Ideologies, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 51(4), Copyright (1992), with permission from University of Chicago Press. Chapter 15 Philosophers, Lawyers, and Journalists: Arab and Turkish Ventures in Modernist Islam, Paper presented to the conference on The Arab State of Islam, University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Near Eastern Studies, October 2004. Chapter 16 Reprinted from Morsi in Beijing: Implications for America s Relations with China and the Islamic World, Middle East Institute Insights, September 12, 2012, with permission from Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore. Chapter 17 Originally published in China Report, Vol. 49, No. 1. Copyright 2013 Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, New Delhi. All rights reserved. Reproduced with the permission of the copyright holders and the publishers, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
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Contents Acknowledgments....................................... vii List of Tables.......................................... xiii List of Figures.......................................... xv List of Maps.......................................... xvii 1. Introduction: Islamic Globalization....................... 1 I: Pilgrimage and Religious Travel 2. A Pilgrim s Eye View of the Hajj....................... 11 3. The Contemporary Hajj............................... 24 4. The Hajj and Human Migration......................... 33 5. Women s Participation in the Hajj....................... 39 6. Religious Travel in Islam.............................. 42 II. Capitalism and Islamic Finance 7. Capitalism and Islam................................. 49 8. The Battle for the Soul of Islamic Finance If It Has One..... 56 9. The Revolution in Islamic Finance....................... 61 10. Islamic Finance and the International System: Integration without Colonialism......................... 76 xi
xii Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy III. Democracy and Islamic Modernism 11. Egypt s Revolutionary Elections........................ 87 12. The Social and Economic Bases of Ennahdha Power: Khaldunian and Tocquevillian Reflections on the Tunisian Elections.................................. 139 13. On Liberty and Human Interest in the Work of Iliya Harik.... 184 14. Leonard Binder s Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Developmental Ideologies............................ 195 15. Philosophers, Lawyers, and Journalists: Arab and Turkish Ventures in Modernist Islam.......................... 198 IV. Diplomacy and Great Power Politics 16. Morsy in Beijing: Implications for America s Relations with China and the Islamic World............... 215 17. China Middle East Relations in Light of Obama s Pivot to the Pacific.................................. 221 18. China and the United States in the Middle East and the Islamic World..................................... 240 19. The Lands of Islam in a China-Led Afro-Eurasia........... 260 20. Conclusion: Toward a New Concert of Civilizations........ 273 Bibliography.......................................... 277 Index................................................ 297
List of Tables Table 11.1. Table 11.2. Intercorrelations between Votes for Major Parties in Party List Districts......................... 89 Kafr al-sheikh Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats............................... 103 Table 11.3. Damietta Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats............................... 104 Table 11.4. Percent Party List Votes by District Cities.......... 111 Table 11.5. Table 11.6. Table 11.7. Minya Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats............................... 113 Sohag Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats............................... 115 Qena Votes for Professional and Worker-Farmer Seats............................... 116 Table 12.1. Major Party Vote by District........................ 146 Table 12.2. Employment in Economic Sectors and Ennahdha Vote.................................... 149 Table 12.3. Agricultural Employment and Major Party Vote...... 149 Table 12.4. Professional Categories and Ennahdha Vote.......... 150 Table 12.5. Education, Illiteracy, and Ennahdha Vote............ 151 Table 12.6. Household Consumption and Ennahdha Vote......... 152 Table 12.7. Tunis Major Party Vote by Neighborhood.......... 155 xiii
xiv Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Table 12.8. Table 12.9. al-sejumi Major Party Vote by School Polling Station..................................... 158 al- Umran Major Party Vote by School Polling Station..................................... 159 Table 12.10. al-menzah Major Party Vote by School Polling Station..................................... 160 Table 12.11. Sfax Madina Major Party Vote by School Polling Station..................................... 166 Table 12.12. Rainfall, Livestock Per Capita, and Ennahdha Vote.............................................. 179 Table 12.13. Regional Disparities in Living Standards and Wellbeing......................................... 179 Table 12.14. Regional Disparities in Household Expenditures...... 180 Table 12.15. Regional Disparities in the Intake of Animal Products........................................... 180
List of Figures Figure 11.1. Tacit Alliance of Islamic and Secular Liberals versus Salafis and NDP Remnants................... 91 Figure 11.2. Party Match-ups in Contests for Individual Seats..... 92 Figure 11.3. Figure 11.4. Figure 11.5. Figure 11.6. FJP and Nur Success Rates in Contests for Individual District Seats............................ 93 FJP Margins of Victory in Face-offs with Nur for 70 Individual District Seats......................... 94 Margins of Victory in FJP and Nur Competition for 70 Individual District Seats...................... 95 Class and Religious Conflicts in Urban and Rural Districts..................................... 96 Figure 11.7. Power-sharing and Partition in Kafr al-sheikh....... 102 Figure 11.8. Figure 12.1. The Ecological and Social Bases of Political Conflict in Fayyum............................... 108 The Seven Tunisias as Juan Linz Might See Them: North-South and East-West Cleavages... 143 Figure 12.2. The Regional Distribution of Ennahdha Vote........ 147 Figure 12.3. Ennahdha Vote by Governorate.................... 148 Figure 12.4. Support for Ennahdha by Employment in Economic Sectors................................. 150 Figure 12.5. Ennahdha Vote and Cars Per Capita................ 153 xv
xvi Islamic Globalization: Pilgrimage, Capitalism, Democracy, and Diplomacy Figure 12.6. Figure 12.7. Tunis Large Zones: Contiguous and Overlapping...................................... 156 Satellite View of Tunis Showing Salt Flats, Lake Tunis, and the Sea........................... 157 Figure 12.8. Vote for Ennahdha and the Four Biggest Secular Parties in Sejumi, Umran, Madina, Bab al-bahr, and al-menzah.................................... 161 Figure 12.9. Sfax Small Zones: Separated and Scattered........ 168 Figure 12.10. Satellite View of Sfax Showing Madina, Bab al-bahr, Rabadh, and al-basatin................ 168 Figure 12.11. Competing Explanations of Ecological and Socioeconomic Influences on Political Behavior..... 182 Figure 12.12. Pluralism, the Division of Labor, and Globalization..................................... 183 Figure 18.1. Strategic Alternatives and Their Consequences...... 243 Figure 18.2. Power Sharing, Regime Building, and Global Governance...................................... 245
List of Maps Map 11.1. Egypt................................................ 90 Map 11.2. Kafr al-sheikh....................................... 101 Map 11.3. Fayyum............................................. 107 Map 11.4. The City of Cairo.................................... 110 Map 11.5. The Governorates of Egypt............................ 121 Map 12.1. Tunis Neighborhoods................................. 163 Map 12.2. Tunisia Electoral Districts and Number of Seats........ 174 Map 12.3. Average Annual Rainfall.............................. 177 Map 12.4. Coastal and Interior Contrasts in Northern and Central Tunisia...................................... 178 Map 12.5. Transportation Networks in Tunisia.................... 178 xvii