The Division of Christendom

Section 3 Standards-Based Instruction Section 3 The Division of Christendom Standards at a Glance Students have explored the origins of the Reformation and official Catholic Church reaction to it. In this section, students will learn about the religious conflict that swept in the years following the Reformation and Counter- Section Focus Question How did religious conflict divide? Before you begin the lesson for the day, write the Section Focus Question on the board. (Possible answers: Some Protestant rulers distanced themselves and their nations politically from the Church; when a monarch established a state religion, citizens who accepted that religion fought with and often persecuted nonbelievers within their own nation.) Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge To introduce the concept of conflict, have students take stock of the situation in after the Council of Trent. Ask them to speculate on the way many Catholics and Protestants may have felt about each other. (Each side probably harbored ill will against the other.) Have them read and comment upon the title of Section 3; then, as they read the section, encourage them to jot down notes about the who, what, where, when, why, and how of this conflict. Set a Purpose Read each statement in the Reading Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to mark the statements true or false. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 46 Have students discuss the statements in pairs and mark their worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads strategy (TE p. T38) to call on students to share their perspectives. Students will return to these worksheets later. H-SS 7.9.4 Identify and locate the an regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant and explain how the division affected the distribution of religions in the New World. E-LA Reading 7.2.3 Analyze text that uses the cause-and-effect organizational pattern. Most of northern became Protestant during the 516 Chapter 18 The Reformation Universal Access L1 English Language Learners L1 Less Proficient Readers Tracking Reading Suggest that students use a ruler to help them keep their place as they read from line to line down a page. Exploring Main Ideas To check students understanding of the two main idea statements in Section 3, have them rewrite each Reading Preview Reading Skill Analyze and Compare Effects Changes such as the Reformation affected all of, but not necessarily in the same way. Use section headings to determine which areas in a piece of text discusses. Then, look for ways that each was affected by the High-Use Words Parliament (PAHR luh muhnt), p. 517 finance (F nans), p. 519 Key Terms and People Henry VIII (HEHN ree thuh ayth), p. 516 annulment (uh NUHL muhnt), p. 517 Act of Supremacy (soo PREHM uh see), p. 517 Henry IV (HEHN ree thuh forth), p. 518 edict (EE dihkt), p. 518 Philip II (FIHL ihp thuh SEHK uhnd), p. 519 armada (ahr MAH duh), p. 519 Background Knowledge The Protestant Reformation began in Germany and Switzerland. As the reform movement spread across, ordinary people and their rulers were forced to take sides. This division between Catholics and Protestants resulted in seemingly endless religious wars. It was nearly a century before the bitter religious fighting ended. Protestant Northern Germany was the birthplace of the Protestant faith. Luther s followers set up Lutheran churches in much of northern Germany. The Lutheran religion quickly spread north to Sweden, Denmark, and Norway and then east to Poland. Calvinism traveled to Switzerland, Scotland, and the Netherlands. In some places, the ideas of Luther and Calvin took hold easily. In others, fighting erupted over religion. The English Reformation In England, Luther s ideas at first met with opposition. Henry VIII, the king of England, wrote a book criticizing Luther s ideas. Protestant reformers were burned at the stake or forced out of England. L1 Special Needs main idea in their own words. Then, have them work in pairs to write (1) a brief explanation of how each statement came to be and (2) one or two ideas about what might have happened if had not become so divided. 516 Chapter 18

In 1529, however, Henry VIII came into conflict with the pope. Henry wanted the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. An annulment is an official action ending a marriage. The pope refused Henry s request. Henry was furious at having his power limited by the pope. He acted boldly. Without the pope s approval, in 1533, he married Anne Boleyn. In the years that followed, Henry married four more times. Then, Henry called Parliament into session. Urged on by the king, its members formed the Church of England. They declared this church to be independent of the Catholic Church. In 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy. This act made the king the leader of the Church of England. Religious Warfare in Germany In southern Germany, by contrast, the Holy Roman Empire sided with the Catholic Church. The Holy Roman Emperor was Catholic and wanted his empire to be Catholic as well. In 1547, imperial troops defeated a group of Protestant leaders in Germany. The emperor forced the people in some German cities to convert back to the Catholic faith. This crackdown started a religious war between Protestants and Catholics. The treaty known as the Peace of Augsburg ended the war in 1555. However, the treaty did not bring religious unity to Germany. It allowed each prince to decide which religion Catholic or Lutheran would be followed in his realm. Whoever rules, his religion was the policy of the treaty. Instead of a unified Catholic empire, Germany was now a group of independent regions with different religious traditions. Northern Germany was mostly Protestant, while most of southern Germany was Catholic. Which areas of became Protestant during the Reformation? History Background Henry s Protestantism At first, the doctrine of the Church of England was the same as that of the Catholic Church. Then, in 1536, the Church of England produced the Ten Articles of its faith. This document limited some Catholic practices but did not condemn Catholicism. In 1538, English churches were commanded to acquire an English Bible (called the Great Bible). Not Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? Fast Facts Who: Henry VIII What: King of England When: 1509 1547 Where: England Parliament (PAHR luh muhnt) n. group of people who make up a country s laws Henry VIII Why important: Henry VIII broke ties with the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England, with himself at its head. Fast Find How: Go online to find out how the pope responded to Henry s actions. For: More about Henry VIII Web Code: mxe-7183 Section 3 The Division of Christendom 517 long afterward, Henry rethought his changes. His Act of Six Articles (1539) restored all Catholic doctrines except for the supremacy of the pope. It was not until the reigns of Henry s son Edward VI and then daughter Elizabeth I that England truly became Protestant. Even today, the Church of England is the most Catholic Protestant denomination. Teach Protestant Northern H-SS 7.9.4 Instruction High-Use Words Before teaching this lesson, preteach the high-use words Parliament and finance, using the strategy on TE p. 503. Key Terms Following the instructions on p. 7, have students create a See It Remember It chart for key terms in this section. Have students read Protestant Northern, using the Oral Cloze strategy (TE p. T36). As students read about the founding of the Church of England, ask: Who was mainly responsible for the founding of this church? (King Henry VIII) You may wish to explain that an annulment states that the marriage contract was invalid and was never a marriage. Ask: Which war was ended by the Treaty of Augsburg? (a war between Catholics and Protestants in Germany) Why do you think ans went to war with one another over religious beliefs, instead of allowing freedom of religion? (Possible answer: Many people believed that heresy against the religion they believed in was sinful and wrong.) Independent Practice Have students begin to fill in the Interactive Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 18, Section 3 (Adapted version also available.) Monitor Progress As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure they understand the impact that differences over religious beliefs had on the map and the people of. Provide assistance as needed. England, Scotland, and northern The pope would not grant him an annulment when he wanted to remarry. Chapter 18 Section 3 517

Catholic Southern H-SS 7.9.4 Instruction Have students read Catholic Southern. Remind students to look for causes and effects as they read. As students read about religious conflict in France, ask: Who do you think was more to blame for this conflict: the Catholics or the Protestants? (Students may suggest that the Huguenots deliberately provoked the Catholics but that the king s response was overly harsh.) Ask: What happened in France on St. Bartholomew s Day in 1572? (Thousands of Huguenots were killed.) Invite students to explain the quotation, Our wars of religion are making us forget our religion. (Possible answer: The speaker probably felt that people were setting aside their beliefs in their zeal to fight those who did not share their beliefs.) At this point, distribute the worksheet Eyewitness to a Massacre. Have students read De Thou s account and answer the questions that follow. Then, ask: Why do you think the Catholics sent Coligny s head to Rome? (Possible answer: to show the leaders of the Catholic Church that the Protestants in France were being defeated) Eyewitness to a Massacre, p. 51 Southern remained largely Catholic during the St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots tore France apart. The deadliest incident was the St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre. Violence first erupted in Paris and quickly spread to the provinces. Critical Thinking: Apply Information How did King Henry IV help diffuse conflicts between Catholics and Huguenots? Catholic Southern The Protestant religions spread into southern as well. However, the nations of southern remained largely Catholic. Italy retained its Catholic faith. The powerful Catholic rulers of Spain became the main defenders of the Catholic Church in. France remained Catholic, though not without conflict with a growing number of French Protestants. Religious Conflict in France The Catholic king of France at first allowed Huguenots, as French Protestants were called, to worship freely. In 1534, however, the situation changed. Huguenots put up posters all over Paris denouncing the Catholic Church, even on the king s bedroom door. The king ordered the arrest of hundreds of Protestants. Some were burned alive for their views. Civil war broke out between Catholics and Huguenots in 1560. The worst single day of violence occurred in 1572. In Paris, some 3,000 Huguenots were killed in what became known as the St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre. Thousands more were slain in other areas. Our wars of religion are making us forget our religion, remarked a French general about the bloodshed. Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot military leader, helped to end the civil wars. Henry was the rightful heir to the French throne, but Catholics refused to accept a Protestant king. To end resistance to his assuming the throne, in 1593, Henry became a Catholic. He was crowned Henry IV the following year. The civil wars ended soon after Henry assumed the throne. In 1598, Henry proclaimed the Edict of Nantes. An edict is an official public order made by a king or another authority. It made the Catholic Church the official church of France. But it also gave Huguenots the freedom to practice their own religion. 518 Chapter 18 The Reformation Universal Access Answer Apply Information He made Catholicism the state religion, but he also allowed the Huguenots to worship as they pleased. L3 Advanced Readers L3 Gifted and Talented Reading About Historical Figures Assign one or both of these selections from Readings in Social Studies: Medieval Times to the Enlightenment. A Man for All Seasons excerpt (pp. 213 217): This play tells about Sir Thomas More s disagreement with Henry VIII over Henry s divorce and remarriage. Speech Before Her Troops (p. 218): Queen Elizabeth I made this speech to inspire her army as it faced the invading Spaniards. Invite students to share their thoughts about the selections and the historical characters that they present. 518 Chapter 18

20 E 20 W 10 W SCOTLAND North IRELAND Sea (ENGLAND) DENMARK ATLANTIC OCEAN PORTUGAL SPAIN 0 Religions in, 1600 Cities KEY Mainly Roman Catholic Mainly Protestant Mainly Eastern Orthodox NORWAY Sardinia Mediterranean Sea 10 E Adriatic Sea Sea B altic ENGLAND NETH. HOLY POLAND- Wittenberg LITHUANIA ROMAN Paris Worms FRANCE EMPIRE HUNGARY Geneva Trent PAPAL Corsica STATES Rome SWEDEN NAPLES (SPAIN) Sicily O 0 km 70 N W N 500 0 miles 500 Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection 30 E S Black Sea T T O M A N E M P I R E E RUSSIA The Inquisition in Spain Unlike France, Spain did not allow Protestants to worship freely. Philip II, the Catholic ruler of Spain, championed the Counter- He used the Inquisition against Protestants. Philip also financed troops to fight in against Protestants. In 1555, Philip inherited control of the Netherlands, a wealthy trading nation in northern. However, many people there had converted to Calvinism. To combat heretics, Philip set up the Inquisition in the Netherlands. The Dutch people rebelled, and Philip fought a war to keep control. The fighting lasted more than 75 years and devastated the economy of the Netherlands. Spain lost control of the northern Netherlands, which became a Calvinist country. Philip was angry that Elizabeth I, queen of England, had sent troops to aid the Dutch rebels. He also wanted to force England back to the Catholic Church. In 1588, Philip sent an armada, or fleet of ships, to attack England. When the Spanish Armada entered the English Channel, English ships attacked and sank most of the Spanish fleet. The defeat weakened Spain s power. 40 N 60 N 50 N 40 E There were three major Christian groups in in the 1600s: Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox. Study the map to see where they were concentrated. (a) Use a Map Key What was the main religion in France? Where were the Protestants concentrated? (b) Draw Conclusions Based on the map, was the Protestant Reformation successful? Explain. For: Interactive map Web Code: mxp-7183 50 E finance (F nans) v. to provide a large amount of money to pay for something Reading 7.2.3 Analyze and Compare Effects How did conflicts between Catholics and Protestants affect Spain? 60 E Instruction (continued) Ask students to characterize Philip II s policies toward Protestants. (Possible answers: He was intolerant; he used the Inquisition against Protestants.) Have students react to the English statement at the defeat of the Spanish Armada: God breathed, and they were scattered. What does this reveal about the attitude of the English? (Possible answer: It shows they believed that God fought on their side and, therefore, that God favored Protestantism over Catholicism.) Ask: What was the Peace of Westphalia? (the treaty that ended the Thirty Years War) Do you think a treaty could have ended religious conflict in? (Possible answer: It may have ended the conflict on a national level, but conflict between individuals may have continued.) Ask students to look at the map and summarize the pattern of how different Christian groups came to dominate different areas. (Possible answer: With a few exceptions, Catholicism stayed strong in southern, and Protestantism gained a hold in northern.) Independent Practice Have students complete the Interactive (Adapted version available.) Monitor Progress Tell students to fill in the last column of the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what they learned that confirms or invalidates each statement. Reading Readiness Guide, p. 46 Section 3 The Division of Christendom 519 History Background Aftermath of the Massacre The St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre took place in Paris on August 24, 1572. It took some time for word of the violence to spread through France. The king issued a series of contradictory orders: He first said that no more murders would be tolerated, but the next day he ordered that all Huguenots who congregated be put to death. So many murders occurred in Paris that the cemeteries ran out of room, and hundreds of bodies were thrown into the Seine River. After a subsequent massacre at Lyons, so many Huguenot corpses floated down the river toward Arles that the Arlesians could no longer use water from the river for drinking or eat any of its fish. (a) Catholicism; in the north (b) Possible answer: Since it converted millions of northern ans and many southern ans from Catholicism, it was successful. Reading Skill Religious divisions weakened Spain s power. Chapter 18 Section 3 519

Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete Check Your Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. Section Quiz, p. 56 To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 18, Section 3 Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read this section in the Interactive (Adapted version available.) Extend L3 Have students go to PHSchool.com to research Henry VIII of England, Henry IV of France, or Philip II of Spain. Students then should write a speech that their chosen monarch might have given, explaining his position on religion and why he wants to make a particular faith the state religion. The speech should try to persuade listeners that the monarch s position is the best one for the nation. Writing Rubrics Share rubrics with students before they write their lists. Score 1 List does not focus on Spain or gives only one piece of relevant information; the information may not be accurate. Score 2 List focuses on Spain but may give only one piece of information that truly and accurately supports the opinion. Score 3 List focuses on Spain and presents at least two supporting statements. Score 4 List focuses on Spain and presents at least three supporting statements. France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Poland-Lithuania, part of Ireland, southern Germany Identify Costs Possible answer: The religious wars cost thousands of lives and devastated the Dutch economy. 520 Chapter 18 L1 Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648, ended s religious wars. Critical Thinking: Identify Costs What were some of the costs of s religious wars? Section 3 Check Your Progress Comprehension and Critical Thinking 1. (a) Identify Which areas of became Protestant? (b) Draw Conclusions How did the Peace of Augsburg affect the balance of Catholics and Protestants in Germany? 2. (a) Recall Which parts of remained Catholic? (b) Apply Information How did King Philip II of Spain support the Counter- Reformation? 520 Chapter 18 The Reformation Section 3 Check Your Progress 1. (a) England, Scotland, northern (b) It allowed the ruler of each city-state to choose an official religion; most southern states were Catholic and most northern states were Lutheran. 2. (a) France, Italy, Spain, part of Ireland, Poland-Lithuania, Portugal, southern Germany (b) He fought a war against the Netherlands, tried to attack England, set up the Inquisition in the Netherlands The Thirty Years War Spain found little success in its efforts to restore the Catholic faith in other parts of. It became involved in the Thirty Years War. In 1618, the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor fought against Protestant rebels in Prague, a city in what is now the Czech Republic. Other countries soon joined the conflict. Denmark, France, and Sweden sent troops to fight the Holy Roman Emperor. These soldiers fought their way across Germany, burning towns and farms and stealing from villagers. The Peace of Westphalia finally ended the war in 1648. The treaty allowed people to privately practice their own religion, even if it differed from the king s religion. Which parts of remained Catholic? Looking Back and Ahead In this section, you learned how the religious map of western split into two Christian traditions: a Protestant north and a Catholic south. As an nations began to send missionaries and settlers across the seas, they would carry these divisions to other parts of the world. H-SS: 7.9.4; E-LA: Reading 7.2.3 Reading Skill 3. Analyze and Compare Effects Explain how the division between Protestants and Catholics affected different parts of. The sentences that follow contain highlighted key terms from the text. Read each sentence. Decide whether it makes sense. If it does, explain why. If it does not, change the sentence to make it logical. 4. When the pope refused to issue an annulment to Henry For: Self-test with instant help Web Code: mxa-7183 VIII, Henry was forced to buy weapons from Spain. 5. Henry IV issued an edict that gave Huguenots the legal right to practice their faith. 6. England s defeat of the Spanish Armada was a blow to Spain s naval power. Writing 7. Read the opinion below. Then, list information from the section that supports the opinion. Spain lost more than it gained in its attempt to force England and the Netherlands back to the Catholic faith. 3. Possible answer: People fought wars over what the state religion should be; or a compromise was reached; or some religious populations were persecuted. 4. No. When the pope refused to annul, Henry broke with the Church. 5. Yes. This settled religious ill will. 6. Yes. Losing the fleet weakened Spain. 7. Lists should focus on the discussion of Spain in Section 3.