Welcome Back Bell Ringer What root words to do you see in the phrase Protestant Reformation? As you read the article on the background of the Reformation. Write down 5 take-aways PROTESTant REFORMation Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students will define Protestantism and identify the causes of the Protestant Reformation
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Your five Take-aways
Causes
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: With your understanding of two background causes of the Reformation, answer the SAQ given to you. Agenda and Objective: Students through note review and primary sources will identify causes and reactions to Luther s 95 Thesis.
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: After skimming through Luther s 95 theses, pick 2-3 that stand out the most to you. Agenda and Objective: Students through note review and primary sources will identify causes and reactions to Luther s 95 Thesis.
Causes of the Reformation I. Crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige of the clergy a. Babylonian Captivity, 14th century b. Great Schism: 1377-1417 c. Conciliar Movement to reform the church and give a church council more power than the pope was rejected by several popes in the 15th and 16 th century
Causes of the Reformation II. Corruption in the Catholic Church a. simony: sale of church offices For example, in 1487 the pope sold 24 offices Reformers were outraged that unqualified people would become bishops or cardinals. b. pluralism: an official holding more than one office at a time c. absenteeism: an official not participating in benefices but receiving payment and privileges d. sale of indulgences: people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones e. nepotism: favoring family members in the appointment of Church offices Two popes (Leo X and Clement VII) were sons of Florentine Medici rulers Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals
Crisis of the church cont d f. Moral decline of the papacy Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) had numerous affairs and children out of wedlock 20% of all priests in the diocese of Trent kept concubines during the early 16th century g. Clerical ignorance: many priests were virtually illiterate Some abused their power such as trading sexual favors for the absolution of sins during confession. III. Critics of the Church: emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary a. John Wyclif (1329-1384), England Stated that the Bible was the sole authority Stressed personal communion with God. Diminished importance of sacraments. His followers Lollards continued his ideas into the 16th century.
Critics b. John Hus (1369-1415), Czech Ideas were similar to Wyclif Religious leader in Bohemia He was burned at the stake for his views c. Brethren of the Common Life: Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471), The Imitation of Christ (c. 1418) Encouraged Christians to live simply and make religion a personal experience d. Erasmus: In Praise of Folly (1513) Criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy A contemporary remarked that Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.
Causes IV. Renaissance Humanism a. Christian humanists of the Northern Renaissance criticized the church (e.g. Erasmus) and questioned the validity of the Latin Vulgate (Catholic Bible) Textual criticism and new translations of the Bible undermined Catholic authority b. Ulrich Zwingli was trained as a humanist and as a preacher he used Erasmus edition of the Greek New Testament C. John Calvin was influenced by humanism, especially the writings of Erasmus D. After Martin Luther s reformation, humanists turned many monasteries into schools
The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c Why the Germanies?
Martin Luther- (Pages 446-450, packet reading)
Martin Luther. Augustinian monk; taught at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony Johann Tetzel was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences. Tetzel: As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs. The pope was looking for additional revenues to pay for the building of St. Peter s cathedral in Rome. Tetzel s selling of indulgences had become egregious
95 THESIS Reading Luther criticized the selling of indulgences but went further than others before him by questioning the scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences. The printing press facilitated the spread of Luther s work with astonishing speed Oct 31, 1517
Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545
The Spread of the Printing Press
Comparison- Catholics Salvation: Church law Sacraments: 7 The Eucharist: Transubstantiation (bread and wine become body and blood) Authority: Scripture, Tradition, Pope Church and State: Ultimate allegiance to the church. Pope has ultimate authority Clergy: Celibate. Priest is middle man between God and People
Welcome Back Review #1 Bell Ringer: When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs. This jingle was most likely spoken by?: Johannes Tetzel. Martin Luther. John Calvin. John Knox. Sir Thomas More
Welcome Back Review #2 List three theological differences between Catholics and reformers. Agenda and Objective: Through note review and primary source readings students will identify reasons for Luther to ultimately break from the church. For Thursday: Read in your textbook about the Peasant revolt.
theology of reform -review Salvation could be achieved through faith alone The Bible was the sole authority Only two sacraments baptism and communion were valid The church consisted of a priesthood of all believers Encouraged German princes to reform the Church in their states. Rejected Catholic monastic tenets of poverty, chastity and obedience.
challenges Church authority 1518, Luther defied the pope by refusing to stop his crusade. He was protected by Elector Frederick III ( the Wise ) of Saxony. At this point, Luther did not seek to create a new church but rather reform the Catholic Church took part in a debate with Johann Eck (one of the great Catholic theologians) at Leipzig in 1520 denied both the infallibility of the pope and the infallibility of a general council
Diet of Worms Reading Bell Ringer: Share with your neighbor your questions based on the Diet of Worms. What was the outcome? What were the arguments over the church? Agenda and Objective: Though notes and primary source readings, students will identify causes and consequences of the Peasant s revolt in Germany.
The Diet of Worms excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520 Charles demanded that Luther recant his writings Luther refused: Here I stand, I can do no other Edict of Worms: Luther outlawed as a heretic by the HRE Luther was kidnapped by agents of Frederick III and taken to his castle where he was protected 1523 translated the Bible into German language.
Confessions of Augsburg (1530) Written by Luther s friend, Philip Melanchthon This was an attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HRE Rejected by Catholic princes Became traditional statement of the Lutheran Church Salvation through faith alone Bible is the sole authority Priesthood of all believers : Church consists of entire Christian community
Review! Confessions of Augsburg. Salvation through faith alone Authority from Bible priesthood of all believers Vocations have equal merit with God. Consubstantiation! Christ is present but not because of the Priest.
Spread of Lutheranism Many German princes were politically motivated they could now escape the authority of the Catholic Church and confiscate church lands for the state s benefit. Denmark and Sweden became Lutheran states as well Lutheranism did not spread much beyond northern Germany and Scandinavia.
Emperor Charles V sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism He was now allied with the pope in trying to stamp out heresy Charles was preoccupied with the Turkish threat in Hungary and his dynastic struggle with Francis I of France. Between 1521 & 1530 Charles was away from the HRE, much of the time spent in Italy Thus, Charles could not focus his military solely Germany at a time that Protestantism was spreading vigorously
The Peasant Revolt - 1525 Why does Luther turn against his protestant followers and side with the Nobility?
Bell Ringer HIPP activity Complete the rest of the peasant quotes with your neighbor. Were the Peasants justified in their rebellion? Read Luther s response to the Rebellion. Agenda and Objective: Through primary source analysis, notes, and discussion, students will evaluate the philosophy other important critics of the Reformation.
1. Spread of Lutheranism: Peasants War (1524-1525) or German Peasants Revolt (Swabian Peasant uprising) Twelve Articles,1525: peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry (e.g. hunting rights) Many of these peasants were inspired by Luther Ironically, Luther s views on the peasant movement were somewhat conservative While Luther advocated religious reform (since God s realm was not a worldly one), he believed that people should obey their political authorities. Luther may have sympathized with some of the complaints of the peasants, but he was disgusted with the violence of the peasant movement. Results: He admonished German princes to violently stamp out the revolt As many as 100,000 peasants died during the uprising Both Catholic and Lutheran forces took part in squashing the revolt.
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: What was the League of Schmalkalden and the outcome of the Habsburg-Valois wars? Agenda and Objective: Through primary source readings, students will identify Calvin s differences with Luther.
2. Northern Germany League of Schmalkalden, 1531 Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V s drive to re-catholicize Germany. Francis I of France allied with the League (despite being Catholic) Habsburg-Valois Wars: five wars between 1521 and 1555 between France and the Habsburgs France tried to keep Germany divided (although France was Catholic) This conflict played an important role in slowing the unification of the German states Catholic unity in Germany never again occurred
Outcome of League of Schmalkalden Charles was finally victorious over the League in 1547 However, by that time Lutheranism had spread and taken hold in much of Central Europe. Charles by the 1550s was forced to give up on restoring Catholicism in all the German states in the empire. Peace of Augsburg (1555) Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism Provisions: Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism (Cuius regio, eius religio) Also, Protestants living in Catholic states were allowed to move to Protestant states. The same was true of Catholics living in Protestant states. Resulted in permanent religious division of Germany Essentially reaffirmed the independence of many German states This division stunted German nationalism; Germany was not unified as a state until 1871.
Essay for Friday 10/9 Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order during the Protestant Reformation. Must be written in Pen.
Reformers
Anabaptists (1525) Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state. Rejected secular agreements, refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in the military Did not believe in childhood baptism As millenarians, they believed the end of the world was near. Rejected the idea of the Trinity
The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
Long term impact Mennonites: founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism Luther s views on new sects: did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism Quakers in England shared similar beliefs; thousands came to America where they founded and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware Unitarians (who reject the trinity) also were influenced by the Anabaptists
Agenda and Objective Through note and primary source review, students will identify the causes of the English Reformation and evaluate how each Monarch viewed churchstate relations under their reign.
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Student of humanism who preached from Erasmus edition of the New Greek Testament. Like Luther, he believed that the Bible should be the sole authority regarding religious practice In contrast to Luther, he saw the Eucharist as only symbolic, and that Luther s view of the Real Presence was too Catholic in its foundation This became the first dispute among Protestants dealing with issues of doctrine.
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: In a group of three, go over your Calvin questions. Study Guide due today. Agenda and Objective: Through note and primary source review, students will identify the causes of the English Reformation and evaluate how each Monarch viewed church-state relations under their reign.
John Calvin article questions Frenchman; studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer. Influenced by humanism, especially Erasmus Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Predestination: good works is not sufficient for salvation and there is no free will since God has already made His decision. However, good works are a sign that one has been chosen for salvation. God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation by a conversion experience.
Calvin s World in the 16 th Century
Calvin Cont d. The elect are church members who have had their conversion experience. They should become model Christians: visible saints established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540 Geneva became home to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas Consistory: A judiciary made up of lay elders (presbyters) had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God s law
Review Share with your neighbor one thing you learned about Zwingli, Calvin, and the Anabaptists
Last note: John Knox and the Others Presbyterianism established Scotland Presbyters governed the church Became the dominant religion in Scotland Dutch Reformed Church United Provinces of the Netherlands. Huguenots French Calvinists; brutally suppressed in France Especially strong among the nobility although Calvinism saw converts from every social class. Puritans in England
Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: Match up with a different English reformer to complete your graphic organizers. Agenda and Objective: In groups, students will evaluate the English Reformation by using a graphic organizer and primary sources.
The Tudors and the English Reformation 1534-1603
Henry VIII
Defender of the Faith In 1517, Luther wrote his 95 Theses Henry wrote the In Defense of the Seven Sacraments refuting Luther s teachings The Pope gave Henry the title Defensor Fidei
Questions about Marriage Henry asked his Chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey to investigate and see if there is grounds for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine
The King s Great Matter Henry petitioned the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine Catherine insisted the marriage was valid and that she had never been a true wife to Arthur Catherine s nephew Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, put pressure on the Pope not to annul the marriage
A Solution? A strong Lutheran faction at court included Anne Boleyn and a university professor named Thomas Cranmer Cranmer suggested to Henry that the Pope does not need to give the annulment; that English clergy can do it
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer: Define the Act of Supremacy and Act of Succession in its relation to the English Reformation. Hand in your paper! Agenda and Objective: Through readings and notes, students will identify how the English monarchs view their relationship between King and Church during the English Reformation.
The Split 1534 Parliament passes: The Act of Supremacy the monarch is the head the English Church The Act of Succession any children Henry has by Anne are the heirs to the throne (makes Mary, his daughter by Catherine, illegitimate)
The English Church gives Henry his annulment; the Princess Mary is declared illegitimate Cranmer is named Archbishop of Canterbury
Henry s Church of England: Catholic in doctrine Clergy required to be celibate Mass remains the same Only two sacraments Henry allows an English translation of the Bible Catholics are arrested as traitors; Lutherans are arrested as heretics
In 1535, Parliament ordered the execution of Sir Thomas More for refusing to sign the Act of Supremacy. More had been Henry s close friend, Chancellor of England, and was a well known humanist and author of Utopia. The Catholic Church canonized him.
Dissolution of the Monasteries Henry began closing monasteries in 1536 By 1540, 563 had been closed Most of the land was sold to nobility and gentry This gained their support for the Reformation
The Pilgrimage of Grace Led by Northern Catholics Goal was to re-establish the Catholic Church Was violently put down and its leaders executed as traitors By 1537 the Reformation was accepted by most of the English
Protestant Reforms under Henry The Great Bible English translation. Henry mandates that every church should have a copy that anyone can read. The King s Book defines Anglican doctrine and practice In 1544, Henry asked Archbishop Cranmer to prepare an English worship service this will become the Book of Common Prayer
Accomplishments of Henry VIII Founder of Church of England Promoted Parliament as the lawmaking body of England Patronized the arts and literature Updated many governmental institutions Promotes men of ability Father of the English Navy
Bell Ringer Review! Name three accomplishments of Henry VIII. Agenda and Objective: Through readings and notes, students will identify how the English monarchs view their relationship between King and Church during the English Reformation. Blog Post #2 due Friday
Henry s Act of Succession Edward inherits the throne If Edward dies without children, then Mary inherits If Mary dies without children, Elizabeth inherits If Elizabeth dies without children, then the children of Henry VII s daughter (His sister) Mary (Francis Brandon and her daughters) inherit.
King Edward VI
Edward was a Protestant and influenced by the teachings of John Calvin
Act of Uniformity of 1549 Establishes a Protestant Church in England All religious services are to be held in English
Archbishop Cranmer s accomplishments: The Book of Common Prayer 1552 Protestant worship 42 Articles of Faith no Mass, 2 sacraments, Protestant doctrine, non-celibate clergy
The result a moderate Protestantism
Before his death he changed his father s Act of Succession to make his Protestant cousin Jane Grey, the grand-daughter of Henry s sister Mary, heir to the throne
Mary I
Immediately passed laws which reinstated the Catholic Church Persecuted Protestants many fled to Switzerland or the Netherlands Executed many Protestant bishops, including Archbishop Thomas Cranmer
The execution of over 300 Protestants during her reign earned Mary the title of Bloody Mary However, she executed many fewer religious dissenters than were regularly being killed on the Continent
Mary married her cousin Philip II of Spain Involved England in Spain s wars Last English possessions on the continent were lost as a result of Philip s wars - including Calais This was very unpopular with the English people who began to see being Protestant as being anti- Spain
Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn, became Queen Mary had not wanted to leave the throne to her Protestant sister and attempted to persuade Elizabeth to maintain the Catholic faith but Elizabeth refused
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth and Religion It is not known what Elizabeth s personal religious views were The Catholic Church considered the marriage of Elizabeth s parents invalid and Elizabeth to be illegitimate She was raised a Protestant She liked the ritual of the Catholic Church
Elizabeth was first and foremost a Politique A ruler who put good government and peace in the realm above personal religious beliefs and national religious conformity
The Elizabethan Settlement Act of Supremacy of 1559 re-established the Church of England and said the monarch is the Supreme Governor of the Church Act of Uniformity everyone had to worship in Anglican churches Elizabeth allowed some Catholic practices to continue vestments, Real Presence, Elevation of the Consecrated Host, music, candles on the altar Puritans disapproved of these Catholic practices, but in the shires most people approved of them
I will make no windows into men s souls people could believe what they wanted in private
Regnans in Excelsis Papal Bull in 1570 that excommunicated Elizabeth Encouraged her Catholic subjects to rebel against her Led to Catholicism being declared illegal in England and practicing Catholics considered as traitors
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer 1. identify the differences within the Tudor family in regards to the Protestant Reformation. 2. Review your SAQ with your neighbor. Agenda and Objective: Through note review, discussion, and HIPP activity, students will define and identify important leaders and events of the Counter-Reformation. FRIDAY TEST ON REFORMATION AND COUTNER- REFORMATION
The English Reformation Established the Anglican Church a via media (middle way) between Catholicism and Protestantism Was relatively peaceful and well accepted by the English people Did not lead to Civil War England was largely uninvolved in the religious wars that took place on the European continent
In general, Elizabeth was able to steer a middle course between Catholics and Protestants Fewer people were executed for religious reasons in England than on the Continent
For Tuesday: Mary, Queen of Scots Review: Who was Mary, Queen of Scots and why was she a threat to Elizabeth s throne? Read article on class webpage.
The Catholic Reformation From your readings on the Counter Reformation 1. What was its purpose? 2. Who were the Jesuits? What do you think their mission was? 3. What was an outcome of the Council of Trent? 4. What was the Index? What was its purpose? 5. What was the justification for the Inquisition?
The Catholic Reformation ( Counter Reformation ) The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed. Pope Paul III (1534-1549): Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine.
The Catholic Reformation ( Counter Reformation ) Council of Trent (3 sessions 1545-1563): established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers Salvation by both good works and faith All 7 sacraments valid Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed Approved the Index of Forbidden Books Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests
New Religious Orders: The counter- Reformation Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540) reform the church through education spread the Gospel to pagan peoples fight Protestantism Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): founder Jesuits were organized in military fashion Spiritual Exercises: Loyola s guidebook that was used to train Jesuits Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
Review of the English reformation
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer.. 1. What were four outcomes of the Council of Trent? Who were the Society of Jesus? Who led them? Who was the most important Pope of the Counter- Reformation? Agenda and Objective: Through note review, discussion, and HIPP activity, students will define and identify important leaders and events of the Counter-Reformation. FRIDAY TEST ON REFORMATION AND COUTNER- REFORMATION
HIPP activity
Welcome Back Bell Ringer Identify the main objectives of the Catholic response to the Reformation, and analyze how these objectives were to be achieved.
Agenda and Objective Through an annotative reading, students will identify the causes of the Wars of Religion on the continents as well as evaluate the impact of these wars on European society.
Baroque Art Began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church Sought to overwhelm the viewer: Emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Baroque architecture reflected the image and power of absolute monarchs and the Catholic Church Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1650) personified baroque architecture and sculpture
Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci Trevi Fountain, Rome The Ecstasy of St. Theresa
Results of Reformation? The unity of Western Christianity was shattered. Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism. Religious enthusiasm was rekindled similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages. Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century. Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.
The Religious Wars annotative reading activity
More Review!