The Protestant Reformation Chapter 13
The Causes of the Reformation
Bell Ringers What do you believe this to be a symbol of? What is the significance of this symbol?
Delivery of the Keys, Perugino Peter becomes Christ s Vicar Power passed down from Peter to all the following Popes. Therefore, the Pope s power comes straight from Jesus Christ. The development of a religious monopoly.
The Bible The Bible printed in Vulgar Language 1480, St. Jerome Wanted people to read and understand the Bible for themselves. Becomes the official Bible of the Catholic Church, but it can no longer be read by laymen. Causes a huge disconnection from the average people
Disconnection of the Catholic Church Many began to complain about the churches lack of spiritual guidance and their focus on monetary gains over spiritual Relics A revered part of a deceased holy person's body or belongings Indulgences Remission from God Nepotism Simony People with power favoring their relatives The selling of church offices Pluralism Holding more than one office within the Church Absenteeism Many officials were absent from their duties and obligations
Martin Luther
Bell Ringer What is this a picture of? What story is the Church telling with this visual? What is the point of conveying this message?
St. Peter s Basilica It is bring constructed during the Renaissance Pope did not have the money to afford Johann Tetzel Indulgences (God is ready to forgive for $) As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs. You can violate the Mother of God and still be forgiven. John Tetzel
Martin Luther Lived a simple life dedicated to the church October 31, 1517 put up his Ninety-Five Theses Some were offended some were inspired Sale of indulgences. By what right does the Pope have the right to forgive sins, isn t that God s job Sought a debate with the Catholic Church Scripture only comes from the Bible Heaven through faith, not works Only two sacraments Baptism and Communion Anyone that is a Christian can have a direct relationship with God (your Spirit guides you) Martin Luther abandons the idea of Free Will and said it comes through God s grace
Martin Luther Excommunicated, 1521 Outlawed by Charles V Found a protector in Frederick of Saxony Diet of Worms, 1521, Trial Deemed a heretic I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen. German s Peasant War Peasants fight the nobility Fights against these Wars Only equal in heaven, not on earth Lutheranism respects authority Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Individual rulers can determine their principalities religion
English Reformation
Bell Ringers What is the Defense of the Seven Sacraments? Why would Henry VIII be so quick to defend the Catholic Faith? How will the Pope respond to this writing? Defense of the Seven Sacraments by King Henry VIII of England, France, and Ireland
King Henry VIII Henry adamantly defends Catholicism Married to Catherine from the House of Habsburg Catherine is NOT producing a son Wants to avoid another War of the Roses Seeks an annulment Catherine was originally married to Arthur (HVIII brother) their marriage is against cannon law, but Henry received a dispensation stating marriage allowed Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother s wife, it is thy brother s nakedness Leviticus 18:16 Pope denies his request
Catherine and Charles V
King Henry VIII Act of Supremacy in 1534 Parliament granted Henry the title Supreme Head of the Church of England Dissolved the English monasteries Confiscated the churches land Creation of the Gentry (unique to England) Opposition Catholics (Northern Catholics) Monasteries were an important part of community life Vital to economy Pilgrimage Grace March (protested) Henry VIII Reformation Very conservative in nature Luther was moderate and Calvin was radical, but Henry was conservative because he had no issue with the doctrine of Catholicism just its power over him as the King Many argue Anglican is its own branch, like Catholicism and Protestantism
Edward VI and Thomas Cranmer Edward VI King at 9, Dead at 16 Started to differentiate itself from the Roman Catholic under Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury Book of Common Prayer, Got rid of Clerical Celibacy Edward wanted to ensure the Protestant succession appointed Lady Jane Grey as Queen Executed by Queen Mary
Queen Mary Queen Mary (Bloody Mary) Restored Catholicism with her husband, Philip II of Spain (co-regent) First cousins once removed 300 Protestants martyred during her reign Thomas Cranmer, victim John Knox, Presbyterian (not a victim) The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558 A fear of Mary and her reign
First Cousins once removed
John Knox on the Reign of Mary I fear not to say, that the day of vengeance, which shall apprehend that horrible monster Jezebel of England, and such as maintain her monstrous cruelty, is already appointed in the counsel of the eternal. And I verily believe that it is so nigh, that she shall not reign so long in tyranny as hitherto she has done. John Knox, The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558
Elizabeth I Elizabeth I, ruled 44 years Restored Anglican Protestantism Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 1559 Religious uniformity (Everyone is Anglican) Moderate Protestantism Elizabeth becomes Supreme Governor Compromise with Catholics Radical Protestants are outraged believed to be too Catholic Pope deems that Elizabeth s rule is illegitimate Elizabeth gives the Jesuits 40 days to leave England Philip II proposed marriage Elizabeth denies the advances (fears a co-regent) Virgin Queen, best to stay married 1588, Spanish Armada Defeated by the Royal Navy England becomes the dominant force in the seas
The Catholic Reformation
Bell Ringers If any one shall say, that man may be justified before God by his own works, whether done through the strength of human nature, or through the teaching of the law, without the divine grace through Jesus Christ, let them be anathema. -Canon I on Justification If any one shall say, that since Adam s sin, the free will of man is lost and extinguished; or, that it is a thing with a name only, yea, a title without a reality, a figment let him be anathema. -Canon V on Justification If any one shall say, that by faith alone the impious is justified; so as to mean that nothing else is required to cooperate in order unto the obtaining the grace of justification let him be anathema. -Canon IX on Justification 1. What is the purpose of this document? 2. What do you believe anathema means?
The Council of Trent The Council of Trent, 1545-1563, 3 sessions Affirmation of Catholic Doctrine Sources of Authority Scripture (foundation) Tradition (respect) Magisterium (pope and bishops) Anathema Condemning reformers to hell Reformation of Church Practice Quality of Priest increases Seminaries Fights Corruption Indulgences (forgiveness) allowed, the sale forbidden
Religious Orders The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Ignatius of Loyola, founder Converted Knight, now fighting for spiritual warfare Counter-Reformation: Education (Jesuit Universities) Spiritual Exercise Emphasis of Personal Piety The Revival of Spirituality Saint Teresa of Avila Mystic, Theologian, Reformer Reformed monasteries to focus on spirituality and simplicity Vows of chasity, poverty, and obedience Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Bernini
Calvinism and the Wars of Religion
Bell Ringers Protestant Reformation SAQ
Calvinism John Calvin Geneva, Switzerland Reformed Christianity, Radical Reformer Institutes of the Christian Religion Doctrines and systems of his theology Logical Sovereignty of God is the absolute control Predestination No Free Will, The Elect are Chosen
French War of Religion Huguenots, (French Protestants/Calvinist) Substantial Protestant Minorities = Conflict Catherine de Medici Married into the French Royal Family The end of the Valois Dynasty Queen Regent manipulated her sons, most powerful women in Europe St. Bartholomeus Day Massacre Orchestrated by Catherine de Medici 3,000 Protestants killed by Catholics in Paris
French War of Religions Henry IV of Navarre Defeated the Catholic League in the Wars of Religion became King of a Catholic nation Paris is worth a Mass converted to Catholicism Politique: political concern should be placed above religious concerns France is more important than which Religion one follows Edict of Nantes (1598): Protestants were tolerated under certain circumstances in certain places France will remain Catholic, however, Protestants granted partial religious tolerance Henry IV established the Bourbon Dynasty