Protestant Reformation: A series of religious movements in the 16th century, initiated by Martin Luther, that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches. 2017 marks the 500 th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation.
Pre-Reformation Dissenter Movements Peter Waldo John Wycliffe John Hus Waldensians Lollards Hussites
15 th and 16 th Century Pre-Reformation Voices Wessel Gansfort Savonarola Erasmus
Martin Luther 1483 1546 Augustinian Friar Priest, 1508 Doctorate, 1512. Ninety-five Theses, Oct. 31 1517, Wittenberg castle church door. Excommunication and the Diet of Worms 1521. Wartburg Castle.
Philipp Melanchthon 1497 1560 With Luther, the primary founder of Lutheranism. Professor of Greek at Wittenberg University, age 21. Primary author of the Augsburg Confession, 1530. The voice and intellect of the Lutheran movement.
Religious Adversaries Johan Tetzel Johan Eck Pope Leo X
Protestant coined Philip of Hesse Elector John of Saxony Emperor Charles V Elector Frederich III of Saxony Diet of Speyer (1526) Diet of Speyer (1529)
The 5 Tenants of the Protestant Reformation Sola Scripture Sola Gratia Sola Fide Sola Christus Soli Deo Gloria
Protestant Concepts Universal Priesthood of Believers. Reject Transubstantiation. Reject Indulgences. Reject Purgatory. Bible to be read in common vernacular. Reject Papal Authority. Reject Apocrypha as canonical. Reject good works as meritorious. Reject veneration of saints and Virgin Mary. Allow clergy marriage. Only two sacraments, Baptism and Eucharist. Distinction between visible and invisible Church.
The Reformed Tradition Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin John Knox 1484-1531 1509-1564 1514-1572 Swiss French Scottish Marburg Colloquy Author of Institutes Presbyterian
Other Reformers Thomas Munzer Andreas von Karlstadt Johann Oecolampadius Martin Bucer Heinrich Bullinger
Huguenots French Protestants Influenced by Calvin First French Protestant Martyr, 1523 Persecution refugees organized in Strassburg, 1538 First French Community founded in Meaux, 1546 Church in Paris established 1555 Synod of Paris, 1559 1562-98 French Wars of Religion St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre, 1572 Edict of Nantes, Henry IV, 1598 (Edict revoked by Louis XIV, 1685 mass emigration)
Radical Reformation The Anabaptists Hutterites Mennonites Amish Schwenkfelders Jakob Huter Menno Simons Kaspar Schwenkfeld
King Henry VIII of England 1491-1547 (reigned 1509-1547) Henry desires annulment of marriage with Catherine of Aragon because she has not produced an heir. He declares himself the head of the English Church, severing communion with Rome, 1529. Convenes the Reformation Parliament, 1529. Cranmer made Archbishop of Canterbury, 1532. Excommunicated by Pope, 1533. Act in Restraint of Appeals, 1532; Act of Succession, 1533; Act of Supremacy, 1534. Dissolution of the Monasteries, 1536. John Rogers Thomas Matthew publishes Tyndale Bible, English translation, approved by Henry as the Great Bible, 1538. Executed about sixty people for religious reasons.
English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cromwell Hugh Latimer 1489-1556 1485-1540 1487-1555 Archbishop of Canterbury King s Principal Secretary Reformation advocate Book of Common Prayer and Chief Minister Bishop of Worchester Thirty-nine Articles Articulate preacher
Elizabethan Religious Settlement Queen Elizabeth I 1533-1603 (Reigned 1558-1603) Re-established Act of Supremacy, 1558. Given title, Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Act of Uniformity, 1559, including re-establishment of The Book of Common Prayer and The Thirty-nine Articles. Declared to be heretical by Pope Pius V, 1570.
English Dissenter and Separatist Groups Puritans Militant in beliefs. Desired to purify Church of England. Many founders were exiled by Mary I, but returned during the rule of Elizabeth I. However, the Church of England s system was intransigent. Consequently, the Puritan tendency was to emigrate. Baptists Calvinistic nonconformists. Emphasized autonomous congregations. Practiced believers baptism. Capable of blending in. Quakers / Society of Friends Radically non-ecclesial, non-sacramental, non-sacerdotal. Spirituality perceived to be active and personal. Nonconformist politically as well as religiously. Quakers faced persecution.
Counter Reformation Begins: 1545 Council of Trent, 1545-1563 (Pope Paul III) Ends: 1648 Conclusion of the Thirty Years War. Improved administration and discipline in the church. Improvement of priesthood. Reaffirmation of the structure and doctrine of the Medieval Church. Rectify worldliness of the Renaissance Church. Reformed expectations for bishops. Creation of new religious orders. Renewed spirituality. Creation of the Roman Inquisition, 1542. Missionary efforts.
Jacobus Arminius AKA, James Arminius Reformer of the Reformed Tradition Student of Theodore Beza. Professor of Theology, University of Leiden. Questioned the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism. Remonstrations (1610), five articles challenging Calvinist theology: That the divine decree of predestination is conditional, not absolute; that the Atonement is by intention universal; 1560-1609 that humankind cannot exercise a saving faith, but can be renewed by God to rightly effect what is good; that though the grace of God is a necessary condition of human effort, it does not act irresistibly on humankind; and that believers are able to resist sin but are not beyond the possibility of falling from grace.
The Wesleys John Charles 1703-1791 1707-1788
Weslyan Methodist Evolution Oxford University, Charles formed Holy Club Methodists. Both John and Charles ordained Anglican priests. Met Moravians on missionary voyage to Georgia, 1735. Returned from Georgia (Charles, Dec. 1736 / John, Feb. 1738). Moravian meeting, Aldersgate Street, May 24, 1738 John. John visits Herrnhut (Moravian village), 1738. Partnered with George Whitefield in open air preaching, 1739. Foundry, London, 1739 beginning of popular Methodist movement. Organized Methodist societies. First annual conference, 1744. Great Awakening / Evangelical Revival. Preachers registered as non-anglicans, 1787. John ordained lay preachers to America. George Whitefield
Moravian Influence Philipp Spener Peter Boehler Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf 1635-1705 1712-1775 1700-1760 Lutheran Pietist Moravian Missionary Benefactor and organizer and Bishop of Moravian Church
American Methodist Church Thomas Coke Francis Asbury 1747-1814 1747-1816 First came to America, 1784 Came to America 1771, never left Anglican priest, 1772 Ordained by Coke, 1884 Joined Methodists 1777 Methodist Itinerancy 1766 Consecrated Superintendent (bishop), 1784 Consecrated Superintendent (bishop), 1784 John Wesley s Right Hand Forefather of American Methodism
German Methodists Phillip W. Otterbein Martin Boehm Jacob Albright 1726-1813 1725-1812 1759-1808 German Reformed Church Mennonite Bishop Lutheran farmer minister Methodist Convert, 1790 United Brethern in Christ, founded 1769, Evangelical Association, organized 1800 organized 1800-1816
Methodism Culmination of the Reformation? Methodism was descended from, influence by and connected to strands coming from all main Protestant Reformation traditions. Methodism was formed after Protestant thought and practice had time to evolve and be tested. Methodism was the only tradition to be formed after the Enlightenment. John Wesley was a synthetic thinker, conversant in the full range of Christian theology, and able to organize a mature religious system of thought, practice and structure. Orthodox Christianity has not radically changed since the formation of Methodism. Nothing not already contained in Methodism has appeared.
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