OBJECTIVES: Chapter 1:1-2 o We will examine possible scenarios how Native Americans first came to the Americas. o We will examine the culture of Native Americans before European contact. o We will examine the push factors that caused Europe to look beyond its territories to expand and migrate.
(Dan 7:25) And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time.
First Americans migrated or traveled from Asia. These were costal peoples who gathered wild plants and hunted seals and small whales. As they adapted to their varying local climates and environment they became more culturally diverse.
Origins of Native Americans Alaskan Eskimo Friends.
In 1492, they spoke at least 375 distinct languages, Each language group divided into specific tribes and nations. They were further subdivided to villages, where each group was headed by a chief.
In Mexico, Native Americans developed three important crops: Maize (corn), Squashes, and beans. In some places like the Aztec kingdom in Mexico they built large sophisticated cities ruled by powerful chiefs. Most Native Americans were either hunter and gatherers or agriculture.
Common Features Native Americans o Most American Indians did not have centralized nations like Europe. o Instead political power was spread among many local chiefs with limited authority.
Common Features Native Americans o Common bond in religion. o American Indians believed that spirits could be found in every plant, animal, rock, cloud, and body of water. o If properly honored, the spirits could help people catch or grow what they need. o Spiritual leaders of a tribe known as Shamans mediated between the people and the spirit beings.
For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another;) In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel. Romans 2:14-16.
Common Features Native Americans o American Indians owned little private property. o Some families owned garden plots and hunting territories, but they could not sell them. o Most were considered common ground for every resident to use. o Respectful equality among various groups of Indians. o Usually, divided under gender lines.
And all that believed were together, and had all things common; And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved. Acts 2:44-47
Common Features Native Americans o Men assumed more dangerous tasks, such as hunting and warfare. o Women meanwhile cared for the children, wove baskets, and made pottery, and prepared meals and gathered food. o Farming fell into women as well.
Discussion Question: Volunteers: Act out a concept of what private and public property is. Which view of property do you think is better between the Western thinking of private property or the Native American view of communal sharing of the land? Explain the reason why you chose which view.
What Pushed and pulled Europeans to America? In Europe from 538 A.D to 1798, the Papacy (The head of the Roman Catholic Church), held supreme power in influencing politics, culture, and normal day of life in Europe.
What Pushed and pulled Europeans to America? The core principles of the Papacy was control. It sought control over the masses. The Papacy and the priests have ultimate say and that the Pope is infallible.
In 538 A.D. The Emperor Justinian gives the Roman Bishop head of all the churches. Additional Sources: See Great Controversy pages 54-55
What did Justinian do? For we do not suffer anything which was reference to the state of the Church, even though what causes the difficulty may be clear and free from doubt, to be discussed without being brought to the notice of Your Holiness, because you are the head of all the Holy Churches, for We shall exert Ourselves in every way, to increase the honor and authority of your See. Justian, Codex I Book 1 Section 4.
What did Justinian do? Justinian states: We want all Christians to accept the faith that the Holy Catholic church maintains so that we as we know the one God and Lord also have one such faith. J.P. Migne, Patrologie Graeca, 86, I 993 D.
Era of Absolute Control Absolute Monarchy Only a few controlled all the wealth. Only the church can interpret the Bible and what is permissible in everyday life.
Society o Thus, the Papacy was at the forefront of Europe. o During this time, there was an extreme of wealth: o A ruling elite of less than 5 percent of the population controlled almost all of the land.
Society These elites included aristocrats, people who inherited social rank and title and owned land where the peasants worked. 3/5th of Western Europe were commoners who either rented land from the aristocracy to farm OR sold their labor. Who comprised of the Elites were the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church, a Monarch, usually a King and sometimes his queen sat at top.
The exercise of force is contrary to the principles of God's government; He desires only the service of love; and love cannot be commanded; it cannot be won by force or authority. Only by love is love awakened. To know God is to love Him... {Desire of Ages: 22.1}
What did Justinian do? For consequently the reading of the Holy Scripture would have to be forbidden, since it is constantly misused by the heretics. Emperor Justinian, J.P. Mingue, Pathrologie Graeca, 86, I. 1136 A-1137 B. Ibid, 106.
o During the Middle Ages, the church strictly controlled intellectual life. o Church leaders sought to ensure that all thought adhered to their understanding of the world. o Church leaders felt that everything worth knowing had either been discovered by the Greeks and Romans or recorded in the Bible. o Those who pursued scientific discoveries that went against church teachings risked persecution for heresy by Church courts.
Between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious disease known as the "Black Death" (the bubonic plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe 30 percent of the continent s population. It was especially deadly in cities, where it was impossible to prevent the transmission of the disease from one person to another.
After the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on the European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution of the medieval period. Kings, queens and other leaders derived much of their power from their alliances with and protection of the Church. History.com
(In 800 CE, for example, Pope Leo III named the Frankish king Charlemagne the Emperor of the Romans the first since that empire s fall more than 300 years before. Over time, Charlemagne s realm became the Holy Roman Empire, one of several political entities in Europe whose interests tended to align with those of the Church.)
Ordinary people across Europe had to tithe 10 percent of their earnings each year to the Church; at the same time, the Church was mostly exempt from taxation. These policies helped it to amass a great deal of money and power. http://www.history.com/topics/ middle-ages
Discussion Question: What are things that will force you to leave your home and move somewhere else? (List five and explain why you listed those reasons)
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 1:1-2 o We will examine what pulled or drew Europeans to explore beyond its borders in expanding their territories.
(Psa 37:14) The wicked have drawn out the sword, and have bent their bow, to cast down the poor and needy, and to slay such as be of upright conversation.
Pull Factors To The New World o Crusades or Holy Wars: o In the latter half of the Middle Ages, European Christians and Southwest Asian Muslims fought one another in a series of religious wars known as the crusades. o The purpose was for the Christians to reclaim the Holy Land of Jerusalem for Christians.
EXPOSURE TO NEW GOODS: Although the Christians lost these wars it exposed Europeans to new products from the Far East such as silks, gems and spices.
DESIRE TO MAKE MORE MONEY: o Renaissance Era in the mid- 1440s led to the advancement of arts and sciences. o This produced wealth in Europe and a desire to expand and explore for further wealth.
Pull Factors To The New World o Accounts of places like China from explorers like Marco Polo captured the imagination. o He brought back noodles and pasta that we enjoy today.
Pull Factors to the New World The push to find trade routes to Asia. Europeans were competing with Muslims for dominance in trade and influence.
Pull Factors to the New World o Muslims dominated by the Ottoman Turks dominated from North Africa to the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea to embrace parts of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. o Their trade routes reached all the way to Mongolia.
TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY BY FORCE: o A flashpoint of the European Christian/Muslim conflict was in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain). o In 1469 Prince Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married uniting Aragon and Castile to create Spain. o They subsequently engaged in Reconquista or reconquer lands held by Spanish moors for Catholicism.
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY: o Development of the compass, astrolabe and quadrant helped sailors in navigation rather than just looking at the sight of land. o Ships became faster.
Pull Factors to the New World o In 1419, Prince Henry the Navigator directed Portuguese efforts to sail the Atlantic to spread Christianity. o And reduce Muslim domination of trade. o By Sailing Southward, the Portuguese hoped to reach sources of gold, ivory and slaves. o The Portuguese would arrive in West Africa.
Pull Factors to the New World Slavery was common in West Africa. Humans were traded along with gold, salt, ivory, and other valuable resource. About 1,000 slaves were sold annually to Arab traders It was a common fate of people who were captured or conquered in warfare.
Pull Factors to the New World In Africa, slaves were usually adopted by the families into which they were sold. They could also marry and as a rule, their children did not inherit the status of slaves. They could even become important officials and soldiers and earn wealth. African Slavery was not based on racial domination.
Spiritual Lesson: (Rom 6:16) Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness? (Eph 1:5) Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will,
The birth of the slave trade o Portuguese established powerful slave trade with the people of West Africa. o They established fortified trade posts at key harbors and were brutal towards rival European crews confiscating vessels and casting their crew into the ocean to drown. o First major slave trade center was in 1482. o By 1500 Europeans purchased about 1,800 African slaves a year. o What started small impacted millions.
Pull Factors to the New World o With Portugal dominating trade routes from Europe to India through navigating in the Southern Tip of Africa. o Spain sought to go westward in the Atlantic to open a new trade route.
Pull Factors to the New World Contrary to popular belief they did not believe the world was flat. Christopher Columbus sought a route to China to convert them to Christianity and revive a battle against Islam. He thought the Chinese would help with their wealth in these crusades.
Pull Factors to the New World o Columbus investigated the reports of Viking explorers who made it all the way to Newfoundland. o Of Italian origin, he was a merchant marine for Portugal. o He sought funding from Portugal to explore westward but was rejected.
Pull Factors to the New World o In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain provided 3 ships, 90 men, and most of the funding for Columbus s voyage west in search for China. o After 33 days at Sea, he arrives at a place which is now the Bahamas.
Pull Factors to the New World
Turning south he reached another set of islands. Columbus thought it was the East Indies and named the natives Indians. The presence of the native people did not stop Columbus from claiming the land for Spain. As the representative of a Christian nation, Columbus believed that he had the right and duty to dominate the people he found.
They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians, as it appeared to me that they had no religion. I our Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure six natives. Christopher Columbus
Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. Matthew 28:19-20 And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is at hand. Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils: freely ye have received, freely give. Matthew 10:7-8.
Impact of Columbus Coming to America: Columbus had not reached Asia but he found a source of riches that enabled European Christendom to grow more powerful and wealthy than the Muslim world. During the next three centuries, the mineral and plantation wealth of the Americas produced by the labor of African slaves helped finance the expansion of European commerce.
Discussion Question: What are things that would draw you to WANT to leave your home and move somewhere else? (List five and explain why you listed those reasons)
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 1:4 o We will examine the various explorers from Europe to the rest of the world. o We will examine the Spanish expansion to the Americas and how it impacted the continent. o We will examine the French expansion to North America.
My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not. If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk privily for the innocent without cause: Let us swallow them up alive as the grave; and whole, as those that go down into the pit: We shall find all precious substance, we shall fill our houses with spoil: Cast in thy lot among us; let us all have one purse: Proverbs 1:10-14
Treaty of Tordesillas. o Both Portugal and Spain were Catholic Nations that were competing against each other o With the assistance of the Pope, the Spanish negotiated in 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas. o Agreed to split the world of new discoveries by drawing a northsouth boundary line through the mid Atlantic west of Azores.
Treaty of Tordesillas. o The Portuguese secured a monopoly to exploit the coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean. o Spain claimed Columbus s western lands. o Further exploration later determined South America bulged Eastward beyond the treaty line giving it to Portugal, therefore Brazil became part of Portugal as a colony. o No one bothered to consult the Native Americans. o The Iberians and the Pope considered them Pagan savages without any rights.
1497: John Cabot employed by England sailed to Newfoundland. 1501: Amerigo Vespucci explored enough of the South American coast to deem it a continent. Through the work of map makers, his name became the continents of the new world. In 1519-1522, Ferdinand Magellan succeeded in circumnavigating the globe.
In the 1500s, the Spanish learned of spectacular Indian civilization in Central Mexico. Those soldiers explored central Mexico and defeated the Indian civilization were called conquistadors. In 1519 the brilliant and ruthless Hernan Cortes led a group of 600 volunteers who managed to defeat the mighty Aztec Empire of its capital of 200,000.
They enslaved thousands of these Indians. Conquistadors expanded their empire deep into the Americas. During the 1530s, Francisco Pizarro conquered the powerful Incas of Peru with just 180 troops. Spain had the advantage of superior weapons such as cross bows, steel edge swords and firearms.
o Aside from wealth, conquistadors were motivated by their religious faith and by loyalty to their monarch (contrast with the great commission). o They reasoned that riches were wasted on the non-christian Indians. o Those riches should belong to Christians who served the Spanish crown, and were willing to help convert the native people. o These notions were engrained in their culture.
Mar_10:19 Thou knowest the commandments, Do not commit adultery, Do not kill, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Defraud not, Honour thy father and mother. Rom_13:10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.
Through the conquistadors, Spain was the dominant presence in the Americas. Impact Today: Most of the Americas speak Spanish as their primary language.
Although Conquistadors were successful in conquering, they were ruthless and were not good administrators. Many Indians were ruthlessly killed as servants. The King of Spain were concerned and sent Catholic Friars (priests) as missionaries. They aimed to convert Indians to Christianity and to persuade them to adopt Spanish culture.
Although less ruthless, they demanded the Indians to forsake their traditions for Christian beliefs and Spanish culture. The friars destroyed Indian temples and sacred images. They forced the Indians to build churches and adopt rituals for the Catholic faith. The missionaries also forced the Indians to work for them.
The exercise of force is contrary to the principles of God's government; He desires only the service of love; and love cannot be commanded; it cannot be won by force or authority. Only by love is love awakened. To know God is to love Him... {Desire of Ages: 22.1}
Discussion Question: What reason do you think these professed Christian nations treated Native American so terribly? Activity: Have person who has a Bible but does not allow the other person to have access to it. That person with the Bible tells the person to do contrary to what the Bible says in Romans 13:10 to demonstrate the limited interpretation of the Bible caused these actions.
o Population shifts. Europe 80 million in 1492, to 180 Million by 1800. o 11 percent to 20 percent of the world s population. o Indian population was 7 percent of the world s population in 1492 to 1 percent in 1800.
Discussion Question: What impact do you see today of Spanish exploration and settlement of North America? (In culture, ethnicity, and cuisine). (List 5) Spanish colonialization to the new world brought many atrocities towards Native Americans. Do you think it was worth the price of the cultures and peoples we have today because of Spanish exploration?
o With Spain s new wealth it financed an aggressive military policy in Europe. o This alarmed the English, Dutch and French who also wanted stakes in the New World and encouraged Pirates to rob Spanish treasure ships (Pirates of the Caribbean).
In the 1500s, another Catholic nation expanded to the Americas, this time the French. The French would establish a colony in what is now modern day Quebec, Canada. Till this day, this region is a French speaking area.
o The French colonists had better working relationship with the Indians in that region possibly because of the need for survival. o The colonies grew slowly because of the long Canadian winter and also raids from the hostile Iroquois nation. o Potential colonists objected to hard work of clearing dense forests to plant new farms.
o However the colonies were slow to grow and resembled that of New Spain. o Both were strictly controlled by the powerful monarchs of the homeland. o The French King appointed a military governor-general, a civil administrator known as an intendant, and a catholic bishop. o Like the Spanish, the French king did not permit an elected assembly in Canada.
o In 1682, the French explorer Robert de LaSalle was hoping to find the Northwest passage. o Guided by Native Americans, he made his way south on the Mississippi River, toward what he hoped was an opening to the Pacific Ocean. o Instead he found was the Gulf of Mexico. o La Salle claimed the territory around the Mississippi River basin for France naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. o In 1718, near the river s mouth the French founded New Orleans.