Daniel Dedicated, Diligent, Devout

Daniel Dedicated, Diligent, Devout An Overview Study of the Book of Daniel Friends and Fellowship (and Food) McLean Bible Church Fall 2016

Study Outline Session Study Description Primary Bible Chapters Part II: Worldly Kingdoms & the End of Ages Of Dreams, Visions, & Prophecies 6 Message of 70 Sevens Daniel 9:20-27 7 Message of 70 Sevens (Continued) Daniel 9:25-27 8 Dream of the Great Image Four Great Beasts and the Ancient of Days Daniel 2 Daniel 7 9 The Great Worldly Kingdom Daniel 8 10 From Persia to the End-of-Times Daniel 11 & 12 Revelation 20 11 From Persia to the End-of Times 12 Messengers of God and the End Times Daniel 10

Of Visions, Dreams, & Prophecies Session 10 Daniel 11: From Persia to the End of Times Section 1: King of the North versus the King of the South

Where We Left Off in Session 9 Dan. 2, Great Image Dan. 8, Ram & Goat Biblically Revealed Golden Head Babylon Silver Chest & Arms Ram with 2 Horns Media Persia Bronze Waist & Thighs Goat with 1 Horn Grecia (Alexander) Horn breaks in 4 parts Diadochi Kingdoms Iron Legs & Iron & Miry Clay Feet Still Unknown In both chapters God provides explicit identification of the order of the kingdoms. Note: In Dan. 8 there is no representative for Babylon By the 3 rd year of Belshazzar Babylon was on the wane Babylon as a kingdom would cease to exist in another 10 or 11 years.

Daniel Receives Greater Details from God Reiterating the prophecy, given to Daniel in the 3 rd year of Belshazzar (Daniel 8) Daniel 11: 1-2 1 st year of Darius the Mede = 1 st year of Cyrus = 538 BC Alternately, this is Gabriel speaking, continuing from Daniel 10, i.e. 3 rd year of Cyrus, King of Persia = 535 BC. Prophecy of 4 Persian kings There shall yet stand up 3 kings in Persia Current King is Cyrus (558 BC 530 BC) 1 st king to follow: Cambysus, son of Cyrus, (530 BC 521 BC) 2 nd king to follow: Usurper, Gaumata (521 BC) Claimed to be Bardiya, the brother of Cambysus Historians believe the real Bardiya had been quietly murdered by Cambysus

Daniel Receives Greater Details from God Reiterating the prophecy, given to Daniel in the 3 rd year of Belshazzar (Daniel 8) Daniel 11: 1-2 (Continued) Prophecy of 4 Persian kings There shall yet stand up 3 kings in Persia 2 nd king to follow: Usurper, Gaumata Claimed throne while Cambysus was campaigning in Egypt Ruled for about 1 year (521 BC) Cambysus died on his way back to deal with Gaumata Gaumata was killed by the 7 nobles of Persia, of whom Darius was 1 3 rd king to follow: Darius (I) the Great (521 BC 486 BC)

Daniel Receives Greater Details from God Reiterating the prophecy, given to Daniel in the 3 rd year of Belshazzar (Daniel 8) Daniel 11: 1-2 (Continued) Prophecy of 4 Persian kings the fourth shall be far richer than them all; by his strength, through his riches, he shall stir up all against the realm of Greece. 4 th king to follow: Xerxes (I) the Great (485 BC 465 BC) Xerxes invaded Greece (483 BC 480 BC) Note there is an alternative way to read Dan 11:2 1 st King: Cyrus Current 2 nd King: Cambysus 1 st King to follow 3 rd King: Darius 2 nd King to follow 4 th King: Xerxes 3 rd King to follow

The Next Empire God Jumps from 465 BC to 336 BC Daniel 11:3-4 From Alexander (Dan. 11:3) 336 BC 323 BC To the Diadochi (Dan. 11:4) Kingdom broken up and divided Not to his posterity Son, Alexander IV, and wife, Roxana, murdered by Cassander Nor according to his dominion which he ruled = fragmented many warring diadochi territories. Eventually reformed into 4 separate warring kingdoms Now we come to the most complex soap opera ever written. Daniel 11:5-19

The 4 Horns of the Goat Daniel 8:8, 22 8 Therefore the male goat grew very great; but when he became strong, the large horn was broken, and in place of it four notable ones came up toward the four winds of heaven. 22 As for the broken horn and the four that stood up in its place, four kingdoms shall arise out of that nation, but not with its power. The players in Daniel 11:5-19 The King of the North = rulers of the Kingdom of Seleucus King of the South = various rulers of the Kingdom of Ptolemy Lysimachus conquered Macedonia in 285 BC. Lysimachus killed by Seleucus in 281 BC

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 v5 Also the king of the South shall become strong, as well as one of his princes; and he shall gain power over him and have dominion. His dominion shall be a great dominion. v6a And at the end of some years they shall join forces, for the daughter of the king of the South shall go to the king of the North to make an agreement; Historical Events Ptolemy assumed title of King in 306 BC. Territory included Egypt, Cyprus, Canaan and southern Syria. Built Library of Alexandria. Ptolemy II Philadelphus succeeded his father. Defeated Seleucid King, Antiochus, in 1 st Syrian War (274 BC 271 BC), extending Ptolemaic sphere of power over the Greek isles in the Aegean Sea, and the harbors and coast towns of what is now southern Turkey. King Ptolemy II Philadelphus lost 2 nd Syrian War (260 BC 253 BC) (great sea Battle of Cos). To forestall more fighting King Ptolemy II gives his daughter, Berenice, to Seleucid King Antiochus II (grandson of Seleucus) in 248 BC on condition Antiochus II put aside his wife Laodice and disinherit his children by Laodice.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 v6b but she shall not retain the power of her authority, and neither he nor his authority shall stand; but she shall be given up, with those who brought her, and with him who begot her, and with him who strengthened her in those times. Historical Events Ptolemy II dies 246 BC. Antiochus II restores Laodice and puts Berenice aside. Laodice kills Antiochus II (246 BC). Berenice and son by Antiochus II flee to Daphne, a town near Antioch in Syria. Laodice's henchmen caught and killed Berenice and her children by Antiochus II. ( Hell has no fury, like a woman scorned. ) v7 But from a branch of her roots one shall arise in his place, who shall come with an army, enter the fortress of the king of the North, and deal with them and prevail. Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, gathered his army and marched to Daphne to rescue his sister. Upon learning of her murder, he attacked the Seleucid kingdom (3 rd Syrian War), defeating Seleucus II and capturing the western 1/2 of Seleucid from Asia Minor to as far east as the Tigris River.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 v8 And he shall also carry their gods captive to Egypt, with their princes and their precious articles of silver and gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the North. v9 And the king of the south will come into his kingdom, and will return to his own land. v10 However his sons shall stir up strife, and assemble a multitude of great forces; and one shall certainly come and overwhelm and pass through; then he shall return to his fortress and stir up strife. Historical Events Ptolemy III liberated 40,000 talents of silver, a vast number of precious vessels of gold, and 2,400 idols. He restored the Egyptian idols to their temples and became known as Euregetes, i.e. Benefactor. Ptolemy III died 221 BC, outliving the Seleucid king, Seleucus II, who died 225 BC. Seleucus II was succeeded, first by his elder son, Seleucus III in 225 BC, then by his younger son, Antiochus III in 223 BC. In 219 BC Antiochus III launched the Fourth Syrian War, capturing southern Syria and Phoenicia, including Tyre. Antiochus III tarried in Tyre for over 1 year, instead of continuing his attack across Canaan and into Egypt. This allowed a minister of the Ptolemy IV to organize an army and counterattack.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 v11 And the king of the South shall be moved with rage, and go out and fight with him, with the king of the North, who shall muster a great multitude; but the multitude shall be given into the hand of his enemy. v12 When he has taken away the multitude, his heart will be lifted up; and he will cast down tens of thousands, but he will not prevail. Historical Events Ptolemaic Egypt was itself in turmoil after Ptolemy III died. Eventually, a minister, Sosibius, pulled an army together and Ptolemy IV successfully defeated Antiochus III at the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC. This was the largest battle, since the battle of Ipsus, over 80 years earlier. Antiochus III lost over 10,000 infantry, 300 cavalry, 5 elephants, and 4000 infantry captured. This was also the first time elephants were used on both sides. Ptolemy IV used African elephants, and Antiochus III used the larger Indian elephants. Sosibius had trained Egyptians in the Macedonian phalanx formations. This led to Egyptians eventually rebelling and carving out an Egyptian kingdom in northern Egypt.

Daniel 11 v13 For the king of the North will return and muster a multitude greater than the former, and shall certainly come at the end of some years with a great army and much equipment. v14a Now in those times many shall rise up against the king of the South. Realization of God's Prophecy Historical Events In 204 BC Ptolemy IV died, and the Ptolemaic kingdom disintegrated into near anarchy, as ministers fought each other for the regency over the child Ptolemy V (age 5). Taking advantage of the turmoil, Antiochus III made a pact with Philip V of Macedon, and launched the Fifth Syrian War in 202 BC. Though driven back from Gaza, Antiochus III dealt the Ptolemaic army a crushing defeat at the Battle of Panium in the Golan Heights between Lebanon and Syria. This resulted in the Ptolemic Kingdom losing control over Judea. The Egyptian Revolt: Beginning in 203 BC, native Egyptians rise up in revolt against their Greek Pharaohs. From 197 BC 185 BC Ptolemic armies battled the upstart Egyptian kingdom under the secessionist Pharaoh Ankmachis. Ankmachis was finally captured and killed in 185 BC and north and south Egypt was reunited under Ptolemy rule.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 v14b Also, violent men of your people shall exalt themselves in fulfillment of the vision, but they shall fall. v15 So the king of the North shall come and build a siege mound, and take a fortified city; and the forces of the South shall not withstand him. Even his choice troops shall have no strength to resist. Historical Events The Tobiads (Tobias in Nehemiah) were a prominent Judean family, living outside of Jerusalem. Joseph Tobiad became the governor and principle tax collector at the time of Ptolemy III. The Tobiads apparently were renown as cavalrymen and fought in the Ptolemic Army The family was divided for a time with some favoring Antiochus III while the main branch remained loyal to Ptolemic Empire. After the defeat in the Battle of Panium the Ptolemaic army retreated west to Sidon, a fortified city north of Tyre on the Mediterranean coast. Antiochus III followed and besieged the city. A relief army from Egypt failed to dislodge Antiochus III and the city eventually surrendered and were allowed to quit the region, retreating back to Ptolemaic Egypt.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 Historical Events v16 But he who comes against him shall do according to his own will, and no one shall stand against him. He shall stand in the Glorious Land with destruction in his power. Antiochus III came against Jerusalem. Tobiads and Egyptian forces attempted to resist him. Jews in Jerusalem; however, opened the gates of Jerusalem to welcome Antiochus III, even to the point of assisting in the siege of the citadel. Antiochus III completed subjugation of the region of Samarian and Judea by 198 BC. v17 He shall also set his face to enter with the strength of his whole kingdom, and upright ones with him; thus shall he do. And he shall give him the daughter of women to destroy it; but she shall not stand with him, or be for him. Due to the Egyptian Revolt, Ptolemy V ceded all Ptolemic territory north of Egypt. Ptolemy V (age 16) also accepted Antiochus III's daughter, Cleopatra (age 26), as his wife in 193 BC. While Antiochus III hoped that as a result Seleucid influence would prevail, uniting the two empires under Seleucid rule. She was appointed vizier in 187 BC & became Queen-regent for her son, Ptolemy VI. While she never attacked the Seleucid empire, neither did she make any attempt to unite the 2 kingdoms.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 v18 After this he shall turn his face to the coastlands, and shall take many. But a ruler shall bring the reproach against them to an end; and with the reproach removed, he shall turn back on him. v19 Then he shall turn his face toward the fortress of his own land; but he shall stumble and fall, and not be found. Historical Events With the end of the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus III turned to reconquer the coastal and western lands of Asia Minor. With Hannibal (of Carthage) as an advisor, Antiochus moved north into Thrace to liberate Greece from Roman influence. The Roman army defeated the Seleucid forces at Thermopylae & pursued him into Asia Minor. The Romans crushed the Selucid forces at Magnesia. In the Treaty of Apamea Antiochus III gave up all claim to lands in western Asia Minor, paid an indemnity of 15000 talents over 12 years, gave up his fleet, hamstrung his war elephants, and sent his son, Antiochus IV, as a royal hostage to Rome. Antiochus III was killed by an angry mob, while leading some soldier to raid a temple treasury to pay the indemnity.

Treaty of Apamea Territory Surrendered

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11 v20 There shall arise in his place one who imposes taxes on the glorious kingdom; but within a few days he shall be destroyed, but not in anger or in battle. v21 And in his place shall arise a vile person, to whom they will not give the honor of royalty; but he shall come in peaceably, and seize the kingdom by intrigue. Historical Events Under Antiochus III Judea enjoyed peace, and received donations from the king for the annual sacrifices. Upon becoming king in 187 BC Seleucus IV instead levied heavy taxes against Judea, even confiscating the Temple treasury. He did manage to secure the release of his brother, Antiochus IV, by sending his son, Demetrius. Seleucus IV was assassinated by his minister, Heliodorus, who sought to usurp the throne. On his way back from Rome Antiochus IV learned of the assassination. Antiochus IV in turn killed the usurper. The succession should have gone to Seleucus IV's son, Demetrius. Instead Antiochus IV, aided by the king of Pergamum, seized the throne, making himself co-regent with Seleucus IV's infant son, Antiochus, whom Antiochus IV murdered a few years later.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11:22-24 Historical Events 22 With the force of a flood they shall be swept away from before him and be broken, and also the prince of the covenant. 23 And after the league is made with him he shall act deceitfully, for he shall come up and become strong with a small number of people. 24 He shall enter peaceably, even into the richest places of the province; and he shall do what his fathers have not done, nor his forefathers: he shall disperse among them the plunder, spoil, and riches; and he shall devise his plans against the strongholds, but only for a time. With the Romans advancing eastward, Antiochus IV determined to conquer Egypt, so that he would have an empire large enough to challenge the Roman Republic. Before doing so, he came south with his armies and replaced the Jewish High Priest, Onias III, with his brother Joshua (aka Jason) in 173 BC. The Tobiads sensed that Antiochus IV could be swayed by large donations of gold. As a result Antiochus IV replaced Joshua with Menelaus Tobiad, as High Priest, in 171 BC. This change gave Antiochus IV free access to the Temple treasury to fund his great invasion of Egypt. Meanwhile, the regents for the young Ptolemy VI, attempted to claim the dowry of the (deceased) Queen Mother, Cleopatra I. Antiochus IV, rejected the claim, and subsequently defeated the Ptolemaic forces at Pelusium in 169 BC. Thus began the Sixth Syrian War.

Realization of God's Prophecy Daniel 11:25-26 25 He shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the South with a great army. And the king of the South shall be stirred up to battle with a very great and mighty army; but he shall not stand, for they shall devise plans against him. 26 Yes, those who eat of the portion of his delicacies shall destroy him; his army shall be swept away, and many shall fall down slain. Historical Events As the Sixth Syrian War continued Antiochus IV defeated the Ptolemaic forces at every encounter. Most of Egypt fell to him until only the region around Alexandria remained. He even captured his nephew, Ptolemy VI (age 15). Rather than kill the boy, Antiochus IV declared himself guardian for the boy, giving himself authority over Ptolemaic Egypt. The remaining Ptolemaic forces in Alexandria declared the younger brother, Ptolemy VII, as the sole king of the Ptolemaic kingdom. Enraged, Antiochus IV launched his final assault against Alexandria. But before he could breach the city, a Roman delegation arrived, bearing an ultimatum from the Roman Senate. Antiochus IV must withdraw from Egypt entirely and restore the legacy of Ptolemaic Dynasty.

Daniel 11 Realization of God's Prophecy Historical Events v28 While returning to his land with great riches, his heart shall be moved against the holy covenant; so he shall do damage and return to his own land. While campaigning in Egypt, rumors arose in Judea that Antiochus VI had been killed. Jason gathered a force of 1000 soldiers and attacked Jerusalem to reclaim his High Priesthood. Menalaus Tobiad fled to Egypt along with a few of his followers, reporting of the revolt to Antiochus VI. Withdrawing from Egypt, Antiochus VI marched on Jerusalem, forcing Joshua to flee. Antiochus VI under the pretense of honoring YHWH Elohim entered the Holy place and confiscated the sacred lamp and the show table, as well as all the other religious utensils and what remained of the treasury. He then restored Menelaus Tobiad, as High Priest, and returned north. The plundering and desecration of the Sanctuary; however, enraged the Jewish populace, resulting in continual unrest.

Daniel 11:29-39 The Evil that Men Do Due to continual unrest in Judea, Antiochus VI commissioned his general, Apollonius, to slay & destroy Apollonius entered Jerusalem amicably, then Killed all the men Enslaved the women and children Destroyed the walls and many homes Placed a statue of Zeus or Baal Shamem in the Sanctuary Sacrificed a swine on the altar Built a fortress in Jerusalem overlooking the city Marched across Judea killing, enslaving, and destroying

Daniel 11:29-39 The Decree of Antiochus VI Banned the sacrifices The Evil that Men Do Banned & burned all sacred writings, especially the Torah Anyone caught withholding sacred writings was killed Banned circumcision Anyone caught performing circumcision was executed Required Jews to pay to offer sacrifices (of pigs) to the statue of Zeus on the sacrificial altar Banned the keeping of dietary laws Alliances of Antiochus VI Developed alliances with Jewish Hellenizers Made alliance with Tobiads

The Evil that Men Do Daniel 11:29-39 Jewish Resistance took many forms Continued teaching of scriptures in secret, mainly away from Jerusalem Passive martyrdom by the pious ones (Hasidim) Active (guerrilla warfare) resistance Mattathias killed a Hellenistic Jew, who had stepped forward to offer a sacrifice to Zeus Mattathias and his 5 sons fled into the wilderness Together they built a resistance movement, initially using guerrilla warfare tactics After Mattathias' death his eldest, Judas, took over and built a large army, Judas and his brothers became known as the Maccabees

To Be Continued Daniel the Prophet God, through His messenger Gabriel, provided ever increasing detailed prophecies of the future kingdoms affecting Judea and Jerusalem in particular Daniel 11 is the most detailed prophecy concerning the fate of Judea The prophecy can be mapped to the historical record of the conflict between the Ptolemaic kingdom (South) and the Seleucid kingdom (North) The latter half of Daniel 11 is focused on one particular king of the north. The king of the north in Daniel 11:21-45 can be historically identified as Antiochus VI Epiphanes Antiochus VI Epiphanes may be considered an architype of the anti-christ.

Last Two Sessions Homework: Read Daniel 11:21-45 again Read Daniel 12 Read Daniel 10 Turn attention to Daniel's Prophecies regarding the endtimes Summarize Daniel 12 and 10 Tie Daniel 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, & 12 Support from Matthew 24 Tie to Revelation 13-21

References 1. Daniel the Prophet: Chapter 11 King of the North, Countdown to Armageddon, http://www.countdown.org/en/books/daniel-prophet/the-king-of-the-north/ 2. Lysimachus, Donald L. Wasson, Ancient History Encyclopedia, http://www.ancient.eu/lysimachus/ 3. Ptolemy I Soter, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ptolemy_i_soter 4. Cassander, Donald L Wasson, Ancient History Encyclopedia, http://www.ancient.eu/cassander/ 5. Seleucus I Nicator, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/seleucus_i_nicator 6. Ptolemy Keraunos, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ptolemy_keraunos 7. Ptolemy Keraunos (d.279 BC), J. Rickard, History of War, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ptolemy_keraunos.html 8. Berenice, Daughter of Ptolemy II, Encyclopædia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/berenice-daughter-of-ptolemy-ii 9. Ptolemaic Dynasty, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ptolemaic_dynasty 10. Seleucid Empire, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/seleucid_empire 11. List of Seleucid Rulers, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_seleucid_rulers 12. Syrian Wars, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syrian_wars 13. Seleucus III Ceraunus, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/seleucus_iii_ceraunus

References 14. Antiochus III the Great, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/antiochus_iii_the_great 15. Antiochus III. The Great, Louis Ginzberg, The Jewish Encyclopedia, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1588-antiochus-iii-the-great 16. Battle of Raphia, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battle_of_raphia 17. Battle of Panium, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battle_of_panium 18. Ptolemaic Dynasty, Donald L. Wasson, Ancient History Encyclopedia, http://www.ancient.eu/ptolemaic_dynasty/ 19. History of the Egyptian Kingdom of the Ptolemies, George Rawlinson M.A, History of Macedonia, http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/ancientmacedonia/ptolemies.htm 20. Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ptolemy_v_epiphanes 21. The Tobiads, B. Mazar, pp. 137-145, Israel Exploration Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1957 [Accessed via MyJSTOR.org.] 22. The Biblical Cities of Tyre and Sidon, Gary Byers MA, Bible and Spades, Fall 2002, http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/01/26/the-biblical-cities-of-tyre-and- Sidon.aspx

References 23. Cleopatra I Syra, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cleopatra_i_syra 24. Cleopatra, Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_04347.htm l 25. Treaty of Apamea, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/treaty_of_apamea 26. Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/antiochus_iv_epiphanes 27. Antiochus the Madman, Rabbi Paul Steinberg, MyJewishLearning, http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/antiochus-the-madman/ 28. Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, Louis Ginzberg, Jewish Encyclopedia, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1589-antiochus-iv-epiphanes 29. Abomination of Desolation, Louis Ginzberg, Jewish Encyclopedia, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/353-abomination-of-desolation 30. Maccabees, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maccabees 31. Maccabees/Hasmoneans: History & Overview, Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/history/maccabees.html