AN INVESTIGATION ON THE PATTERNS AND ANTECEDENTS OF CHARITABLE GIVING BEHAVIOUR AMONG MUSLIMS IN MALAYSIA SALWA AMIRAH AWANG THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ACADEMY OF ISLAMIC STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017
UNIVERSITI MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate:Salwa Amirah Binti Awang ( Registration/Matric No: IHA 130013 Name of Degree: PhD Title of Project Paper/Research Report/Dissertation/Thesis: An Investigation on the Patterns and Antecedents of Charitable Giving among Muslims in Malaysia Field of Study: Shariah and Economy I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: (1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; (2) This Work is original; (3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; (4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; (5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of Malaya ( UM ), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; (6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate s Signature Date Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness s Signature Name: Designation: Date ii
ABSTRACT Internationally, charitable giving is recognized as an important monetary resource and highly encouraged in Islam as it has its own economic role that offers sustainability and societal welfare. This study intends to explore the patterns and antecedents of voluntary charitable giving in the Muslim world especially in Malaysia through a quantitative method of survey research design. An instrument in the form of a set of questionnaire was developed using the extended theory of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). 1034 sets of questionnaire were gathered from the samples of working Muslim population in Malaysia using the cluster sampling involving Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Johor which were selected by the highest number of Muslim workers throughout Malaysia. The data was analyzed using the descriptive analysis, factor analysis, Partial Least Square of Structural Equation Modeling and Logistic Regression. Findings of the study discovered that Muslims in Malaysia mostly preferred to donate to worship house and beggars but less likely to donate to nonprofit institutions and higher education institutions and tended to use the conventional method of giving compared to technological methods. The result of factor analysis showed that the instrument had high value of validity and all components explained the charitable giving behaviour by 74.12%. The result of PLS SEM indicated that attitude, perceived behavioural control and altruism significantly influenced the intention to give with religiosity and financial wellness 1 and 2 moderated the relationship between perceived behaviour control and giving intention. While the result of logistic regression revealed significant factors for giving to six different categories such as worship house, religious school, beggars, charity homes, nonprofit institutions and higher education institutions in which variables such as age, gender, marital status education, employment, home ownership, household income, medium of information as well as the latent variables in the model were found to be iii
significant predictors for certain kinds of giving while tax was proven to be significant for all kinds of giving. The significance of this study can be viewed in three aspects. Firstly, from the theoretical aspect, this study elaborated on the concept of charity in Islam incrementally and provided empirical evidence to the relevance of the extended theory of TPB. From the aspect of methodology, it produced a valid and reliable instrument of charitable giving behaviour and steps of conducting cluster sampling. Finally, in practical aspect, it prepared insights to charity marketers especially to focus on significant areas and to stimulate contributing factors in order to increase fundraising and to collaborate with influential institutions among the public. Thus, it is hoped that the findings of this study will be benefited by all authorities involved in charity to further encourage the giving behaviour for the improvement of society welfare. iv
ABSTRAK Di peringkat antarabangsa, sedekah diiktiraf sebagai suatu sumber kewangan yang penting dan amat digalakkan di dalam Islam disebabkan peranan ekonominya tersendiri yang menawarkan ciri kelestarian dan kebajikan masyarakat. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka corak dan faktor-faktor sedekah dalam dunia Islam terutamanya di Malaysia melalui kaedah kuantitatif berbentuk kajian tinjauan. Instrumen kajian dalam bentuk soal selidik telah dibangunkan dengan menggunapakai teori lanjutan Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Sebanyak 1034 set borang soal selidik telah dikumpul daripada sampel populasi orang Islam yang berkerjaya di Malaysia menggunakan kaedah persampelan berkelompok melibatkan negeri Perak, Selangor, Pahang dan Johor yang dipilih berdasarkan jumlah pekerja Islam yang tertinggi seluruh Malaysia. Data telah dianalisa menggunakan analisis deskriptif, analisis faktor, Partial Least Square of Structural Equation Modeling dan analisa regressi logistik. Dapatan kajian telah menemui bahawa orang Islam di Malaysia kebanyakannya cenderung untuk menyumbang kepada rumah ibadat dan pengemis tetapi kurang memberi kepada institusi bukan bermotifkan keuntungan dan institusi pengajian tinggi dan lebih menggunakan kaedah biasa dalam memberi daripada kaedah yang melibatkan teknologi. Hasil daripada faktor analisis menunjukkan bahawa instrumen yang digunakan mempunyai nilai kesahan yang tinggi dan semua komponen menerangkan gelagat menyumbang sebanyak 74.12%. Keputusan ujian PLS SEM mendapati bahawa sikap, anggapan kawalan sikap dan altruism mempengaruhi niat untuk menyumbang secara signifikan dengan faktor keagamaan dan kesejahteraan kewangan 1 dan 2 menjadi penyederhana (moderator) kepada hubungan antara anggapan kawalan sikap dan niat untuk menyumbang. Manakala keputusan regressi logistik menemui faktorfaktor signikan kepada enam jenis kategori sumbangan iaitu rumah ibadat, sekolah agama, v
pengemis, rumah kebajikan, institusi bukan bermotif keuntungan dan insitusi pengajian tinggi di mana pembolehubah-pemboleubah seperti umur, jantina, status perkahwinan, tahap pendidikan, jenis pekerjaan, pemilikan kediaman, pendapatan isi rumah, medium maklumat dan juga pembolehubah-pembolehubah terpendam di dalam model didapati menjadi peramal signifikan untuk jenis-jenis sumbangan yang tertentu manakala cukai dibuktikan signifikan kepada semua jenis sumbangan. Sumbangan kajian ini boleh dilihat dalam tiga aspek. Pertama dalam aspek teori, kajian ini menambahkan perincian konsep sedekah dalam Islam dan menyediakan bukti empirikal kepada relevan teori lanjutan TPB. Dari aspek metodologi, kajian ini telah menghasilkan instrumen yang sah dan boleh dipercayai dan menunjukkan langkah-langkah melakukan persampelan berkelompok. Akhir sekali, dalam aspek praktikal, kajian ini memberi maklumat kepada pasaran yang berteraskan kebajikan terutamanya untuk memfokuskan bahagian-bahagian yang signifikan dan untuk merangsang faktor-faktor penyumbang dalam meningkatkan kutipan derma dan berkolaborasi dengan institusi yang berpengaruh dalam masyarakat. Oleh itu, diharapkan agar penemuan-penemuan daripada kajian ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh semua pihak yang terbabit dalam kebajikan supaya sikap menderma ini dapat digalakkan lagi demi penambahbaikan kebajikan masyarakat. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises to Almighty Allah, the Most Beneficient, the Most Merciful, the Lord of the Universe, for His blessing, mercy and guidance without which this work will not be realized. Peace be upon the beloved prophet Muhammad for his teachings that always enlighten and inspire my life. I would like to take this opportunity to express my highest gratitude to the individuals whom I am indebted to, along this PhD journey for the support and assistance to reach the end of this study. First and foremost, my highest gratitude is dedicated to my honourable supervisors Dr Mohamad Taqiuddin bin Mohamad and the late Prof Dr Joni Tamkin bin Borhan for their unconditional support, endless encouragement and constructive guidance from the first step of my study until the final touches. I would also like to thank the government of Malaysia especially the Department of Polytechnic Studies of Ministry of Higher Education for granting the three year Scholarship under Hadiah Latihan Persekutuan and the staffs of Shariah Economy Department of Academy of Islamic Studies of University Malaya for their assistance. Most importantly, I am very grateful and thankful to my soul mate, the backbone of this study who is my beloved husband Dr Fidlizan bin Muhammad for his continuous support in every aspect which facilitates to the realization of this study. My heartfelt thanks go to my beloved parents, Haji Awang bin Abdul Rahman @ Sulaiman and Wan Fatimah Binti Wan Hussain who have been my inspiration and pillar of strength. To my beloved children, Sarah, Faatir, Syifa, Azeez and my little baby Fayyadh as well as all my family members, thank you for the love, understanding and prayers. I hope this work is rewarded and acknowledged by Allah as a little effort that contributes to the development of Ummah. vii
LIST OF TRANSLITERATION Consonant Letters Arabic Alphabet Pronunciation Latin Alphabet ا Alif a / ب ba B ت ta T ث tha Th ج Jim J ح ha H خ kha Kh د Dal D ذ Dhal Dh ر ra R ز Zay Z س Sin S ش Syin Sy ص Sad S ض Dad D ط ta T ظ za Z ع ayn غ Ghayn Gh ف fa F ق Qaf Q ل Lam L م Mim M viii
ن Nun N و Waw W ه H ha ي ya Y ة ta marbutah H Vowels Vowel Arabic Alphabet Latin Alphabet Fathah A Short Dhammah U Kasrah I Long Diphthong آ ا و ا ي ا و ا ي ي و A U I Aw Ay iy/i Uww ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION Abbreviation ATT SN PBC ALT Description Attitude Subjective Norm Perceived Behavioural Control Altruism FW1 Financial Wellness 1 FW2 Financial Wellness 2 REL TRU TPB Religiosity Trust Theory of Planned Behaviour x
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A: Instrumentation Appendix B: Result of Data Analysis xi