It is worth pointing out right up front that we use the term gospel in two different ways.

What Is A Gospel? Reflection: You re sitting at the bus stop, having a quick read of your Bible in the 5 minutes before the bus comes. Someone sees you doing this, comes up to you and asks: Can you tell me, what is the gospel of Jesus? In the minutes you have left, what are the essential things you would say? What is a gospel? - A unique piece of literature in the first century. It s about the life of a person, Jesus of Nazareth, but only selected parts of his life. A focus of the gospels is the last week of his life, including considerable attention on his death, and the empty tomb. - Another focus is on declaring the meaning and significance of the events, not just the events themselves. - Gospels are written records of witness to the gospel the proclamation of the person and work of Jesus Christ. It is worth pointing out right up front that we use the term gospel in two different ways. First we have The Gospel that is the proclamation of the person and work of Jesus Christ. Often translated the good news (c.f. Mk 1:14 in the NIV) a translation that does not really capture the magnitude of what the word means. The Gospel of God (c.f. Mk 1:14 in the ESV) is tremendous news for all - yes it is good for those who will know Jesus, but it is terrible news for those who will reject Jesus. Second we have The gospels that is the four biblical accounts titled Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. As you can see, they are related but semantically we use the word differently. Why Were The Gospels Written? - New Testament letters (e.g. the letters from the Apostle Paul, John s letters, Revelation etc.) sit alongside the Gospels (i.e. Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) and present the gospel as a clearly defined message about the person and work of Jesus Christ (proclaimed verbally in the past). They expound the gospel and its implications for each situation. - The written compositions we call the gospels gave in literary form an account of how the good news of the church s proclamation began in Galilee and Jerusalem. (R.P. Martin) Purpose of Each Gospel: -> Intended Audiences: GENTILES Luke, Mark (a generalization!) JEWS - Matthew, John Mark a follower and interpreter of the apostle Peter who writes a narrative story in which Jesus is the central character. Mark is the shortest gospel. Luke intended to assure Theophilus (and others) of the certainty or historical firmness of the teachings they had received (c.f. Luke 1:1-4). Interestingly, Luke was a Physician, which may explain why his gospel gives the longest and most detailed description of the miracles and healings of Jesus he may have been more interested in them! Matthew likely intention is the instruction of Jewish Christian converts under attack from national Jews. Fulfillment of Scripture is a strong theme. This is the most detailed historical account of the life of Jesus. Mark Rundle/Ken D Noakes 1 of 6 3/09/15

John an evangelistic document (see John 20:31), to convince unbelievers and confirm believers in their faith. Hence why often this gospel is called St John, the Evangelist. All four gospels, even Mark and Luke writing for Gentile readers, expect readers to understand the significance of the Old Testament for the ministry of Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels Their Structure and Sources Matthew, Mark and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels. The word Synoptic comes from the Greek syn, meaning together, and optic, meaning seen. In many ways it is the common view given that there is a general (and similar) chronological presentation in each of first three gospels. Compared to John, who takes a reflective (or retrospective) view as he sets about to present the facts that will allow someone to conclude that Jesus is the one sent from God. MOVEMENT: In Matthew, Mark and Luke the movement through the gospel is the same. a. Who is Jesus? b. Where is Jesus heading? c. Why did Jesus come? Movement Stage Matthew Mark Luke Who is Jesus? Introduction Mt 1:1-4:11 Mk 1:1-13 Lk 1:1-4:13 (or Prologue) Early Ministry Mt 4:12-16:12 Mk 1:14-8:26 Lk 4:14-9:17 (in Galilee) Where is Jesus heading? Prep and teaching about coming death (turning to Mt 16:13-20:34 Mk 8:27-10:52 Lk 9:18-19:27 Why did Jesus come? Jerusalem) Opposition (ministry in Jerusalem) Climax (the passion) Mt 21-25 Mk 11-13 Lk 19:28-21:38 Mt 26-28 Mk 14-16 Lk 22-24 SOURCES: Much common material between Matthew, Mark and Luke suggests that they used common sources or were dependent upon each other. Yet each Gospel writer has independent sources and independently arranges his material to emphasize & convey particular aspects of Jesus life & work. How did all this come together? Most likely scenario: Mark written first, and used by Matthew and Luke (thus Mark the first to put his account of the gospel of Jesus into written form he s the only one to call it a gospel too). Early tradition that Mark was the scribe for the eyewitness Peter, writing his Gospel after Peter s death (approx 64-65 AD). 1 Matthew and Luke seem to have another source of common material that Mark didn t (usually called Q ), as well as their own independent sources. (see page 16 of the PTC Notes) 2 1 This is called the two-source theory. Mark Rundle/Ken D Noakes 2 of 6 3/09/15

The Early Church View as suggested by St Augustine of Hippo (AD 354-430) and therefore Roman Catholic, thought that Matthew (the longest) came first, followed by Mark (a condensed version), followed by Luke (who added a more detailed explanation for some events like the miracles and healings). Textual criticism has long shown the errors in this view and so we have the now accepted view that Mark was primary. The Gospel of Mark: An Overview Who is Mark? - Seems like a simple question! The Gospel itself makes no mention of Mark, and does not claim to be written by him. The title of Mark although contained in all the manuscripts, is most likely an addition to the gospel. And unlike other New Testament texts, there is not internal reference to any author (as say Luke s Gospel or Paul s letters). 3 - That said, the gospel does not need an author s name to distinguish and guarantee it particularly as there are so many other texts that speak to its authority. It could be that at the time it was written (given that it is now accepted that it was early), it would not have been safe for the author to name himself. - Tradition has attributed it to Mark and there is no reason in which to doubt him as the original author. - Mark, like his cousin Barnabas (Col 4:10), was a Hellenist of a wealthy Greek speaking Jewish (and Levitical) heritage. His longer name would have been John Mark. Mother was Mary (probably a widow living in Jerusalem Acts 12:12). - John Mark was closely linked with at least three major apostolic figures (Paul Acts 13:2-5; Col 4:10; 2 Tim 4:11, Barnabas - Acts 12:25; 13:2-5; 15:39 and Peter 1 Pet 5:13) and was associated with several centres of Christian tradition (Jerusalem, Antioch and Rome) which means he would have had first hand experience in the missionary work among Gentiles. A good reason why he may have produced such a gentile gospel. A Primary Gospel - Mark is a primary document in that it is not identifiably derived from earlier sources. - The time frame of writing can be confirmed. Jesus was crucified on AD 33 (or 30) and Mark s gospel was completed approximately 40 years later (modern scholars suggest the middle to late 60 s as the date between the suicide of Nero in AD 68 and the Fall of Jerusalem in AD 70) 4 2 P. Barnett suggests that Matthew use 80% of Mark and Luke 50% of Mark. The Birth of Christianity The First Twenty Years, Grand Rapids: Eerdmanns, 2005, 151. 3 Although some have suggested that there is a hidden (and humble) reference to in author in Mark 14:51-52 as the young man. If that was me, I can see why he would not have put his name to the document!! 4 For example, M. Hengel, Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Christ, London: SCM, 1979, 78. Mark Rundle/Ken D Noakes 3 of 6 3/09/15

Fall of Jerusalem (AD 70) The Fall of Jerusalem is one of the most significant events in the 1st Century for the dating of New Testament texts. It was significant because of the scale of damage that occurred is absent in the recorded accounts of the New Testament. The war between the Jews and Romans (A.D. 66-70) led to the destruction of the Jerusalem temple and the dismantling of the High Priest structure. After the siege the physical appearance of the land was dramatically altered. Jerusalem lay in ruins, the temple destroyed, the surrounding hills were denude of vegetation. According to Josephus (a pagan historian) those who visited the city could not believe it had ever been inhabited (Jewish War 7.3) The gospel of Mark, for instance, is written of a time and place before the destruction of the temple. Throughout Mark, we frequently read of Jesus moving in and around the temple and yet there is never a mention of the destruction that would come (or even location reference to monuments of structures that would have once stood). It is for this reason that Mark (and most of the other NT texts) are dated before the Fall of Jerusalem. Characteristics of Mark: - Vivid & fast-moving; Jesus central to almost every incident. - Objective: not overdone or using flamboyant language. - Filled with conflict from various opponents (e.g. Demon Possessed Men, Satan, Jewish Religious and Political Leaders) - There are also characters who embrace Jesus (e.g. disciples, sick, crowds, unnamed characters, Levi etc.) - Moves from Galilee to Jerusalem. Jesus movements throughout the gospel are clear and there is an intentionality in how he moves from Galilee to Jerusalem (Note the time references - c.f. 1:9, 12, 14, 16, 21, 35, 2:1, 3:7-8, 13, 4:1, 35-36, 5:1, 21, 6:1, 6:45-48, 53, 7:24, 31, 8:10, 13, 22, 27, 9:2, 9, 30, 33, 10:1, 32, 46, 11:1, 12, 15, 27, (13:3, 14:3), 14:26, (32, 15:22)). - Turning point at Caesarea Philippi (8:27) focus shifts from who Jesus is, to what he has come to do, as both Son of Man (c.f. Dan 7:13-14) and Suffering Servant (c.f. Is 53). Interestingly, the only person in Mark (and the rest of the NT) who refers to Jesus as the Son of Man is actually Jesus himself. - Climax of Jesus death: 6 of 16 chapters about Jesus last week in Jerusalem. CHAPTERS 1-8 CHAPTERS 8-16 (first 3 years of ministry) (last 3 weeks of ministry/life) WHO IS JESUS? WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR JESUS TO BE THE CHRIST? (and ) WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO FOLLOW JESUS? Mark Rundle/Ken D Noakes 4 of 6 3/09/15

Purpose of Mark: Instruction manual for new Christians (in particular, Gentiles) Evangelistic tool (for Gentiles) reader is confronted with Jesus on every occasion Encouragement to Christians to stand firm (especially in Rome?) Suggested Structure of Mark found in the PTC notes (p19) based on geographical layout of narrative. Finding a structure to a biblical book is a good exercise because it allows you to understand the movement of the text. That said, the danger is that the structure then determines the way you read the text. The student should work hard in the first instance to understand the text as it flows and then in the second instance work out a structure that makes sense of the flow. Here are some examples of how other commentators have determined the structure (note the variances!) Lane Prologue to the Gospel 1:1-13 The Initial Phase of the Galilean Ministry 1:14-3:6 Later Phases of the Ministry in Galilee 3:7-6:13 Withdrawal Beyond Galilee 6:14-8:30 The Journey to Jerusalem 8:31-10:52 Ministry in Jerusalem 11:1-13:37 The Passion Narrative 14:1-15:47 The Resurrection Narrative 16:1-8 (picks up the Galilee to Jerusalem journey) Wegener Prologue 1:1-13 Scene 1 1:14-3:6 Scene 2 3:7-6:6 Scene 3 6:7-8:26 Scene 4 8:27-10:52 Scene 5 11:1-13:37 Scene 6 14:1-15:41 The Sequel 15:42-16:8 (says Mark was originally a performance drama - dominated by geography) Van Iersel TITLE 1:1 Wilderness 1:2-13 (Hinge 1:14-15) Galilee 1:16-8:21 (Healing of Blind Man 8:22-26) On The Way 8:27-10:45 (Healing of Blind Man 10:46-52) Jerusalem 11:1-15:39 (Hinge 15:40-41) Tomb & Resurrection 15:42-16:8 This approach owes much to narrative criticism - Bible as literary text - tells a story which develops with links and connections. The reader enters world created by the text. Author ---> Text ---> Reader. Mark Rundle/Ken D Noakes 5 of 6 3/09/15

(Sees text as a whole and focuses on the text - though beware of unity imposed by us on the text, and remember that the Gospel isn t modern fiction!) The Reader of Mark An important interaction that is often not recognized is that which the author has with us the reader. It is notable that the Gospel of Mark tell the story in a way that: a. Brings the reader into the story. b. Makes the reader interact with the characters c. Ultimately makes the reader react with Jesus himself. Group Exercise: In threes: 1) Read Mark 1:1-15 - What should we expect of the rest of Mark given this introduction? 2) Taking turns how would you describe to an unbeliever why the gospels were written?(allow the observers to give you feedback) References for Further Reading! France, R.T. Reading The Gospels, in New Bible Dictionary: 21 st Century Edition. Leicester: IVP, 1994. Barnett, P.W., The Birth of Christianity The First Twenty Years. Grand Rapids: Eerdmanns, 2005, Ch 13. Various articles in New Dictionary of Biblical Theology, Editors T.D. Alexander & Brian S. Rosner. Leicester/Downers Grove: IVP, 2000. Look especially at D.A. Hagner, The Synoptic Gospels ; C.A. Evans, Mark ; and G. Goldsworthy, Gospel. For next week: 1) Read (or listen) through Mark s Gospel if possible, in one sitting (it should only take about an hour at the most!). As you are reading, and after you ve finished, make notes in response to these questions: Where does Mark s gospel begin? Where does it end? Who is telling the story? At what points do you become aware of a narrator? Where does the story take place? Who are the main characters? How would you describe them? Were there any features that surprised you (!!!!!), or were left unresolved (?????)? 2) Read through Unit 1 and 2 of the PTC Notes Mark Rundle/Ken D Noakes 6 of 6 3/09/15