Contributors Abbreviations xix xxiii Introducing a Second Edition: Changing Roman Catholic Perspectives Francis Schüssler Fiorenza xxv 1. Systematic Theology: Task and Methods 1 Francis Schüssler Fiorenza Fragility of Theology 3 Christian Scriptures: Testimony and Theological Reflection 5 Three Classic Paradigms of Theology 6 Augustine: Christian Doctrine as Wisdom 7 Aquinas: Scholastic Method and Thomas s Sacra Doctrina 13 Neo-Scholasticism: Its Distinctive Characteristics 20 Summary 26 Five Contemporary Approaches to Theology 26 Transcendental Theology 26 Hermeneutical Theology 32 Analytical Approaches to Theology 35 The Method of Correlation 41 Liberation Theologies 47 v
vi Toward a More Comprehensive Theological Approach 50 Characteristics of the Modern Situation 50 Four Elements of a Theological Approach 54 Transitioning to the Twenty-First Century 64 Decentering Subjectivity: Aesthetics and Phenomenology 66 Decentering Method and the Interpretation of Meaning 68 Decentering Progress: Tradition and Memory as Interruption 69 Decentering Elites: Lived Experience and Spiritual Practices 70 Decentering Individualism: Dialogical Communities of Discourse 71 Conclusion 74 For Further Reading 76 Histories and Dictionaries of Theology 76 Nature, Tasks, Divisions, and Method of Theology 77 2. Faith and Revelation 79 Avery Dulles Revelation 80 The Concept of Revelation 80 Types of Revelation 81 The Modes of Communication 82 Special Revelation in Salvation History 85 Revelation and the Religions 86 Revelation: Past, Present, and Future 87 Faith 90 The Concept of Faith 90 The Virtue and the Act of Faith 90 Formal and Material Objects of Faith 91 Faith and Knowledge 93 Properties of Faith: Supernaturality, Certainty, Freedom, Obscurity 94 Implicit and Explicit Faith 95 Faith and Salvation 96 Summary: Faith and Revelation 98
Transmission of Revelation 99 Testimony 99 vii The Bible 100 Tradition as a Source of Doctrine 101 Loci of Tradition 102 The Hierarchical Magisterium and Infallibility 104 Noninfallible Teaching, Religious Submission, and Dissent 105 Conclusion: Faith, Revelation, and Theology 106 For Further Reading 107 God and Trinity 3.1 Approaching the Christian Understanding of God 109 David Tracy God and the Revelation of Jesus Christ 110 God and Theology 110 God and Christ 112 God and the Human Quest for God 114 Credibility and Intelligibility 115 God and Natural Theology 116 Conclusion: God-Talk in Different Epochs and Today 119 God within the Modern Logos: From Deism to Panentheism 121 Postmodernity and the Return of God as the Impossible 124 For Further Reading 128 God and Trinity 3.2 The Trinitarian Mystery of God: A Theological Theology 131 Anthony J. Godzieba Prelude: The Limits and Task of Trinitarian Theology 132
viii The Role of Natural Theology 135 The Revelation of the Triune God 140 The Trinitarian Rule of Faith and Its Interpretation 153 From the New Testament to Nicaea (325 ce) 153 From Nicaea to Constantinople I (381 ce) 168 The Doctrine of the Trinity in a Contemporary Context 179 Ongoing Points of Discussion 190 Relationality and Social Trinitarianism 190 The Trinity in Ecumenical Discussion 192 Trinity, Liturgy, and the Christian Life 194 For Further Reading 196 4. Creation 201 Anne M. Clifford The Biblical Roots of Christian Creation Theology 204 The Old Testament 204 The New Testament 212 Creation in Patristic and Medieval Theology 214 Creatio ex nihilo 214 Imago Dei 223 Creation Theology and the Natural Sciences 227 The Cosmos 227 The Evolution of Species 231 Christian Challenges to Darwinian Evolution: Creation Science and Intelligent Design 234 Contemporary Conceptions of the Creator 241 A Creation Theology That Earth Can Live With 245 Conclusion 250 For Further Reading 251
5. Jesus Christ 255 John P. Galvin New Testament Christology 258 Classical Christology and Soteriology 264 Christology 264 ix Soteriology 274 Historical Foundations 278 Public Life 279 Crucifixion 287 Resurrection 291 Three Modern Christologies 303 Karl Rahner 304 Edward Schillebeeckx 307 Raymund Schwager 309 Conclusion 311 For Further Reading 313 6. Church 315 Michael A. Fahey The Contemporary Context of Ecclesiology 317 Disillusionment and Disaffection 318 A Church Divided 319 Ecclesiology after the Holocaust 321 The Experience of Being Marginalized 322 Beyond Europe and North America 323 Contextualization 324 New Methodology 325 The Origins and Early Development of the Church 326 Jesus and the Church 326 Church in the New Testament 328 Specific New Testament Churches 330
x Pre-Nicene Christianity 331 Communion in Pre-Nicene Christianity 333 The Nature of Church in Modern Roman Catholic Teaching 337 From Hierarchical to Communitarian Models 337 The Second Vatican Council s Description of Church 339 God s People in Christ 342 Church as Sacrament 342 The Local Church as Church of Christ 343 Church as Charismatic Community 344 Collegiality and Conciliarity/Sobornicity of the Church 345 One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church 346 Responsibilities within the Church 347 The Faithful 347 Institutes of Consecrated Life 348 The Ordained 349 Pastoral Office 350 Magisterium 351 Papal Primacy 353 Evangelization and Other Church Tasks 359 The Church s Mission 359 Evangelization 361 The Church s Call to Holiness 364 Unanswered Ecclesiological Questions for Future Resolution 365 Ecumenical or General Councils 365 Shared Eucharistic Hospitality 366 Recognition of Ordinations 367 Papal Ministry 368 For Further Reading 368 New Testament Studies 368 General Studies 369 Studies on Vatican II and Its Impact 371 Studies on Magisterium 371 Studies on the Papacy 372 Ecumenical Consensus Statements 372
7. Sin and Grace 375 Roger Haight Introduction: Scope and Method 377 Context 377 xi Method 381 Division 382 A Preliminary Anthropology 382 Sin as a Dimension of Individual Existence 385 Recent Catholic Theology of Sin 386 The Symbolic Sources of the Doctrine 388 Concupiscence and Temptation 394 Sin 395 The Social Dimension of Sin 398 The Objectivity of Sin and the Social Constitution of Human Existence 399 The Subjectivity of Society and the Phenomenon of Social Guilt 400 The Prior Situation of Sin and the Purpose of Human Freedom 401 Grace on the Individual Level of Human Existence 402 Catholic Theology of Grace Today 403 The Sources for a Theology of Grace 405 A Definition of Grace 407 The Effects of Grace 409 Joint Declaration on Justification 416 The Social Dimension of Grace 418 From Teleology to Eschatology 418 Grace within the Social Sphere 421 Social Grace and the Purpose of Human Freedom 422 The Eschatology of Grace 423 Sin, Grace, and Spirituality 425 The Meaning of Spirituality 425 God s Purpose for Human Freedom and Action 426 Union with God 427 Resurrection Hope 428
xii Conclusion 428 For Further Reading 429 8. Communion of Saints and Mary 431 Elizabeth A. Johnson The Living Tradition 433 Scripture 433 Age of Martyrs 434 Late Antiquity: From Companionship to Patronage 436 Second Millennium 437 Turning Point: Second Vatican Council 439 Structure of Conciliar Document 439 Saints 440 Mary 441 Paradigm Shift 442 The Postconciliar Era 443 Devotion in Global Perspective 443 Papal Contributions 445 Ecumenical Dialogues 447 Diversity of Interpretations 447 Transcendental Theology 448 Political Theology 448 Liberation Theology 449 Feminist/Womanist/Mujerista Theology 450 Latino/Latina Theology 451 Elements of a Theological Synthesis 452 Communion of Saints 452 Conclusion 457 For Further Reading 458 Saints 458 Mary 459
9.1 in General 461 David N. Power Origin of 464 xiii Scholasticism 466 Council of Trent 466 Sacramental Theology in the Patristic Era 467 Augustine 470 Sacrament in an Era of Change in Cultural Settings 471 Scholastic Theology 472 Thomas Aquinas 475 Meeting the Challenge of the Reformers 476 Renewal of Sacramental Theology 478 Nineteenth-Century Orientations 478 Twentieth-Century Trends 479 Word Event: Protestant Influences on Catholic Theology 480 Symbolic Causality 481 The Ecclesial Subject: Feminist Theology 485 Theological Aesthetics 487 Symbolic Gift and Exchange 488 Presence in Time through Gift 491 Sacramental Language as a Word from God (Theology) 492 and Creation 494 Conclusion 495 For Further Reading 496 9.2 Baptism and Confirmation 497 David N. Power Post Vatican II Renewal of the Orders of Baptism and Confirmation 498 How the Are Named 499
xiv Scriptural Foundations 500 Synoptics 500 Pauline Teaching 501 Johannine Teaching 502 Acts of the Apostles 502 Other Texts 503 Evolution of the and Their Theology 503 Patristic Period 503 Western Practice and Theology 505 Separation of Rites 506 Scholastic Theology 507 The Challenge of the Reformers and the Council of Trent 507 Contemporary Theology 509 Infant Baptism 510 Conclusion 513 For Further Reading 513 9.3 Eucharist 515 David N. Power Scriptural Foundations of Eucharistic Theology 516 Two Traditions 517 Supper Narratives 517 Memorial 518 Other Texts 519 Conclusion 520 Early Christian Centuries 520 Christian Writers 521 The Eucharistic Prayer 523 The Medieval Sacrament 525
Reformation Controversies and the Council of Trent 526 Contemporary Roman Catholic Doctrine and Theology 528 Roman Catholic Teaching 528 xv Ecumenical Dialogue and Convergence 531 Roman Catholic Theologians 532 Conclusion 539 For Further Reading 540 9.4 Sacrament and Order of Penance and Reconciliation 543 David N. Power Present Discipline and Practice 544 Scriptural Warrants 545 Early History and Canonical Penance 545 Daily Sins 549 Medieval Changes in Penitential Practice 550 Scholastic Theology 552 Reformers and the Council of Trent 553 Contemporary Theology: Sin, Reconciliation, the Personal, and the Social 554 Contrition 554 Personal Confession 555 The Sin Confessed 555 Communal Celebrations 556 Conclusion 558 For Further Reading 558
xvi 9.5 Anointing of the Sick 559 David N. Power Post Vatican II Revisions of the Order 560 Scriptural Warrants 560 Historical Overview 561 Theological Reflections 562 Conclusion 564 For Further Reading 565 9.6 Order 567 David N. Power New Testament Origins 569 Early Christian Centuries 572 The Medieval Hierarchy and Priesthood 574 Contemporary Roman Catholic Doctrine and Theology 576 Magisterium 576 Ecumenical Conversation 577 Roman Catholic Theologians 578 For Further Reading 582 9.7 Marriage 583 Francis Schüssler Fiorenza Biblical Teaching on Marriage 586 Hebrew Scriptures 586 Early Christian Scriptures 587 Marriage in the History of Roman Catholic Theology 592 Augustine: The Sacrament in Marriage 592
Medieval Theology: Marriage as a Sacrament 594 xvii The Council of Trent on Marriage 597 Recent Official Roman Catholic Teaching 598 Marriage as a Sacrament in Modern Systematic Theology 601 Three Modern Directions 601 Toward a Theology of Marriage: A New Community 603 Pastoral-Practical Issues 611 Select Pastoral Issues 611 Birth Control and the Purpose of Marriage 612 Divorce and Remarriage 615 For Further Reading 618 10. Eschatology 621 Jeannine Hill Fletcher Biblical Sources 622 Creation and the Human Condition of Sin and Death 622 Redemption in History and Beyond 623 Particularity, Finality, and Judgment 625 Key Themes: Kingdom, Resurrection, and Judgment 626 Historical Perspective 626 Historical Developments 626 Continuing Themes 631 Currents in Contemporary Eschatology 635 Salvation of the Individual: Relationship with God through Christ 635 Corporate Salvation: Transformation toward a Time When God Will Be All in All 640 Religious Pluralism: Many Ways of Salvation? 646 Conclusion 650 For Further Reading 651 Index 653