Rome Review
Geography of the Mediterranean Sea Around 450 BC, the Athenians had created a democracy in Greece. To the west of Athens, on the Italian peninsula, lay the city of Rome. EUROPE AFRICA
Greece Rome The Romans borrowed art and architecture from the Greeks
Greece Rome The Romans borrowed religion from the Greeks, too!
Zeus Jupiter
Aphrodite Venus
Hades Pluto
Poseidon Neptune
Hermes Mercury
Ares Mars
2,500 Miles Rome 3,500 miles
Land Rome Remember: The Italian peninsula looks like a boot kicking a football! Italian peninsula Corsica Sardinia Sicily
Mountains Alps Apennines (ap eh ninz)
Rivers Po River Tiber River Rome is on the Tiber River.
Seas Mediterranean Sea
Fertile Land Fertile Land
Romulus and Remus A myth about the founding of Rome Who was the first king of Rome? Why is Rome called Rome?
According to the legend, Romulus and Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, the daughter of King Numitor of Alba Longa. Alba Longa was a mythical city located in the Alban Hills southeast of what would become Rome. Before the birth of the twins, Numitor was deposed by his younger brother Amulius, who forced Rhea to become a vestal virgin so that she would not give birth to rival claimants to his title. However, Rhea was impregnated by the war god Mars and gave birth to Romulus and Remus. Amulius ordered the infants drowned in the Tiber, but they survived and washed ashore at the foot of the Palatine hill, where they were suckled by a she-wolf until they were found by the shepherd Faustulus.
Reared by Faustulus and his wife, the twins later became leaders of a band of young shepherd warriors. After learning their true identity, they attacked Alba Longa, killed the wicked Amulius, and restored their grandfather to the throne. The twins then decided to found a town on the site where they had been saved as infants. They soon became involved in a petty quarrel, however, and Remus was slain by his brother. Romulus then became ruler of the settlement, which was named "Rome" after him.
To populate his town, Romulus offered asylum to fugitives and exiles. Rome lacked women, however, so Romulus invited the neighboring Sabines to a festival and abducted their women. A war then ensued, but the Sabine women intervened to prevent the Sabine men from seizing Rome. A peace treaty was drawn up, and the communities merged under the joint rule of Romulus and the Sabine king, Titus Tatius. Tatius' early death, perhaps perpetrated by Romulus, left the Roman as the sole king again. After a long and successful rule, Romulus died under obscure circumstances. Many Romans believed he was changed into a god and worshipped him as the deity Quirinus. After Romulus, there were six more kings of Rome, the last three believed to be Etruscans. Around 509 B.C., the Roman republic was established.
Ancient Rome Ancient Rome was divided into three phases Roman Kingdom: 753 BCE 509 BCE (Monarchy) Roman Republic: 509 BCE 27 BCE (Democracy) Roman Empire: 27 BCE 476 CE (Monarchy)
The Roman Kingdom 753 BCE 509 BCE: Seven different kings governed the Romans My way or the highway!!! The seventh king was so cruel that the Romans rose up against him
The Birth of a Republic In 509 BCE, Rome set up a republic Republic: A government in which citizens have the right to choose their leader Check for Understanding: Is the United States a republic?
SPQR The new government ordered the letters SPQR to be chiseled onto public buildings, armor, coins, and even park benches. The new government was composed of the Senate and the People of Rome. That's what SPQR stood for - Senatus Populus Que Romanus - the Senate and the People of Rome. Every time people saw the letters SPQR, they were reassured that things had changed. The kings were gone. It was a time of new leadership and new government. It was the time of the Roman Republic.
Patricians and Plebeians Patricians = PATS = wealthy, landowning families Had all the power, served in the government Plebeians = PLEBS = farmers, artisans, merchants Free, but had little say in the government Would you rather be a pat or a pleb? Why?
Government in the Roman Republic Patricians Plebeians CONSULS (2) What powers does each group have? Separation of powers What limits the power of each group? Checks and balances SENATORS (300) THE ASSEMBLY (All males)
Consuls Mr. Ritchie will now give 5 hours of homework every night! VETO! POWERS Commanded Rome s army Acted as judges Collected taxes Conducted the census LIMITS TO POWER Could only serve for one year One consul could shout Veto! to stop actions of other Consul Veto is Latin for I forbid!
Consuls Some feared that the consuls had too much power PRAETORS (2) CENSORS (2) POWERS Commanded Rome s army Acted as judges Collected taxes Conducted the census Chose a new senator if a senator died Praetors Censors Censors LIMITS TO POWER Could only serve for one year One consul could shout Veto! to stop actions of other Consul Veto is Latin for I forbid!
Senators POWERS LIMITS TO POWER CONSULS (2) Gave advice to the Consuls Passed laws Served for life Could select a dictator to rule Rome for six months (ex. Cincinnatus) SENATORS (300)
The Assembly POWERS The Assembly could pass laws The Assembly could vote to declare war SENATORS (300) LIMITS TO POWER The Senate could block laws The Senate could block declaration of war Laws passed by the plebeian Assembly applied only to plebeians. THE ASSEMBLY (All males)
Government in the Roman Republic CONSULS (2) PRAETORS (2) CENSORS (2) Patricians Plebeians Which class has more power? The patricians or the plebeians? SENATORS (300) ASSEMBLIES (All males)
DO NOW 1. The city of Rome is located on the continent of. 2. According to legend, an oracle predicted that would become the first king of Rome. 3. During the Roman Kingdom, which type of government did Rome have? 4. The wealthy landowners in Rome were known as the.
Patricians PRAETORS (2) Plebeians Not everyone was happy with the Roman Republic CONSULS (2) SENATORS (300) CENSORS (2) ASSEMBLIES (All males)
The Conflict of the Orders I want more power! NO!
The Plebeians Rebel! In 494 BCE, the unhappy plebeians marched out of Rome and threatened to build their own city. Do you think the plebeians idea worked?
The Plebs Protest Worked! Why do you think the plebs protest worked? The pats were afraid of losing the labor of the plebs Rome needed farmers, artisans, merchants, and soldiers. So the pats gave the plebs more power to make them happy!
Tribunes 494 BCE We vote to spend taxpayer money on a new bathhouse for pats only! The plebs walkout led to the creation of tribunes Tribunes: officials who were elected to protect plebeian interests Every year, the plebs elected 10 tribunes to represent them The tribunes could propose new laws to the Senate or even veto laws passed in the Senate VETO! SENATORS (300) TRIBUNES (10)
Government in the Roman Republic CONSULS (2) PRAETORS (2) CENSORS (2) Patricians Plebeians SENATORS (300) TRIBUNES (10) ASSEMBLIES (All males)
The Twelve Tables In 451 BCE, the laws of Rome were carved on twelve bronze tablets and placed on the walls of public buildings Why was this another victory for the plebs? 451 BCE
If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don t show up, you can be taken to court by force. If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three days and shout in front of his house. Laws from the Twelve Tables Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bent crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree. If it's your tree, it s your fruit, even if it falls on another man s land. A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock. No person shall hold meetings by night in the city. A dead man shall not be buried or burned within the city. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. (As time went on, this law was changed. When the tables were first written, this was the law.)
Government in the Roman Republic CONSULS (2) PRAETORS (2) CENSORS (2) Patricians Plebeians SENATORS (300) TWELVE TABLES TRIBUNES (10) ASSEMBLIES (All males)
Licinian-Sextian Laws 367 BCE In 367 BCE, the Licinian-Sextian Laws required that at least one Consul be a plebeian. Let s go to war! VETO!
Everyone in Rome must OK SENATORS (300) Hortensian Law 287 BCE In 287 BCE, the Hortensian Law removed the Senate s power to block laws passed by the Assembly! Furthermore, laws passed by the Assembly now applied to EVERYONE, not just plebs! ASSEMBLIES (All males)
The Effect of the Plebeian Revolution How did the Roman Republic change?
Patricians Plebeians CONSULS (2) SENATORS (300) THE ASSEMBLY (All males)
Patricians PRAETORS (2) Plebeians CONSULS (2) CENSORS (2) Everyone in Rome must OK TWELVE TABLES SENATORS (300) TRIBUNES (10) ASSEMBLIES (All males)
Check for understanding Write about how the plebeians gained more power in the Roman Republic. 1: Why did the plebeians rebel against the patricians? 2: How did the plebeians rebel against the patricians? 3: Why did the patricians give the plebeians more political rights? 4: What political rights did the plebeians gain? Include at least 3.
The Rise of Caesar Great speeches Cared about people Wanted to become
First Triumvirate Rule of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
Caesar in Power Conquered many territories = modern-day France
The Expansion of the Roman Republic
Triumvirate Breaks Up dies in battle dies in childbirth; Pompey no longer has any reason to be friends with Caesar Pompey gets jealous of Caesar
The Rubicon River The border between Gaul and Italy The Senate orders Caesar to return without his army Caesar hesitated then decided Crossed the Rubicon Caesar said, The die has been cast!
Caesar vs. Pompey war
Caesar as Dictator Caesar became dictator perpetuo Dictator = a leader who rules a country with absolute power Perpetual = permanent Why would a dictator perpetuo be a threat to the Republic?
Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead! Run and proclaim it in the streets.
What s the difference between the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire? Roman Republic The Senate and the people of Rome had power Roman Empire One man had power
Timeline of Ancient Rome 49 44 BCE: Julius Caesar rules Rome 476 CE: Roman Empire falls Roman Republic Roman Empire 509 BCE: Roman Republic begins 27 BCE: Roman Republic ends; Roman Empire begins Julius Caesar ruled Rome A.at the beginning of the Roman Republic B.at the end of the Roman Republic C.at the beginning of the Roman Empire D.at the end of the Roman Empire
Roman Kingdom Romulus became the first king of Rome. Roman Republic The plebs marched out of Rome to demand more political rights. The Romans conquered Carthage. Julius Caesar was assassinated. Roman Empire Emperor Augustus became the first emperor of Rome. Emperor Caligula gave the poor bread and circuses to prevent them from rebelling. Emperor Nero blamed the Christians for the Great Fire. Emperors built triumphal arches to celebrate victory in war. Money became worth less, so everything cost more.
Slavery in Rome Romans captured enemies and turned them into slaves Slaves farmed, mined, and performed in gladiator battles Slaves were 40% of Rome s population
Slavery in Rome Slavery Romans captured enemies and turned them into slaves Slaves farmed, mined, and performed in gladiator battles Slave rebellions Roman army weakened Slaves were 40% of Rome s population High unemployment Pleb rebellions
Emperor Augustus 27 BCE 14 CE Emperor Caligula 37 CE 41 CE Emperor Nero 54 CE 68 CE
The Success of Augustus I found Rome built in sun-dried bricks, I leave her covered in marble.
Were all Roman emperors like Augustus? Not all emperors brought Rome prosperity some emperors were extremely corrupt. corrupt: immoral or dishonest, especially as shown by the exploitation of a position of power for personal gain
Caligula 37 CE 41 CE Great grandson of Augustus
Caligula Becomes Emperor In the beginning everybody loved Caligula. Priests sacrificed over 160,000 cows and sheep and pigs in his honor.
Caligula s Bread and Circuses Caligula passed out bread to the poor Caligula put on extravagant shows for the people, such as gladiator battles and chariot races
Caligula s Illness Caligula nearly died from a strange illness He would never be the same again Are you ready for the insanity?
Meet the New Consul! Caligula made his favorite horse Incitatus a priest and Consul of Rome.
Oops! I missed! While sacrificing a bull, Caligula accidentally hit the priest with the hammer and sacrificed him instead.
This Soothsayer Was Wrong! Caligula built a spectacular bridge that stretched three miles over the Bay of Baiae. Caligula, wearing the gold cloak and the armor of Alexander the Great, rode his favorite horse, Incitatus, across the bridge, just to defy a soothsayer s prediction that Caligula had no more chance becoming Emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae.
You Better Listen to Me, Sun! Caligula once ordered the sun to rise in the middle of the night. I m the Emperor!
Two Gods Are Better Than One, Right? Caligula ordered his own statue to be placed in the Temple of Jerusalem. The Jews, who only worshipped one god, were not happy.
Caligula demanded that the Senate treated him like a God. He referred to himself as Jupiter (the Roman version of Zeus) and had several god statues heads removed and replaced with his own in various temples.
We Won Seashells! Caligula once marched to Britain with the Roman army. After reaching the English Channel, he set out to sea, but then suddenly returned to shore. He ordered the soldiers to pick up the shells, stuff them in their helmets, and return to home with the seashells as proof of victory.
Sorry, Sunscreen Hasn t Been Invented Yet! Caligula once ordered the awnings of a theatre to be drawn back so that the crowd would roast under the sun. awnings
I m Not Going That Fast! After Caligula accused a Senator of betrayal, he often forced the Senator to run alongside his chariot. If the Senator could run faster than the chariot, then Caligula would spare the Senator s life.
I was so corrupt that I was murdered by the Praetorian Guard, the soldiers who were supposed to protect me! The Fall of Emperor Caligula
Claudius 41 CE 54 CE Uncle of Caligula
The Next Emperor? Claudius planned on naming his son Brittanicus as the next emperor. The problem was, Britannicus was only a boy, too young to lead Rome if Claudius were to die.
Agrippina the Younger Sister of Caligula Agrippina the Younger tricked Emperor Claudius to fall in love with her so that her son Nero could become the next Emperor of Rome. The plan worked! Claudius and Agrippina the Younger married. Agrippina the Younger then poisoned Claudius!
Nero 54 AD 68 AD Stepson of Claudius
Circus Maximus At first, the people thought Nero was rather fun. One day, Nero showed up at the Circus Maximus, ready to race!
Circus Maximus The Circus Maximus was a huge outdoor arena, with seating for 250,000 people. It was used mostly for chariot racing by the best professional racers.
Nero So Nero cheated. Each chariot was supposed to be pulled by four horses. Nero hitched 10 horses to his chariot to give himself a huge advantage over the other racers.
Nero He still would have lost every race. He was that bad. Only no one dared to beat him. Anyone who tried had a fatal accident soon after.
Nero Kills His Step-Brother Worried that Brittanicus might be made emperor, Nero poisoned his step-brother Brittanicus Here, you can see Nero with the serial killer Locusta, testing a poison on a slave.
First, Nero tried to drown Agrippina the Younger by putting her in a leaky boat She escaped, but he killed her eventually Nero Kills His Mother
Nero Singing While Rome Burns
Christians Become Scapegoats Nero used the Christians as a scapegoat for the fire. Scapegoat = someone who is to take the blame for others
The Great Conspiracy Seneca conspiracy: plan to commit a sneaky, often illegal, act
Nero Tortured and Killed All of the Conspirators Piso Plautius Lateranus Lucan Afranius Quintianus Flavius Scaevinus Claudius Senecio Vulcatius Araricus Julius Augurinus Antonia Marcus Vestinus Atticus Munatius Gratus Marcius Festus Faenius Rufus Subrius Flavus Sulpicius Asper Maximus Scaurus Venetus Paulus Epicharis Seneca the Younger
Nero s Plan When Nero was informed that the Governors of Gaul and Spain were planning to rebel against him, Nero told the Senators about his plan to fight back... I WILL Galba, the Governor of Spain SING!!!
As coins became worth less, to be paid more. soldiers demanded
Inflation
AHHHH!!!
The Last Chance for Survival? Emperor Diocletian decided to split Rome into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire Easier to manage, right? WRONG!!!
After the Split of the Roman Empire One half of the Roman Empire completely collapsed The other half became a new, strong Empire that lasted for another 1,000 years.
The Western Roman Empire The Western Roman Empire did not do well. Instead of getting stronger, they became weaker. Many Barbarian tribes attacked different pieces of the Western Roman Empire.
Visigoths Sack Rome 410 CE The first time in 800 years that Rome fell to an enemy
Vandals Sack Rome 455 CE
End of the Western Roman Empire In 476 CE, the last Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus surrendered to a Germanic general named Odoacer 476 CE
The Western Roman Empire => The Middle Ages Many kingdoms ruled by barbarian kings
The Eastern Roman Empire => The Byzantine Empire The eastern half of the Roman Empire received a new name the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire did fine. It lasted for another 1000 years!