1 2 3 4 5 6 Activity 1.5 Honors American Literature Unit 1 Early America The Colonies ì First settlement in the U.S. St. Augustine, FL in 1565 (Spanish) ì Roanoke Island known as the Lost Colony in 1586 ì Jamestown, Virginia: First permanent English settlement in 1607 ì Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 The Puritans ì Fundamentalist reformers who wanted to purify The Church of England; they felt it was still too Catholic ì Received a charter to go to the New World in 1628 ì Intended to purify America before returning to save England = New England How are they different from Pilgrims? ì Pilgrims were also religious reformers, however, they withdrew from the Church of England and became known as Separatists Pilgrims ì Fewer colonists (201) ì Earlier arrival (1620) ì Poorer class ì Separatists from state church ì Settled in Plymouth ì Led by William Bradford Puritans ì More colonists (eventually 40,000-50,000) ì Later arrival (1629) ì Upper Middle Class ì Loyal to Anglican church, but wanted to purify it ì Settled in Salem and Boston 1
ì Settled in Salem and Boston ì Led by John Winthrop 7 8 9 10 11 12 A City upon a Hill ì Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; city on a hill ì A model community guided by the Bible ì Theocracy state under the immediate guidance of God Puritan Religious Beliefs ì Calvinism and final predestination ì The sign of one s predestination was his or her willingness to obey the commands of the Bible ì Independent congregations; pastors democratically chosen and fired T-U-L-I-P A Review of the Five Points of Calvinism Five Points of Calvinism T Total Depravity U Unconditional Election L Limited Atonement I Irresistible Grace P Perseverance of the Saints Total Hereditary Depravity ì Calvinism: the sin of Adam corrupted the whole human race; Adam s guilt was transmitted to all humans ( Original Sin ); man is so corrupted and depraved (dead) that he cannot do any good; man cannot exercise his free-will to do good, but is wholly inclined to do evil; sin is inherited, a child is in sin at birth, and a child is totally depraved at birth Unconditional Election ì Calvinism: since mankind is totally depraved and cannot choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and 2
choose to do good, God, by sovereign decree saves mankind unconditionally; God predestines some to be saved and others to be lost without regard to any conditions, character, or conduct. ì This is called final predestination ì Those who are predestined to be saved are the elect 13 14 15 16 17 Limited Atonement ì Calvinism: since some have been predestined by God to be lost, Jesus did not die for them; Jesus atonement (reconciliation, redemption) are for the elect only and no one else Irresistible Grace ì Calvinism: since the elect for whom Christ died are unconditionally saved, God irresistibly calls them to salvation by the Holy Spirit; the non-elect cannot hear or heed this call; the elect cannot resist or oppose this call Perseverance of the Saints ì Calvinism: since some are predestined to be saved and irresistibly called, they will be eternally secure no matter they do or not do; they can neither totally nor finally fall away ì once saved always saved What were the Puritans Central Beliefs? ì Human beings exist for the glory of God ì The Bible is the sole expression of God s will ì Man is basically evil ì Predestination: God has already decided who will achieve salvation and who will not ì Continual hard work and discipline was an outward sign of predestination ì Education (for religious purposes) Think About It 3
ì How do Puritan beliefs, founded in Calvinism, differ from the Catholic Church? ì How do you think the Puritans religious beliefs affected their way of life? ì What can we expect from Puritan literature? 18 19 20 21 How did the Puritans contribute to American literature? ì Wrote theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies and autobiographies with the purpose of spiritual insight and instruction ì Fiction and Drama = Sin ì Puritans did write poetry as a vehicle for spiritual enlightenment Puritan Life ì Literacy rates were high ì Farm work for boys beginning at age 5 ì Girls helped with spinning/sewing ì Women were not involved in decision-making in the towns or churches ì Church attendance was mandatory ì Harsh punishments for those who strayed from God s work Other Puritan Facts ì Puritans established Harvard ì They had celebrations and festivals with songs, games, wine, and beer ì In addition to black and grey, they did also wear colors like blue, violet, and yellow ì They had large families The Trial of Anne Hutchinson ì Anne Hutchinson believed that a person could worship God without the help of a church, minister, or Bible. ì Banished to Rhode Island ì Later killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern day The Bronx) 4
ì Later killed by Siwanoy warriors in New Netherland (modern day The Bronx) 22 23 The Salem Witch Trials How it started... ì Betty Parris became strangely ill. She dashed about, dove under furniture, contorted in pain, and complained of fever. The cause of her symptoms may have been some combination of stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis. ì Talk of witchcraft increased when other playmates of Betty, including eleven-year-old Ann Putnam, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, and Mary Walcott, began to exhibit similar unusual behavior. ì A doctor called to examine the girls, suggested that the girls' problems might have a supernatural origin. The widespread belief that witches targeted children made the doctor's diagnosis seem increasingly likely. - Douglas Linder 24 25 26 The Trials Hysteria Strikes Nineteen men and women were hanged, all having been convicted of witchcraft Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges Many languished in jail for months without trials At least four died in prison Why the Hysteria Ended ì Doubts grow when respected citizens are convicted and executed. ì Accusations of witchcraft include the powerful and wellconnected. ì The educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude spectral evidence. 5
ì The educated elite of Boston pressure Gov. Phips to exclude spectral evidence. ì Gov. Phips bars spectral evidence and disbands the Court 27 The Puritan Legacy ì The Protestant Work Ethic ì 1. Prudence ì 2. Thrift ì 3. Discipline ì 4. Hard work 28 29 30 31 Anne Bradstreet ì Self-educated ì Developed a strong sense of independence and self-worth for the time period ì Gained reputation for her literary skills, earning the title of Tenth Muse. ì She challenged the patriarchal society with ideas supporting the woman s right to study, produce creative works, and read ì One of the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Smith, Glen) Literary Terms Puritan Writing ì Sole purpose = moral instruction and education ì The writing style of the Puritans reflected the plain style of their lives spare, simple, straightforward = Puritan Plain Style à characterized by short words, direct statements, and references to ordinary, everyday objects Puritan Plain Style ì Reflected Puritan life simple and straightforward ì Short words, direct statements, reference to everyday items ì Poetry should serve God by expressing religious devotion ì Purely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate 6
ì Purely emotional poetry was considered inappropriate 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Direct Address ì A name or phrase used when speaking directly to someone or something ì Lead me, Lord ì God, grant me the serenity... Conceit ì Figurative language that draws an extended and unusual comparison between two seemingly unrelated objects Connotation ì The idea or meaning associated with words or objects Rhyme Scheme ì Regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem ì Often represented by letters Vocabulary Recompense (n) ì Repayment; something given or done in return for something else Manifold (adv) ì In many ways Persevere (v) ì Persist; be steadfast in purpose Piteous (adj) ì Arousing or deserving pity Bereft (adj) ì Deprived of happiness by loss or death Repine (v) ì To complain or fret; to feel discontent Vanity (n) ì A thing or act that is worthless or futile 7
ì A thing or act that is worthless or futile 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Chide (v) ì To scold or blame Jonathan Edwards and The Great Awakening American Literature The Great Awakening The First Great Awakening Puritanism was in decline in the early 1700s The First Great Awakening began around 1720 It was a spiritual renewal in the colonies Thousands converted to other Protestant groups at this time Traditional Puritanism was not revived Jonathan Edwards Born in East Windsor, CT Went to Yale at 13 valedictorian M.A. in theology Grandfather Solomon Stoddard also a preacher Jonathan Edwards, cont. Edwards was very orthodox and fervent Dismissed from his congregation in 1750 because of conservatism and alienation Was president of what is now Princeton University Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God According to one account, Edwards used a level and calm voice during the sermon People reportedly groaned and screamed in terror This is his most famous sermon Word Size = Word Frequency Literary Terms and Vocabulary List 2 Sermon 8
A speech given from a pulpit in a (Protestant) house of worship Expresses an author s message or point of view Can be inspiring or instructional 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Sermons v. Homilies Priests deliver homilies based on the gospel reading of the day; they intend to explain the meaning of the gospel Pastors develop themes for their sermons and support their preaching with scripture verses Simile Figurative language which compares two unlike things using like, as or than Metaphor Figurative language that directly compares two unlike things Personification Figurative Language in which objects are given human characteristics Omnipotent (adj) All-powerful Dolorous (adj) Sad; mournful Abhors (v) To detest; loathe Wrath (n) Extreme anger Abominable (adj) Causing moral revulsion Very bad or unpleasant Rhetoric Honors American Literature 9
Honors American Literature Mrs. Fitzgerald 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 rhetoric Using language (speaking and writing) to communicate effectively 4 forms of discourse Narration telling a story Description appealing to the senses Exposition communicating information Persuasion modifying behavior Persuasion Speaker The person(s) delivering the communication Those who want certain behaviors modified Audience Those for whom the communication is intended Those whose behavior the speaker seeks to modify Occasion The time, event, holiday, etc. that is the reason for the communication Means of persuasion The techniques and strategies employed by the speaker Aristotelian appeals ETHOS LOGOS PATHOS Ethos Appeal based on the character of the speaker and the shared values of the audience Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. 10
believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what he or she has to say. Ethics, Ethical 73 74 75 1 2 LOGOS Logos is appeal based on reason. Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect Logic and Logical Pathos Pathos is appeal based on emotion. Whenever you accept a claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. They may be any emotions: fear, patriotism, guilt, hate pity or joy. Pathetic, Sympathy, Empathy Some common persuasive techniques and logical fallacies Fear Limited opportunity Bandwagon Repetition Rhetorical questions Bait and switch Humor Testimonial Appeal to the common man Ad hominem against the man Appeal to prejudice 11