Chapter 10, Lesson 3 Kingdoms & Crusades It Matters Because: The development of law & government during the Middle Ages still affects us today.
I. Royal Power in England A. Late 800s, Viking raids nearly destroyed Anglo-Saxons 1. Island of Britain home to many small kingdoms 2. Alfred, King of Wessex united people to end Viking raids 3. Alfred the Great s united kingdom called Angleland, soon England B. In 1066, Edward the Confessor died without an heir 1. Last Anglo-Saxon King of England 2. Harold Godwinson, an English noble, claimed the throne 3. William, the Duke of Normandy claimed the throne 4. Harald Hardrada, the King of Sweden claimed the throne
II. William the Conqueror A. William of Normandy defeats Harold Godwinson at Battle of Hastings 1. Wm becomes King, known as William the Conqueror B. Anglo-Saxon nobles rebelled at first 1. Wm took A-S land and gave it to his own knights C. Wm takes first census since ancient Rome in a record called the Domesday Book 1. census - official count & survey of a population
III. The Domesday Book A. Why take a census? 1. Wm wanted to know his kingdom 2. To collect taxes fairly B. Why do we care? Because we take a census in the US 1. Population a. determines representation in Congress b. determines how/where tax money is spent 2. Demographics - understand the break down of gender, age, race, religion, etc.
IV. English Kings A. Henry II ruled England, 1154-1189 1. Ruled England, Ireland, most of Wales 2. Also lord of parts of Scotland & France 3. Set up legal courts throughout his kingdom 4. Established trials by jury 5. Father of Richard the Lionheart & John B. Richard I (the Lionheart) ruled England, 1189-1199. 1. Spent most of his reign fighting Crusades in the Middle East 2. Known as The Lionheart because of his courage in battle 3. Fought against skilled Muslim general, Saladin
IV. English Kings C. John became king in 1199 when brother, Richard the Lionheart, died 1. Known as John I, John of England, or John Soft Sword a. Soft Sword because he went to battle often, but usually lost 2. Warred with France, lost English territories in France 3. Raised taxes to pay for wars 4. Arrested, punished enemies without trials 5. Forced to sign Magna Carta by English nobles 6. Refused to honor Magna Carta, leading to civil war
V. The Magna Carta A. June 1215, nobles rebelled against John & forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter ) 1. Placed limits on king s power to tax & guaranteed freemen many rights 2. King must share authority with council of nobles known as the Great Council B. Magna Carta strengthened idea that people have rights & power of government should be limited 1. Inspired future documents, including American Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution, & Bill of Rights BrainPop
VI. The Crusades A. During the 1000s, Byzantine Empire was attacked by Muslim Turks 1. The Turks defeated the Byzantines and seized Byzantine land in Asia Minor B. Byzantine Emperor asked Pope to send army to save his empire 1. Pope agreed, hoped Byzantine church would reunite with Catholic 2. Pope urged European nobles to begin a crusade (holy war) against Muslim Turks 3. Pope wanted European Christians to take back Jerusalem & rest of the Holy Land
VI. The Crusades C. Thousands of European crusaders on horseback & on foot marched east on the First Crusade 1. In 1099, they reached Jerusalem 2. Conquered Muslim kingdoms & controlled many states in Asia D. Second Crusade in 1170s; Muslim invaders retook Jerusalem 1. Muslims were led by brilliant general Saladin E. During Third Crusade of the late 1100s & early 1200s, Muslims recaptured all lost territory
VII. Legacy of the Crusades A. Kings & soldiers returning from Crusades brought back knowledge 1. Muslim architecture: domes & mosaics 2. Navigation: better ships, more accurate maps, how to use compass 3. Goods: wealthy Europeans began to demand spices, sugar, lemons, silk B. Crusades weakened feudalism, strengthened power of kings 1. Lords returned from Crusades in debt to kings C. 200 years of war led to anger & mistrust between Christianity & Islam that exists today BrainPop