Preview of! Literary Terms 56-60! 1
56. spatial order! a method of description that begins at one geographical point and moves onward in an orderly fashion! 2
Example of spatial order in writing:! Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the design of the Eiffel Tower.! Central Idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections.! Main Points:! I. The lowest section of the tower contains entrance, a gift shop, and a restaurant.! II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top.! III. The top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.! 3
Example of spatial order in speech:! " "A speech organized spatially has main points oriented toward space or a directional pattern. The Farm Aid speech's body could be organized in spatial order. The first main point discusses the New York branch of the organization; the second main point discusses the Midwest branch; the third main point discusses the California branch of Farm Aid. In this format, you discuss main points in an order that could be traced on a map.! 4
57. subjunctive! a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), and statements that are contrary to fact. 5
Common phrases that! use the subjunctive mood:! I wish you was/were here.! I wish you were here.! 6
Common phrases that! use the subjunctive mood:! If I was/were you, then I would not do that.! If I were you, then I would not do that.! 7
Common phrases that! use the subjunctive mood:! We should act as if he was/were watching.! We should act as if he were watching.! 8
Common phrases that! use the subjunctive mood:! It is as though she was/were here.! It is as though she were here.! 9
Famous examples! of subjunctive mood usage:! Don't look at me as if I were crazy!! (from the movie! The Caine Mutiny 1954) 10
Famous examples! of subjunctive mood usage:! Both bones were porous, as if the virus or causative organism were consuming them.! (from the movie! X-Files 1998)! 11
Famous examples! of subjunctive mood usage:! " " There was a man in there who knew exactly what he wanted, and I found myself wishing I were as lucky as he.! (from the movie! You've Got Mail 1998)! 12
Famous examples of! subjunctive mood usage:! Walk on through the wind,! walk on through the rain,! though your dreams be tossed and blown.! (from the song, You'll Never Walk Alone! sung by Mario Lanza)! (RCA Victor) (album released 1991; recorded 1950s) 13
Example: If I Were a Rich Man! (from the musical Fiddler on the Roof)! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbhzfypq6nc! 14
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! If I Was a Rich Girl 15
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! If I Were a Rich Girl 16
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! If he was a rabbit,! what would you do?! (from the Bugs Bunny cartoon episode Rabbit Seasoning 1952) 17
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! If he were a rabbit,! what would you do?! (from the Bugs Bunny cartoon episode Rabbit Seasoning 1952) 18
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! Yeah, but they wouldn't find the body if there was nothing left to find.! From the movie, Stranger Than Fiction (1999) 19
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! Yeah, but they wouldn't find the body if there were nothing left to find.! From the movie, Stranger Than Fiction (1999) 20
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! If only everything! was as reliable as a Corolla.! 1999 Toyota Advertisement 21
Famous errors in! subjunctive mood usage:! If only everything! were as reliable as a Corolla.! 1999 Toyota Advertisement 22
58. syllogism! a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion! 23
Premise 1: All men are mortal.! Premise 2: Socrates is a man.! Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.! In this sequence, premise 2 is tested against premise 1 to reach the logical conclusion. Within this system, if both premises are considered valid, there is no other logical conclusion than determining that Socrates is a mortal.! 24
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Syllogism exercise:! Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.! 26
All fragile things are breakable things. Some glasses are fragile things. Therefore! a. Some glasses will break.! b. Some glasses are breakable things.! c. Some things are breakable.! d. None of the above.! 27
All fragile things are breakable things. Some glasses are fragile things. Therefore! a. Some glasses will break.! b. Some glasses are breakable things.! c. Some things are breakable.! d. None of the above.! 28
59. symbolism! the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships.! 29
Fire! Fire appears throughout Night as a symbol of the Nazis cruel power. On the way to Auschwitz-Birkenau, Madame Schächter receives a vision of fire that serves as a premonition of the horror to come. Eliezer also sees the Nazis burning babies in a ditch. Most important, fire is the agent of destruction in the crematoria, where many meet their death at the hands of the Nazis.! The role of fire as a Nazi weapon reverses the role fire plays in the Bible and Jewish tradition. In the Bible, fire is associated with God and divine wrath. God appears to Moses as a burning bush, and vengeful angels wield flaming swords. In postbiblical literature, flame also is a force of divine retribution. In Gehenna the Jewish version of Hell the wicked are punished by fire. But in Night, it is the wicked who wield the power of fire, using it to punish the innocent. Such a reversal demonstrates how the experience of the Holocaust has upset Eliezer s entire concept of the universe, especially his belief in a benevolent, or even just, God.! 30
Night! The Bible begins with God s creation of the earth. When God first begins his creation, the earth is without form, and void; and darkness [is] upon the face of the deep (Genesis 1:2, King James Version). God s first act is to create light and dispel this darkness. Darkness and night therefore symbolize a world without God s presence. In Night, Wiesel exploits this allusion. Night always occurs when suffering is worst, and its presence reflects Eliezer s belief that he lives in a world without God. The first time Eliezer mentions that [n]ight fell is when his father is interrupted while telling stories and informed about the deportation of Jews. Similarly, it is night when Eliezer first arrives at Birkenau/Auschwitz, and it is night specifically pitch darkness when the prisoners begin their horrible run from Buna.! 31
60. synecdoche! use of a part to represent the whole (or vice-versa).! 32
Examples of synecdoche:! ABCs for alphabet! "lend me your ears! head of cattle! 33
Examples of synecdoche:! "Good evening. Elvis Presley died today. He was 42. Apparently, it was a heart attack. He was found in his home in Memphis not breathing. His road manager tried to revive him -- he failed. A hospital tried to revive him -- it failed. His doctor pronounced him dead at three o'clock this afternoon. (NBC Nightly News with John Chancellor and David Brinkley)! 34
Examples of synecdoche:! "Give us this day our daily bread. -- Matthew 6:11! 35
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