08 Modul ke: BAHASA INGGRIS 3 PLANNING Fakultas EKONOMI DAN BISNIS Program Studi MANAJEMEN
PLANNING Bahasa Inggris 3 Plans are nothing; planning is everything Dwight D Eisenhower, 34 th President of USA
PLANNING What do you consider when you plan these things? a holiday a special family occasion, for example; a wedding an ordinary working day/week your career Which of the following do you use to plan your day or week? Which do you prefer? Why? desk or pocket diary ask someone to remind you notes stuck on board fridge electronic organizer memory write on hand
PLAN (Brazil Tries to Kick-Start Tourism) Brazil has everything to offer to visitor: 7.300 km of coastline, much of it empty, endless beaches; the plant s biggest rainforest; an area of wetlands full of alligators and jaguars; colonial cities and spectacular waterfalls. The Bahia coast in north-east Brazil is a particularly attractive area for tourism. Several luxury resorts have been built there. Recently, a $ 170 million five-hotel complex at Saupie opened. With its 18-hole golf course and designer shops. Saupie is hoping to attract rich, foreign visitors. The tourist industry had problems in the past because of high inflation which led to short-term planning. Hotels, however, are long-term investments, often with payback periods of over 15 years. If resorts such as Saupie are going to attract significant numbers of tourists, they have to solve several problems.
For a start, Brazil needs cheaper and more frequent international air travel. Foreign visitors also demand a level of service that need lengthy training a considerable task for most of the resorts in the northeast which do not have a well-educated population to provide suitable staff. The other big challenge for Saupie s managers is to avoid the social problems that other new resorts have caused. The resort is hoping to deal with these pressure by setting up courses in the surrounding villages for making handicraft which will be sold at Saupie and by organizing credit for local co-operatives to produce foodstuff for the hotels.
Planning for Tourism Match these words to their meanings. Use a good dictionary to help you. Complex a. things such as pots or baskets which are made at home and sold to tourists. Inflation b. a poor area of a city where the houses are in bad condition. Devaluation c. buildings and equipment that are used for a particular purpose. A challenge d. removing sewage and rubbish and providing clean water. Slum e. the speed at which price increase. Handicrafts f. a goal that is difficult to achieve. Facilities g. a reduction in the value of a country s currency Infrastructure h. a group of buildings that are built close together Sanitation i. a period of 10 years. A decade j. things such as transport, communications or banks
SIMPLE FUTURE To express PREDICTION either WILL or BE GOING TO is used : a. According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow b. According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow c. Be careful! You will hurt yourself! d. Watch out! You are going to hurt yourself! When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something s/he thinks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible. There is no difference in meaning between a and b. There is no difference in meaning between c and d. To express a PRIOR PLAN only BE GOING TO is used: a. A: Why did you buy this paint? B: I m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow? a. I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He is going to buy a car. That is what he told me. When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used. In e: Speaker B has made a prior plan. She decided to paint her bedroom last week. She intends to paint her bedroom now. In f: The speaker knows Bob s intention to buy a car. Bob made the decision in the past and he intends to act on this decision in the future. Will is not appropriate in e and f. To express WILLINGNESS only WILL use: a. A: The phone s ringing B: I will get it a. A: I don t understand this problem B: Ask your teacher about it. She will help you In g: Speaker B is saying: I am willing, I am happy to get the phone. He is not making a prediction. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is, instead, volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his willingness. In h: Speaker B feels sure about the teacher s willingness to help. Be going to is not appropriate in g and h
FORMULA
REPORTED SPEECH There are a number of ways to report what people say. We didn t often use say, tell and ask to report speech. DIRECT The new job is challenging. INDIRECT She said (that) the new job was challenging. We use tell with DIRECT an object. The new job is challenging. INDIRECT She told her boss (that) the new job was challenging.
We use ask (with or without an object) to report questions. DIRECT When do you want to start? INDIRECT Her boss asked her when she wanted to start. We usually make the following changes in reported speech. The verb goes back one tense. Nouns and pronouns may change When we report things that are either very recent or generally true, we often use the same tense as the speaker. DIRECT INDIRECT I want to see Pierre. Pierre, Susan has just phoned and said she wants to see you.
SHIFT TENSE Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Past Perfect Will am/are/is was/were has been had been FROM Backshift of tenses Simple Past Past Perfect would Progressive forms was/were had been TO
EXAMPLE Backshift of tenses FROM Peter: "I work in the garden." Peter: "I worked in the garden." Peter: "I have worked in the garden." Peter: "I had worked in the garden." Peter: "I will work in the garden." Peter: "I can work in the garden." Peter: "I may work in the garden." Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to) Progressive forms Peter: "I'm working in the garden." Peter: "I was working in the garden." Peter: "I have been working in the garden." Peter: "I had been working in the garden." TO Peter said that he worked in the garden. Peter said that he had worked in the garden. Peter said that he would work in the garden. Peter said that he could work in the garden. Peter said that he might work in the garden. Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to) Peter said that he was working in the garden. Peter said that he had been working in the garden.
Shifting of expressions of time this (evening) today/this day these (days) now that (evening) that day those (days) then (a week) ago (a week) before last weekend the weekend before / the previous weekend here next (week) tomorrow there the following (week) the next/following day
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Catton David, Falvey David, and Kent Simon, MARKET LEADER, Course Book, Pre-Intermediate Business English, 2002, Edinburg Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM 2JE, England. Trappe Tonva. 2005. Intelligent Business. England: Pearson Education Limited Azar. S. Betty. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar 2 nd Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc Philips Deborah.2001. Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test: New York: Addison Wesley Longman Wishon, E.G & Burks. M. Julia. 1980. Let s Write English Revised Edition. New York: Litton Educational Publishing Oshima, A & Hogue A. 1997. Writing Academic English Second Edition: New York: Addison Wesley Longman Karnedi. 2001. Grammar Translation Exercises: Pusat Penerbitan Universitas Terbuka
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