Q31 Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas Mayan & Aztec Social Structure Who was considered a god? Who interpreted the calendar? Who was not a part of the Inca social structure?
Q32 Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas had complex architectural structures.????????? Who built it? Mayans, Aztecs, or Incas?
Q33 Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas The Aztec Empire became very rich by forcing weaker citystates to become. The Aztecs would deliver a codex, a document which listed the that needed to be paid. The Aztecs would go to war with those city-states which refused to pay.
Q34 Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas The Spanish conquistadors had many reasons to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas. Most importantly, the 3Gs:,, and.
Q35 Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas The Aztecs had nearly died out one hundred years after making contact with the Spaniards. Guns and swords had killed some, but had killed most.
Q36 Ancient & Medieval China Before Emperor Qin ruled, many different states fought each other in China. Emperor Qin used his army to China into one nation. (Now there would be just one way to write sword, instead of nineteen!)
Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas A32 The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas had complex architectural structures. Mayans Aztecs Incas
Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas A31 The ruler was considered a god. Priests interpreted the calendar. Slaves were not a part of the Inca social structure.
Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas A34 The Spanish conquistadors had many reasons to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas. Most importantly, the 3Gs: gold, god, and glory.
Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas A33 The Aztec Empire became very rich by forcing weaker citystates to become tributaries. The Aztecs would deliver a codex, a document which listed the tribute that needed to be paid. The Aztecs would go to war with those citystates which refused to pay.
Ancient & Medieval China A36 Before Emperor Qin ruled, many different states fought each other in China. Emperor Qin used his army to unify China into one nation. (Now there would be just one way to write sword, instead of nineteen!)
Mayans, Aztecs, & Incas A35 The Aztecs had nearly died out one hundred years after making contact with the Spaniards. Guns and swords had killed some, but diseases such as smallpox had killed most.
Q37 Ancient & Medieval China Emperor Qin began construction on the with the intention of keeping out invaders, especially the Mongols. (But all the Mongols wanted was a little bit of grass!)
Q38 Ancient & Medieval China Emperor Qin was buried with a, designed to protect him in the afterlife. (Ironically, the Han stole the terra-cotta warriors swords and used them to topple the Qin dynasty.)
China s geography had isolated the Chinese for thousands of years, but the allowed the Chinese to mingle with other cultures, including the Roman Empire. (The Chinese essentially robbed the silk-loving Romans of much of their gold.) Q39 Ancient & Medieval China
Q40 Ancient & Medieval China One idea that traveled along the Silk Road was the religion known as Buddhism. It started in and soon made its way to China.
Q41 Ancient & Medieval China What did Buddha realize when he became enlightened? In order to get rid of all suffering, one must first get rid of all.
Q42 Ancient & Medieval China During the Han Dynasty, Han emperors chose the people to work in the government. In order to become a government official, one had to pass a test called the. This test was influenced by the teachings of. Han bureaucracy
Ancient & Medieval China A38 Emperor Qin was buried with a terracotta army, designed to protect him in the afterlife. (Ironically, the Han stole the terra-cotta warriors swords and used them to topple the Qin dynasty.)
Ancient & Medieval China A37 Emperor Qin began construction on the Great Wall of China with the intention of keeping out invaders, especially the Mongols. (But all the Mongols wanted was a little bit of grass!)
Ancient & Medieval China A40 One idea that traveled along the Silk Road was the religion known as Buddhism. It started in India and soon made its way to China.
China s geography had isolated the Chinese for thousands of years, but the Silk Road allowed the Chinese to mingle with other cultures, including the Roman Empire. (The Chinese essentially robbed the silk-loving Romans of much of their gold.) Ancient & Medieval China A39
Ancient & Medieval China A42 During the Han Dynasty, Han emperors chose the smartest people to work in the government. In order to become a government official, one had to pass a test called the civil service examination. This test was influenced by the teachings of Confucius.
Ancient & Medieval China A41 What did Buddha realize when he became enlightened? In order to get rid of all suffering, one must first get rid of all cravings.
Q43 Ancient & Medieval China In 1279, the Mongols conquered China. A Mongol ruler named Kublai Khan called his dynasty the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan promoted trade along the. Kublai Khan became close friends with an Italian merchant named. The book The Adventures of Marco Polo encouraged people from to travel to in search of wealth. China Europe (Venice, Italy) You won t believe what I read! China has silk, paper, and so much more!
Q44 Ancient & Medieval China During the Ming Dynasty, a Chinese explorer named went on several naval voyages. He collected gifts from other lands. These gifts are known as. Look at this giraffe I brought back from Africa! Cool gift, huh?
Q45 Ancient & Medieval China At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese emperor decided to close the door to all foreign contact. The emperor destroyed Zheng He s ships, reinforced the Great Wall, and built the Forbidden Palace (for Chinese royalty only). This policy of rejecting foreigners is called.
Q46 Medieval Japan Name three ways that China influenced Japan.?????????
Q47 Since the emperor did not have a strong enough army to defend Japan, I seized power. Now this system will have to do Medieval Japan How does feudalism work? SHOGUN (military dictator) DAIMYO (landowner) SAMURAI (warrior) PEASANTS (mostly farmers) The shogun gives the daimyo, and the daimyo hires samurai to provide.
Q48 Medieval Japan To make my lord proud, I must follow the. That means I must be honorable, loyal, and brave. samurai
Ancient & Medieval China A44 During the Ming Dynasty, a Chinese explorer named Zheng He went on several naval voyages. He collected gifts from other lands. These gifts are known as tribute.
Ancient & Medieval China A43 In 1279, the Mongols conquered China. A Mongol ruler named Kublai Khan called his dynasty the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan promoted trade along the Silk Road. Kublai Khan became close friends with an Italian merchant named Marco Polo. The book The Adventures of Marco Polo encouraged people from Europe to travel to China in search of wealth.
Medieval Japan A46 Name three ways that China influenced Japan. RELIGION: Buddhism ARCHITECTURE: pagoda ARTS: system of writing
Ancient & Medieval China A45 At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese emperor decided to close the door to all foreign contact. The emperor destroyed Zheng He s ships, reinforced the Great Wall, and built the Forbidden Palace (for Chinese royalty only). This policy of rejecting foreigners is called isolationism.
Medieval Japan A48 To make my lord proud, I must follow the Code of Bushido. That means I must be honorable, loyal, and brave. samurai
Medieval Japan A47 How does feudalism work? The shogun gives the daimyo land, and the daimyo hires samurai to provide protection.
Q49 Medieval Japan Samurai practiced a blend of two religions: and.
Q50 Medieval Japan Samurai inspired Japanese pilots during World War II. Like the samurai, kamikaze pilots preferred to rather than to face dishonor.
Q51 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) After the fall of the Roman Empire, the greatest threat to western Europe was the. This empire started in the and then expanded all the way to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain).
Q52 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) How does feudalism work? The king gives the noble, and the noble hires knights to provide KING NOBLE KNIGHT PEASANTS (some known as serfs) I did not have a strong enough army to defend my kingdom. This system will have to do
Q53 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) How dare you choose church officials! You have been! I m begging you, please let me back into the church! I want to receive! Holy Roman Empire Henry IV Pope Gregory VII Who was more powerful, the Pope or the Holy Roman Emperor?
Q54 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) Though most people were illiterate during the Middle Ages, one group could read and write: the. They copied not only the Bible, but also and texts. Without this service, the Renaissance may have never happened.
Medieval Japan A50 Samurai inspired Japanese pilots during World War II. Like the samurai, kamikaze pilots preferred to commit suicide rather than to face dishonor.
Medieval Japan A49 Samurai practiced a blend of two religions: Buddhism and Shinto.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A52 How does feudalism work? The king gives the noble land, and the noble hires knights to provide protection.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A51 After the fall of the Roman Empire, the greatest threat to western Europe was the Muslims. This empire started in the Arabian Peninsula and then expanded all the way to the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain).
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A54 Though most people were illiterate during the Middle Ages, one group could read and write: the monks. They copied not only the Bible, but also Greek and Roman texts. Without this service, the Renaissance may have never happened.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) How dare you choose church officials! You have been excommunicated! A53 I m begging you, please let me back into the church! I want to receive salvation! Holy Roman Empire Henry IV Pope Gregory VII The Pope was more powerful than the emperor.
Q55 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) During medieval times, most art reflected Christian themes. Illiterate people could still learn about just by studying paintings of him.
Q56 In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree for 300 years. In 1054, the Great Schism resulted in two churches: the church in western Europe and the church Middle Ages (Medieval Europe)
Q57 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the against the Muslims. The mission: to reclaim Jerusalem. Although the Muslims controlled Jerusalem at the end of the Crusades, medieval Europe became interested in trade once again as Christian crusaders brought back cloth and spices.
Q58 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) During the Reconquista, armies drove armies out of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and back into Africa.
Q59 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) In the, the Catholic Church created a religious court to find and punish heretics. Most often, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity were tortured so that priests could determine if they had gone back to their old faith.
Q60 Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) In the 1340s, a disease wiped out nearly half of Europe s population. This disease is called the.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree for 300 years. In 1054, the Great Schism resulted in two churches: the Roman Catholic church in western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox church in eastern Europe. A56
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A55 During medieval times, most art reflected Christian themes. Illiterate people could still learn about Jesus Christ just by studying paintings of him.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A58 During the Reconquista, Christian armies drove Muslim armies out of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and back into Africa.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A57 In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the Crusades against the Muslims. The mission: to reclaim Jerusalem. Although the Muslims controlled Jerusalem at the end of the Crusades, medieval Europe became interested in trade once again as Christian crusaders brought back cloth and spices.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A60 In the 1340s, a disease wiped out nearly half of Europe s population. This disease is called the bubonic plague.
Middle Ages (Medieval Europe) A59 In the Spanish Inquisition, the Catholic Church created a religious court to find and punish heretics. Most often, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity were tortured so that priests could determine if they had gone back to their old faith.
Q61 Renaissance The Renaissance is considered the rebirth of Europe. culture from the Greeks and the Romans became valued once again. Greeks and Romans Middle Ages Renaissance
Q62 Renaissance What book am I reading? Petrarch, the first humanist, would have read many and books. (Thank you, monks, for copying all of those books!)
Q63 Renaissance Name four differences between medieval and Renaissance art. Why is the sky gold? Why am I so much bigger than everyone else? Why is this painting so flat? Hey, the sky is blue now! Hey, I m a realistic size! Hey, this painting has depth! I m not in the Bible, but Leo still painted me!
Q64 Renaissance The were wealthy bankers who controlled the government and economy of Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance.
Q65 Renaissance Since Christians consider moneylending to be a sin, the Medici were afraid of going to hell. To save themselves, they became of artists like Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo.
Q66 Renaissance Filippo Brunelleschi built the Santa Maria del Fiore (left) in Florence. His biggest inspiration was the Pantheon in ancient. He was especially impressed with the Pantheon s.
Renaissance A62 Petrarch, the first humanist, would have read many Greek and Roman books. (Thank you, monks, for copying all of those books!)
Renaissance A61 The Renaissance is considered the rebirth of Europe. Classical culture from the Greeks and the Romans became valued once again.
Renaissance A64 The Medici were wealthy bankers who controlled the government and economy of Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance.
Renaissance A63 Name four differences between medieval and Renaissance art. 1) Medieval art usually has gold, heaven-like backgrounds; Renaissance art usually has real world backgrounds. 2) Medieval art usually represents the most important figure as larger; Renaissance art usually represents all figures realistically. 3) Medieval art is usually flat; Renaissance art usually has depth due to the use of perspective. 4) Medieval art is usually about Christianity; Renaissance art is sometimes about Christianity, but other themes are depicted, too (example: Mona Lisa).
Renaissance A66 Filippo Brunelleschi built the Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence. His biggest inspiration was the Pantheon in ancient Rome. He was especially impressed with the Pantheon s dome.
Renaissance A65 Since Christians consider moneylending to be a sin, the Medici were afraid of going to hell. To save themselves, they became patrons of artists like Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo.
Q67 Renaissance????????? Which Renaissance thinker produced these works????
Q68 Renaissance Although he first became famous as a sculptor (see his statue of David), eventually became most famous for his incredible frescos on the ceiling of the.
Q69 Renaissance Johann Gutenberg s invention of the changed the world. Later on, this machine would be used to print copies of Martin Luther s 95 Theses, Copernicus On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, Galileo s Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which challenged the and weakened its power.
Q70 Renaissance wrote many plays, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. His plays represent the Renaissance in England.
Q71 Protestant Reformation The Catholic Church sold in order to pay for the construction of St. Peter s Basilica. These allowed people to buy their way into heaven.
Q72 Protestant Reformation To show his disapproval of indulgences, nailed his to a church door in Germany. He argued that if the Pope could grant forgiveness for sins, why not just do it for free?
Renaissance A68 Although he first became famous as a sculptor (see his statue of David), Michelangelo eventually became most famous for his incredible frescos on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Renaissance A67 Engineering (ex. Helicopter) Mona Lisa Anatomy Leonardo da Vinci Last Supper
Renaissance A70 William Shakespeare wrote many plays, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. His plays represent the Renaissance in England.
Renaissance A69 Johann Gutenberg s invention of the printing press changed the world. Later on, this machine would be used to print copies of Martin Luther s 95 Theses, Copernicus On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, Galileo s Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which challenged the Catholic Church and weakened its power.
Protestant Reformation A72 To show his disapproval of indulgences, Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in Germany. He argued that if the Pope could grant forgiveness for sins, why not just do it for free?
Protestant Reformation A71 The Catholic Church sold indulgences in order to pay for the construction of St. Peter s Basilica. These allowed people to buy their way into heaven.
Q73 Protestant Reformation???????????????
Q74 Protestant Reformation Martin Luther believed that was not something that could be sold by the church. Rather, he believed it was a free gift for those who had.
Q75 Protestant Reformation A priest named started a new Protestant church called the Calvinist Church. He also argued that could not be sold by the church. He believed that God knew from the beginning of time who would be saved and who would be doomed to spend eternity in hell. This belief is called.
started another Protestant church called the Anglican Church (also known as the Church of England) after the Pope would not grant him a divorce. Q76 Protestant Reformation
Q77 Roman Catholic =??? Eastern Orthodox =??? Protestant =??? Islam =??? Protestant Reformation A C B D D
Q78 Protestant Reformation England brought beliefs to North America. North America England
Protestant Reformation A74 Martin Luther believed that salvation was not something that could be sold by the church. Rather, he believed it was a free gift for those who had faith.
Q73 Protestant Reformation A73
Protestant Reformation A76 King Henry VIII started another Protestant church called the Anglican Church (also known as the Church of England) after the Pope would not grant him a divorce.
Protestant Reformation A75 A priest named John Calvin started a new Protestant church called the Calvinist Church. He also argued that salvation could not be sold by the church. He believed that God knew from the beginning of time who would be saved and who would be doomed to spend eternity in hell. This belief is called predestination.
Protestant Reformation A78 England brought Protestant beliefs to North America.
Protestant Reformation A77 Roman Catholic = B Eastern Orthodox = C Protestant = A Islam = D A C B NOTE: Since the Protestant Reformation began in Germany, Germany and other northern European countries became Protestant. Since the Pope lives in Rome, Italy and other southern European countries remained Catholic. D D
Q79 Protestant Reformation Spain brought beliefs to Central and South America. Central & South America Spain
Q80 Protestant Reformation The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the. The Catholic Church s goal was to clarify teachings, correct abuses, and win people back to Catholicism. The Catholic Church had three ways of achieving its goals:??? No more indulgences!??????
Copernicus proposed a new idea called the theory (right), which states that the Earth revolves around the sun. Q81 Scientific Revolution Before the Scientific Revolution, most people believed in the theory (left), which states that the sun revolves around the Earth. Heliocentric
Q82 Scientific Revolution Copernicus Heliocentric heliocentric theory was controversial because it disputed the, which supports the geocentric theory. Wait a second this isn t what I read about in church?
Q83 Scientific Revolution Copernicus struggled to predict the movement of the planets, in part because he still believed that the planets moved in a circular orbit. built on Copernicus theory by proposing that the planets moved in an orbit. Now astronomers could accurately predict the movement of the planets!
Q84 Scientific Revolution Galileo improved the invention of the, which allowed him to see into space.
Protestant Reformation A80 The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the Counter-Reformation. The Catholic Church s goal was to clarify teachings, correct abuses, and win people back to Catholicism. The Catholic Church had three ways of achieving its goals: Council of Trent Missionaries to spread Catholicism Inquisition to find and punish heretics
Protestant Reformation A79 Spain brought Roman Catholic beliefs to Central and South America.
Scientific Revolution A82 Copernicus heliocentric theory was controversial because it disputed the Bible, which supports the geocentric theory.
Scientific Revolution A81 Before the Scientific Revolution, most people believed in the geocentric theory, which states that the sun revolves around the Earth. Copernicus proposed a new idea called the heliocentric theory, which states that the Earth revolves around the sun.
Scientific Revolution A84 Galileo improved the invention of the telescope, which allowed him to see into space.
Scientific Revolution A83 Copernicus struggled to predict the movement of the planets, in part because he still believed that the planets moved in a circular orbit. Kepler built on Copernicus theory by proposing that the planets moved in an elliptical orbit. Now astronomers could accurately predict the movement of the planets!
Q85 Scientific Revolution When Galileo looked out his telescope, he saw four revolving around the planet.
Q86 Scientific Revolution When Galileo invited church leaders to look through the telescope at the four moons revolving around Jupiter, the church leaders refused to acknowledge what they had seen. Why?
Q87 Scientific Revolution The Catholic Church forced Galileo to appear before the because Galileo supported the theory in his book Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. The Catholic Church forced him to admit that the geocentric theory was actually true.
Q88 Scientific Revolution discovered the law of gravity, which explained not only why apples fall to the ground, but also why planets orbit around the sun.
Q89 Scientific Revolution After the Scientific Revolution, traditional sources of knowledge such as classical philosophers and church authorities became (more or less) trusted. Observation and experimentation became (more or less) trusted.
Q90 Some scientists kept some traditional beliefs, suggesting that science was simply a way to investigate the world had created. In particular, Isaac Newton was a man of religion and science. Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution A86 Galileo showed that: 1) it is possible for a planet to move with a moon moving around it, even though the Church insisted that the Earth does not move. 2) not everything revolves around the Earth, even though the Church insisted that everything revolves around the Earth.
Scientific Revolution A85 When Galileo looked out his telescope, he saw four moons revolving around the planet Jupiter.
Scientific Revolution A88 Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity, which explained not only why apples fall to the ground, but also why planets orbit around the sun.
Scientific Revolution A87 The Catholic Church forced Galileo to appear before the Roman Inquisition because Galileo supported the heliocentric theory in his book Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. The Catholic Church forced him to admit that the geocentric theory was actually true.
Some scientists kept some traditional beliefs, suggesting that science was simply a way to investigate the world God had created. In particular, Isaac Newton was a man of religion and science. Scientific Revolution A90
Scientific Revolution A89 After the Scientific Revolution, traditional sources of knowledge such as classical philosophers and church authorities became less trusted. Observation and experimentation became more trusted.
Q91 Age of Exploration The Spanish and the Portuguese loved Asia s and, but the Italians the Muslims controlled all known trade routes to Asia. Therefore, the Spanish and the Portuguese wanted to find a new route to.
Q92 Age of Exploration In 1497, a Portuguese sailor named Vasco de Gama sailed around the southern tip of and then sailed to. The Portuguese now had their own trade route to Asia. No longer did the and the have total control of trade to Asia.
Q93 Age of Exploration Christopher Columbus tried to find yet another path to Asia, but he found something different: a land mass between Europe and Asia known as.
Q94 Age of Exploration Named after Columbus, the Columbian Exchange is the exchange of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas between Europe, Africa, & Asia and the Americas. The exchange harmed the Americas because traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
Q95 Age of Exploration Henry Hudson tried to find yet another path to Asia. Hudson looked for a : a water route through that would connect the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Hudson never found this passage.
Q96 The Rise of Democracy In 1215, angry nobles forced King John to put his seal on the, a document that limited the power of the king. Now, King John had to ask the nobles for permission in order to raise taxes.
Age of Exploration A92 In 1497, a Portuguese sailor named Vasco de Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africa and then sailed to India. The Portuguese now had their own trade route to Asia. No longer did the Italians and the Muslims have total control of trade to Asia.
Age of Exploration A91 The Spanish and the Portuguese loved Asia s spices and silk, but the Italians the Muslims controlled all known trade routes to Asia. Therefore, the Spanish and the Portuguese wanted to find a new route to Asia.
Age of Exploration A94 Named after Columbus, the Columbian Exchange is the exchange of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas between Europe, Africa, & Asia and the Americas. The exchange harmed the Americas because diseases traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
Age of Exploration A93 Christopher Columbus tried to find yet another path to Asia, but he found something different: a land mass between Europe and Asia known as the Americas.
The Rise of Democracy A96 Angry nobles forced King John to put his seal on the Magna Carta, a document that limited the power of the king. Now, King John had to ask the nobles for permission in order to raise taxes.
Age of Exploration A95 Henry Hudson tried to find yet another path to Asia. Hudson looked for a northwest passage: a water route through North America that would connect the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Hudson never found this passage.
Q97 The Enlightenment valued natural rights. He argued that if a government failed to protect people s natural rights, then it could be overthrown. This idea inspired the American colonists to sign the Declaration of Independence and then overthrow the British government in the American Revolution.
Q98 The Enlightenment valued separation of powers, which inspired the United States to have three branches of government.
Q99 The Enlightenment valued freedom of speech. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. valued the rights of the accused. He opposed torture and the death penalty.
Q 100 The Enlightenment The Enlightenment thinkers provided a foundation for the government of the United States, which is a.
The Enlightenment A98 Baron de Montequieu valued separation of powers, which inspired the United States to have three branches of government.
The Enlightenment A97 John Locke valued natural rights. He argued that if a government failed to protect people s natural rights, then it could be overthrown. This idea inspired the American colonists to sign the Declaration of Independence and then overthrow the British government in the American Revolution.
The Enlightenment A 100 The Enlightenment thinkers provided a foundation for the government of the United States, which is a democracy.
The Enlightenment A99 Voltaire valued freedom of speech. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Cesare Beccaria valued the rights of the accused. He opposed torture and the death penalty.