Instructor TBD Room No. - Class Timings - Office Hours - Email - Telephone - TA Office Hours TBD Course URL - Course Basics Credit Hours 4 LAHORE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (LUMS) LAW 260 ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE SPRING 2017 Lecture(s) Nbr of Lec(s) 2 Duration 1 hour 50 minutes per per week session Recitation/Lab (per week) None Duration N/A Tutorial (per week) None Duration N/A Course Distribution Core Elective Open for Student Category Close for Student Category BA/LLB Non-law students Open to All None Course Description This course introduces the science of Fiqh (Islamic law), called Uṣūl al-fiqh, by examining the sources, methodologies, methodological tools, historical development and modern application of Islamic law. It aims at developing an indepth understanding of the reasoning and principles underlying the rules of Islamic law through the analysis of a wide variety of primary and secondary sources such as the Qur ān, Aḥādīth, classical Islamic legal texts, fatāwā (legal opinions of jurisconsults), case law, legal commentaries, articles and research papers. This course will enable students to critically engage with contemporary debates about Islamic law by developing a profound understanding of its sources, methodologies, methodological tools and history. Comparative references will also be made to the developments in jurisprudence under English law and Civil 1
law to highlight the distinguishing features of Islamic jurisprudence and to explore its interaction with other legal systems. Course Prerequisites (To be decided by the Academic Registrar, Dean and the Department of Law & Policy according to the degree progression) Course Specific Objectives Provide an understanding of the function and scope of Uṣūl al-fiqh in the process of deducing rules from the primary and secondary sources of Islamic law. Develop a profound appreciation of the methodology of drawing rules from the primary and secondary sources, and the reasons for the difference of juristic opinions. Develop awareness about the aims and objectives of law in Islam vis-à-vis the requirements of the society. Generate the ability to critically evaluate the issue of the relevance of Fiqh in judicial and legislative law making in the modern state. Objectives for the Development of Personal Skills Work independently and as part of a group, including participation in oral discussion. Develop analytical writing skills and the ability to synthesize material from various sources. Find, select, digest and effectively organise material to produce a coherent and reasoned argument within specified deadlines. Learning Outcomes Clear understanding of the sources, methodologies, methodological tools, history, theories and practical applications of Islamic law. Ability to critically engage with and analyse the primary and secondary texts on Islamic law. Appreciation of the challenges faced by Islamic law in the modern world. Grading Breakup and Policy Assignment(s)/ Quiz(s): 15% Class Participation: 10% Midterm Examination/ Project: 25% Final Examination: 50% Class sessions will be interactive based on the suggested readings assigned for a particular topic. You will be given essay titles to produce your pieces of writing. You may also be required to present your work in the class, argue and defend it, if necessary. 2
Examination Detail Midterm Exam Yes/No: Yes Combine Separate: TBD Duration: TBD Preferred Date: As per the LUMS Exam Schedule Exam Specifications: TBD Final Exam Yes/No: Yes Combine Separate: TBD Duration: TBD Preferred Date: As per the LUMS Exam Schedule Exam Specifications: TBD Course Overview Topic Recommended Readings Objectives 1. Introduction (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 1 (Introduction to Uṣūl al-fiqh) 12-21. Hallaq, Wael B., Considerations on the Function and Character of Sunnī Legal Theory Journal of the American oriental society (1984) 679-689. Provide an understanding of the function and scope of Uṣūl al- Fiqh. 2. The Scope and Function of Uṣūl al-fiqh Jackson, S, Fiction and Formalism: Towards a Functional Analysis of Uṣūl al-fiqh in BG Weiss (ed) Studies in Islamic Legal Theory (Brill 2002) 177-201. 3. Islamic Law (Ḥukm Shar ī) (1) 4. Islamic Law (Ḥukm Shar ī) (2) Nyazee, IAK, Outlines of Islamic Jurisprudence (Advanced Legal Studies Institute 2000) Ch 2 (The Scope of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence) and 3 (The Meaning of Uṣūl al-fiqh and Basic Terms), 4 (The Ḥukm: What is Islamic Law?) and 5 (Classification of Islamic Law) 25-76. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 17 (Hukm Shar i) 278-306. Rahim, A, The Principles of Muhammadan Introduction to the basic terminology of Uṣūl al-fiqh. 3
5. Principal Sources (1): Qur ān 6. Principal Sources (2): Ḥadīth 7. Principal Sources (3): Qur ān, Ḥadīth, Practice of Companions (especially rightly guided Caliphs), Sharā min qablinā (Judaism, Christianity, Natural Law) 8. Subordinate/Supplement ary (1): Urf 9. Subordinate/Supplement ary (2): Qānūn (state legislation) and Judicial Decisions (including fatāwā of official muftīs) 10. Primary Methodology (1): Ijtihād (independent legal Jurisprudence (Luzac & Co. 1911) Chapter II (Science of Law, Law and Classification of Laws) 48-68. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 2 (The Sources of Sharī ah: the Qur ān) 22-46. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 3 (The Sunnah) 47-83. Al-Shāfi ī, MI, Al-Risāla fī uṣūl al-fiqh (2nd edn Majid Khadduri tr, The Islamic Texts Society 1961) 32-40, 88-108. Khurshid Jan v Fazal Dad PLD 1964 (WP) Lahore 558 (addressing the issues of the sources of Muslim law and the authority of courts to differ from the views of classical jurists on policy grounds) (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 10 (The Revealed Laws Preceding Shari ah of Islam) 206-9. Articles 36-45 Majalla (Ottoman Civil Code) 1870. Rahim, A, The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Luzac & Co. 1911) Chapter III (Custom and Usage) 136-37. Libson, G, On the Development of Custom as a Source of Law in Islamic Law (1997) 4 Islamic Law and Society 131. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 14 ( Urf) 248-58. Masud, MK, 'The Doctrine of Siyāsa in Islamic Law' (2001) 18 Recht van de Islam 129. Hoexter, M, Qāḍī, Muftī and Ruler: Their Roles in the Development of Islamic Law in R Shaham (ed) Law, Custom, and Statute in the Muslim World (Brill 2007) 67-86. BZ Kaikaus v President of Pakistan PLD 1980 SC 160 Al-Shāfi ī, MI, Al-Risāla fī uṣūl al-fiqh (2nd edn Majid Khadduri tr, The Islamic Texts Society 1961) 295-303. Introduction to the primary sources of Islamic law. Introduction to the subordinate sources of Islamic law and highlighting the distinction between sources and methodology. Understanding the methodology of drawing rules from 4
reasoning) 11. Primary Methodology (2): Ijtihād (independent legal reasoning) 12. Secondary Methodology (1): Taqlīd 13. Secondary Methodology (2): Takhrīj, Talfīq and Takhayyur 14. Primary Methodological tools: Qiyās (analogy), Istiḥsān (juristic preference) and Ijmā (consensus) 15. Secondary Methodological tools (1): Istiṣlāḥ (serving a public interest), Maṣlaḥa (public interest) and Maqāṣid (objectives) 16. Secondary Methodological tools (2): Istiṣḥāb (continuity), Iqbal, SM, The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (OUP 1934) 139-70. Hallaq, WB, Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed? (1984) 16 International Journal of Middle East Studies 3. Kamali, MH, Shari ah Law: An Introduction, Oneworld 2008, Ch 8 (Independent Reasoning (Ijtihād) and Juristic Opinion (Fatwā) 162-78. Rahim, A, The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Luzac & Co. 1911) Chapter III (Ijtihad and Taqlid) 168-92. Fadel, M, The Social Logic of Taqlīd and the Rise of the Mukhataṣar (1996) 3 Islamic Law and Society 193. Hallaq, WB, Sharī a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge University Press 2009) Ch 17 (In search of a legal methodology) 500-42 Al-Shāfi ī, MI, Al-Risāla fī uṣūl al-fiqh (2nd edn Majid Khadduri tr, The Islamic Texts Society 1961) 285-94, 304-32. Rahim, A, The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Luzac & Co. 1911) Chapter III (Sources of Law) 115-65. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 8 (Ijma or Consensus of Opinion) 154-79; Ch 9 (Qiyas or Analogical Deduction) 180-205; Ch 12 (Istihsan or Equity in Islamic Law) 217-34. Opwis, F, Maṣlaḥa in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory (2005) 12 Islamic Law and Society 182. Masud, MK, Abu Ishaq al-shatibi s Doctrine of Maqasid Al-Shari a in Masud, MK, Shari a Today (National Book Foundation 2013) 36-68. (Islamic Texts Society 1991) Ch 15 (Istishab) 259-68; Ch 16 (Sadd al-dhara i) 269-76. principal and subordinate sources by introducing various juristic concepts used for this purpose. Understanding the methodological tools 5
Sadd al-dharā a (preemptive measures), Ḍarūra (exigency) and Ḥiyal (legal devices) Krawietz, B, 'Ḍarūra in Modern Islamic Law: The Case of Organ Transplantation ' in R Greave and E Kermeli (eds), Islamic Law: Theory and Practice (I.B. Tauris 1997) 185-93. 17. Qawā id Fiqhiyya (Islamic Legal Maxims) 18. Stages of Development (1) 19. Stages of Development (2) 20. Current Challenges (1): Islamic law and the Modern State 21. Current Challenges (2): Islamic law and the Modern State Johansen, B, Casuistry: Between Legal Concept and Social Praxis (1995) 2 Islamic Law and Society 135-156. Kamali, MH, Legal Maxims and Other Genres of Literature in Islamic Jurisprudence (2006) 20 Arab Law Quarterly 77. Rabb, IA, Islamic Legal Maxims as Substantive Canons of Constructions: Hudud-Avoidance in Cases of Doubt (2010) 17 Islamic Law and Society 63. Hallaq, WB, Islamic Law: History and Transformation in R Irwin (ed) The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol 4 (Cambridge University Press 2010) 142-83 (for a very brief introduction) Shalakany, AA, Islamic Legal Histories (2008) 1 Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law 1 (a critique of Schacht and Coulson s works). Hallaq, WB, The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity s Moral Predicament (Columbia University Press 2013) 1-36, 155-70. Fadel, M, A Tragedy of Politics or an Apolitical Tragedy? (2011) 131 Journal of the American Oriental Society 109. Jackson, SA, Shari ah, Democracy, and the Modern Nation-State: Some Reflections on Islam, Popular Rule, and Pluralism (2003) 27 Fordham International Law Journal 88. Aharon, L, The Transformation of the Sharī a from Jurists' Law to Statutory Law in the Contemporary Muslim World (2004) 44 Die Welt des Islams 85 An-Na'im, A.A. "Shari'a and Positive Legislation: Is an Islamic State Possible or Viable?" in Intellectual Property Laws of the Arab Countries, ed. Abu- Ghazaleh Intellectual Property (TMP Agents The Introduction to Islamic Legal Maxims and their practical application Understanding the origins and development of Uṣūl al-fiqh. Evaluation of the modern Western scholarship on the history of Islamic law. Conceptualise the relationship between Sharī a and the modern state by engaging with the thesis that morality oriented Islamic law is incompatible with the modern state based on coercive power. 6
22. Current Challenges (3): Judicial and Legislative Ijtihād 23. Islamic Jurisprudence in South Asia 24. Judicial Islamisation of Laws in Pakistan (1) 25. Judicial Islamisation of Laws in Pakistan (2) Hague 2000) 29-41. Peters, R, Idjtihād and Taqlīd in 18th and 19th Century Islam (1980) XX Die Welt des Islams 131. Fadel, M, Book Review Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation by Tariq Ramadan, Oxford University Press, 2009 in 81 (2013) Journal of the American Academy of Religion 1159. Fadel, M, Is Historicism a Viable Strategy for Islamic Law Reform-The Case of Never Shall a Folk Prosper Who Have Appointed a Woman to Rule Them (2011) 18 Islamic Law & Society 131-76. Mas ud, MK, Trends in the Interpretation of Islamic Law in the Fatāwā Literature of Deoband School, M.A Thesis (McGill University 1969). Sardar Muhammad Yousaf v The Government of Pakistan PLD 1991 SC 760 Province of Punjab v Amin Jan Naeem PLD 1994 SC 141 Critical evaluation of the issue of the relevance of Fiqh in judicial and legislative law making in the modern state. Analysis of the developments in Islamic Jurisprudence under Pakistani legal system in the historical context of South Asia. Examination and critical evaluation of the application of Islamic jurisprudence in the process of judicial Islamisation of laws. 26- Guest Lectures 27. 28. Revision Textbook(s)/Supplementary Readings 7
Books Ahmad, AA, Structural Interrelations of Theory and Practice in Islamic Law: A Study of Six Works of Medieval Islamic Jurisprudence (Brill 2006) (See Chapters 1, 2 and 8) Gleave, R, Inevitable doubt: Two Theories of Shi'i Jurisprudence (Brill 2000). Hallaq, WB, Sharī a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge University Press 2009) (for a detailed analysis see Introduction and Part I) 25-124. Hasan, A, The Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: Command of the Sharī'ah and Juridical Norm (Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University 1993) Hassan, A, Analogical Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence (Islamic Research Institute 1986) Hassan, A, The Doctrine of Ijmā in Islam (Islamic Research Institute 1976) Lowry, JE, Early Islamic Legal Theory: The Risāla of Muḥammad Ibn Idrīs Al-Shāfi ī (Brill 2007) (See Chapter 2 Hermeneutical Techniques) 61-163 Masud, MK, Shatibi s Philosophy of Islamic Law (Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University 1995) Peters, R and Bearman, P, The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2014) Vikør, KS, Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law (Hurst & Co. 2005) Articles al-atawneh, M, 'Wahhabi Legal Theory as Reflected in Modern Official Saudi Fatwas: Ijithad, Taqlid, Sources, and Methodology' (2011) 18 Islamic L. & Soc'y 327 Dutton, Y, 'The Introduction to Ibn Rushd's Bidāyat al-mujtahid ' (1994) Islamic Law and Society 188 Emon, AM, 'Natural Law and Natural Rights in Islamic Law' (2004) 20 Journal of Law and Religion 351 El Fadl, KA, 'Islamic law and Muslim minorities: The juristic discourse on Muslim minorities from the second/eighth to the eleventh/seventeenth centuries' (1994) Islamic Law and Society 141 Hallaq, WB, 'Juristic Authority vs. State Power: The Legal Crises of Modern Islam' (2003) 19 Journal of Law and Religion 243 Hallaq, WB, 'Logic, Formal Arguments and Formalization of Arguments in Sunnī Jurisprudence' (1990) 37 Arabica 315 Hallaq, WB, 'Non-Analogical Arguments in Sunni Juridical Qiyas' (1989) 36 Arabica 286 Hallaq, WB, 'The Quest for Origins or Doctrine? Islamic Legal Studies as Colonialist Discourse' (2003) 2 UCLA J. Islamic & Near EL 1 8
Peters, R, 'From Jurists Law to Statute Law or What Happens When the Shari'a is Codified' (2002) 7 Mediterranean Politics 82 Powers, DS, 'Wael B. Hallaq on the Origins of Islamic Law: a Review Essay' (2010) 17 Islamic Law and Society 126 Horii, S, 'Reconsideration of Legal Devices (Ḥiyal) in Islamic Jurisprudence: The Ḥanafī's and Their "Exits" (Makhārij)' (2002) 9 Islamic Law and Society 312 Jackson, SA, 'Taqlīd, Legal Scaffolding and the Scope of Legal Injunctions in Post-Formative Theory Muṭlaq and ʿĀmm in the Jurisprudence of Shihāb al-dīn al-qarāfī' (1996) 3 Islamic Law and Society 165 Moosa, E, 'Colonialism and Islamic Law' in MK Masud and others (eds), Islam and Modernity (Edinburgh University Press 2009) Opwis, F, 'The Construction of Madhhab Authority: Ibn Taymiyya's Interpretation of Juristic Preference (Istiḥsān)' (2008) 15 Islamic Law and Society 219 Rabb, IA, 'Islamic Legal Maxims as Substantive Canons of Constructions: Hudud-Avoidance in Cases of Doubt' (2010) 17 Islamic L. & Soc'y 63 Zaman, MQ, The Caliphs, the ʿUlamāʾ, and the Law: Defining the Role and Function of the Caliph in the Early ʿAbbāsid Period (1997) 4 Islamic L. & Soc'y, 1-36. Research Journals Islamic Law and Society Arab Law Quarterly International Journal of Middle East Studies Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford) Online Resources Some of Professor Nyazee s books are available at http://www.nyazee.org/islaw/theory/theory.html, password nyazee Professor Hashim Kamali s Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence is available at http://www.bandung2.co.uk/books/files/law/principles%20of%20islamic%20jurisprudence%20- %20Hashim%20Kamali.pdf Abdur Rahim's book Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence is available at https://archive.org/details/principlesofmuha031574mbp Muhammad Baqir As.Sadar s Lessons in Islamic Jurisprudence is available at https://archive.org/details/lessonsinislamicjurisprudence 9
Gateway to selected scholarly websites http://www.intute.ac.uk/ Free latest articles from the top universities http://www.ssrn.com/ Pakistani Case Law Online http://www.pakistanlawsite.com/ Free Indian Case Law Online http://www.indiankanoon.org/ Indian Case Law Online http://www.manupatra.com/ Free UK Case Law Online http://www.bailii.org/ English Case Law Online http://www.westlaw.co.uk/ 10