NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF ENLIGHTENMENT

PAPER 101 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF ENLIGHTENMENT ROBERT KEITH WALLACE, PH.D. Department of Physiology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa An address presented at the 26th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, New Delhi, India, October, 1974 This contribution outlines the broad historical implications of scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation program for developing enlightened individuals, an enlightened society, cultural integrity, and world peace. This address, presented in October 1974, includes Maharishi's projection that one percent of a population participating in the Transcendental Meditation program will cause a phase transition in society to greater harmony, a projection that was confirmed in December 1974 in four U.S. cities, and further confirmed in January 197 5 in eleven U.S. cities (see Borland and Landrith, paper 99).-EDITORS INTRODUCTION Since this 26th International Congress on Physiology is being hosted by India, it is appropriate to recognize that India is the ancient home of the most profound knowledge and procedures for the development of physiology. The goal of this development is the perfection of physiology for the sake of gaining enlightenment. Enlightenment results from the full development of consciousness and depends upon the perfect and harmonious functioning of every part of the body. What is unique today is, first, that the most ancient system for the development of consciousness has been re-established in its purest and most effective form by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, as the Science of Creative Intelligence. Second, it is being expressed in a way that makes it fully accessible to modem scientific techniques of investigation. The benefit of this meeting of the ancient and modem sciences of physiology is that enlightenment is now being taken out of the realm of mysticism and uncertainty, and is shown to be a specific reality that is verifiable, universally available, and of immense practical value. The most precious domain in the study of physiology is the investigation of consciousness. Enlightenment, which is the development of consciousness to its full potential, is therefore the most important discovery of modem physiology. Recent and rapidly growing investigation into the reality of enlightenment, which has drawn the attention of scientists all over the world today, is certainly the most important event in the history of physiology, for it connects the known values of physiology with the ultimate possibilities of human development. To date, scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique, the practical aspect of the Science of Creative Intelligence, has revealed several important features of the nature of enlightenment and the process through which it is gained. Enlightenment is not a hypnotic state of self-delusion or self-denial. The state of enlightenment represents the ultimate development of what we ordinarily consider to be the most valuable qualities of human life. It is something real, natural, and tangible and develops systematically in a continuous and progressive manner on the basis of neurophysiological refinement, or purification. This process of refinement is completely natural for it utilizes the existing mechanics of human physiology. The process of the development of enlightenment is open to anyone starting from any level of consciousness, without requiring any special life-style or system of belief. The ability of gaining enlightenment is innate in the physiology of every human being and therefore every human being deserves to have the knowledge of how to utilize it. As Maharishi has said, "There is no reason today in our scientific age for anyone to remain unenlightened. ' ' The Transcendental Meditation technique is a systematic procedure for gaining enlightenment. Research on the Transcendental Meditation technique has demonstrated marked improvements in all aspects of mind and body that, taken together, begin to define physiologically the direction of enlightenment, and provides objective standards by which progress towards it may be measured. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation technique may be understood scientifically from a very general standpoint in physiology. The purpose of any physiological system is to maintain low entropy and increase its 692

WALLACE THEORETICAL PAPERS: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF ENLIGHTENMENT -PAPER 101 degree of organization in the face of environmental disorder, that is, to be alive and to grow. It is shown in the various studies on the Transcendental Meditation technique that the TM technique is a means by which the human being can increase the functional integrity and the orderliness of his body and mind. All of these improvements may be summarized by saying that the TM technique is a specifically human process which extends the quality of being alive to its ultimate valueenlightenment. Enlightenment means, in a physiological sense, maximum stability with minimum entropy. Minimum entropy in turn is defined in information theory as maximum certainty. As certainty is an aspect of knowledge and as enlightenment has been traditionally defined as pure knowledge and can now be measured for its physiological correlates, the Transcendental Meditation technique and the physiological development it generates provide a connection between physiology and knowledge. What the ancients meant by supreme knowledge, gyana, is the state of pure consciousness and may be defined as the subjective experience of perfect order, zero entropy. Thus the field of enlightenment provides modern science with a link between the objective and the subjective, between the values of orderly physiology and orderly psychology-supremely developed consciousness, the state of pure knowledge. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF IDGHER CONSCIOUSNESS: TURIYA, THE FOURTH STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS, RESTFUL ALERTNESS The last few decades have established the neurophysiological criteria for waking, dreaming, and sleeping states of consciousness. With the advent of the Transcendental Meditation technique, this decade is establishing the criteria for the fourth state of consciousness (2, 42, 43, 44, 45). As the sophistication in research is increasing along with the increasing practice of more than half-a-million participants in the TM program in the world, inevitably the criteria for higher states of consciousness are forthcoming, and it will not be very long before the neurophysiological standards for the state of enlightenment are firmly established. This will be the supreme achievement of modem physiological sciences (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's forthcoming second edition of his commentary on the Bhagavad-Gita, carefully connects the ancient descriptions of enlightenment with the results of scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation technique in the fields of physiology, psychology, and sociology). It is really a privilege for modern physiologists to be able to verify objectively the ancient records of human development. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENLIGHTENED INDIVIDUAL The increased strength and orderliness of brain functioning generated by the Transcendental Meditation program (2, 3, 46) is the basis of the growth of enlightenment in the individual, which is validated by improved neuromuscular functioning (6, 33), improved intellectual functioning ( 15, 24, 40), improved coordination between neuromuscular and intellectual functioning ( 6, 29, 30, 31, 33), improved health-both prevention and cure (4, 5, 9, 16, 17, 19, 22, 27, 34, 36, 38, 39), and development of full creative potential (8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20, 24, 25, 31, 35, 37, 40). This objectively verified evidence of the enrichment on all levels of the individual through a natural procedure of neurophysiological refinement presents a vision of a better quality of human life rapidly evolving in our generation. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENLIGHTENED SOCIETY The scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation technique performed so far is sufficient to indicate that the Transcendental Meditation technique develops perfect neurophysiological functioning, which is the basis of an enlightened society, as evidenced by the growth of ideal behavior (5, 11. 12, 19, 26, 32), social fulfillment (11, 12, 35, 37). ideal education (8, 15, 18, 24, 40), maximum creativity in business (14), rapid rehabilitation (1, 5, 7, 10, 28, 36), a profound basis for progress, and a profound basis for law and order ( 5, 7, 10, 36, 37). This objectively verified evidence of the enrichment on all levels of society through a natural procedure of neurophysiological refinement presents a vision of a better society rapidly evolving in our generation. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF CULTURAL INTEGRITY The cultural values of every land arise on the basis of its geographical and climatic conditions. Manifesting as the expressions of the laws of nature, they constitute the natural basis of survival and progress in each specific area. As neurophysiological functioning is the basis of human life and cultural values are the basis of survival and progress of a society, the cultural values of each land are just the expansion of the neurophysiological values of the individual. Since the Transcendental Meditation technique improves the integrity of the neurophysiology of the individual (2, 3, 8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 40, 45, 46), it can be inferred that the TM technique is the basis of cultural integrity. 693

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM: COLLECTED PAPERS, VOL. I As the Transcendental Meditation technique is a natural procedure and as it is now equally available to all the people in every country through the World Plan, it should be within the ability of the custodians of culture in every country not only to preserve but also to strengthen the cultural values of the nation while promoting maximum progress. It must be obvious to educators in all parts of the world that the influence of cultural values in every country is on the decline. The fast means of global communication and growing friendship among nations are intermixing cultural values and diluting the uniqueness of every culture. It is beyond the ability of the proud custodians of any culture today to resist the influence of other cultures, for this would also mean resisting progress. It will be wise to transform this situation into a means for strengthening the cultural values of every country and at the same time ensuring all progress everywhere. The Science of Creative Intelligence, with its practical aspect, the Transcendental Meditation technique, offers that knowledge and experience which develop stability, adaptability, integration, purification, and growth on all four levels of life: physiological, psychological, sociological, and ecological. The individual members of every society, growing in these qualities, will naturally become stabilized in their own cultural values and at the same time, remaining adaptable, will be able to welcome any outside influence, purify it, and integrate the best of it into their own culture, thereby allowing the fuller expression of cultural values in the life of the nation. This is so vitally important, particularly in the education of the growing youth in secondary schools. If the members of society do not grow in these five values they will always be swayed by outside influences, the cultural values will always be threatened, and society will always remain incapable of deriving maximum benefit from the outside world. It is only fully developed individuals on the basis of fully developed neurophysiology who can secure for themselves and their society the blessings of living life in fullness. The introduction of the Science of Creative Intelligence at all levels of education in every country will ensure the safety, the security, the growing strength of cultural values, and the progress that are so dear to the spirit of education in every land. -Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (21, p. 211) NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF WORLD PEACE Peace of the individual is the unit of world peace. The unit of world peace is structured in the specific pattern of neurophysiological functioning that is generated by the Transcendental Meditation technique (2, 3, 46). This is reflected in physiological and psychological measurements demonstrating increased peace in the individual (26, 27, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45). The Transcendental Meditation technique thus provides the neurophysiological basis for world peace. This objectively verified evidence of the enrichment on all levels of the unit of world peace through a natural procedure of neurophysiological refinement presents a vision of a united family of nations rapidly evolving in our generation. A PROPOSED SOCIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT OF GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE The history of research on the Transcendental Meditation program has been that the physiological results have to a remarkable degree born out Maharishi's projections, based on the Rig Veda, which contains the cognitions of the seers of ancient India. Now that the physiological reality of the Transcendental Meditation technique has been thoroughly established, scientific attention is turning to consider its potential applications for the state of society as a whole. It seems an obvious conclusion that the widespread use of the Transcendental Meditation technique is a scientific basis for world peace. Therefore, Maharishi's most recent and far-reaching projection in this field calls for immediate attention by the well-wishers of peace and progress. Based on the two decades of experience teaching the Transcendental Meditation technique to over half-a-million individuals around the world, Maharishi has projected that a phase transition in society from a disorderly to a harmonious state can be achieved even if a small fraction of the world's population-on the order of one percent-is practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. It will be interesting for the pioneers of the Science of Creative Intelligence in every country and the leaders of every community in the world to see what percentage of participants in the TM program brings about an observable phase transition in their country. Figure 1 represents those countries closest to achieving the projected goal of one percent. Maharishi's projection of one percent is supported by many examples from physics and biology, where a coherent effect among a small fraction of individual units, atoms or cells, can produce an influence which dominates the behavior of the system as a whole. Given the current world situation, it is timely that Maharishi's projection of one participant in the TM program in every one hundred population to create permanent world peace be immediately subjected to scientific evaluation-an experiment on a nationwide scale to determine the point of phase transition in each country. If this projection is born out, then not only will we have world peace through the Transcendental Meditation 694

WALLACE THEORETICAL PAPERS: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF ENLIGHTENMENT -PAPER 101 1%... -------------... 0.9 0.8 0.7 1------------------11 0.6 1------------------11 0.5 ------------------.50% 0.4 1---------------.36%-.34% 0.3 1-----------.27%.28% FIG. 1. COUNTRIESCLOSESTTOACHIEVINGONEPERCENTOFTHEIR POPULATIONS PRACTICING THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION TECHNIQUE AS OF OCTOBER 1974. SoURCE: World Plan News Service, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa. technique, but we will have it much more quickly than anyone could have thought, and it will last longer than anyone could have foreseen because it will be sustained, generation after generation, by that most highly developed neurophysiology of enlightenment. This has always been the characteristic of great scientific discoveries: to produce unforeseen technological breakthroughs of immense benefit to human life. MAHARISHI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Maharishi International University was founded in 1971 under the laws of the State of California, in response to the growing demand for the knowledge of the Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI) presented in a broad-based format to bring fulfillment to the study of all disciplines. In 1974 the central campus for the United States was moved to a seventy-two building facility in Fairfield, Iowa. The inspiration to evolve a complete university structure came from the hundreds of thousands of students, faculty, administrators, and parents at more than 600 campuses around the world who had experienced the wide-ranging benefits of the Science of Creative Intelligence in all areas of their lives. Teachers of SCI in different countries are currently engaged in establishing MIU according to the laws of each nation. The goal of MIU is to implement the World Plan and bring maximum enrichment to life everywhere. WORLD PLAN On January 8th, 1972, on the Mediterranean island of Mallorca, after seven days of silence with 2,000 newly trained teachers of the Science of Creative Intelligence, His Holiness Maharishi Mahesh Yogi inaugurated the World Plan to share the knowledge of the Science of Creative Intelligence with all the 3,600 million people of the world. Maharishi International University was given the responsibility for implementing the World Plan by establishing 3,600 World Plan Centers, one for each one million population: to teach SCI, train teachers of SCI, and offer SCI courses for primary and secondary grades and undergraduate and graduate degrees. Each World Plan Center will train 1,000 teachers of SCI and maintain their strength through refresher courses year after year. This will provide one teacher of SCI for 1,000 people in every area of the globe for all generations to come. All that remains is for each individual to develop his full potential in life through the Science of Creative Intelligence and to help provide this universal knowledge and experience of the basis of creativity and intelligence to his fellow man by becoming a teacher of the Science of Creative Intelligence. SEVEN GOALS OF THE WORLD PLAN 1. To develop the full potential of the individual 2. To improve governmental achievements 3. To realize the highest ideal of education 4. To eliminate the age-old problem of crime and all behavior that brings unhappiness to the family of man 5. To maximize the intelligent use of the environment 6. To bring fulfillment to the economic aspirations of individuals and society 7. To achieve the spiritual goals of mankind in this generation These admittedly ambitious but necessary and now attainable goals must soon be realized in every area of the globe now that the knowledge, organization, and means are available. -Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Courses are available from Maharishi International University in color videotapes, audiotapes, textbooks, and teaching manuals in each World Plan Center to realize each of these goals of the World Plan. MIU brings to fulfillment an ideal of life that has been sought by educational institutions throughout the ages: that every man, irrespective of his interests, abilities, or background, can develop the full potential of human life. Life in fullness will be a living reality based on the knowledge and experience that the Science of Creative Intelligence provides. SUPREME FULFILLMENT FOR ALL MANKIND By culturing the physiology and raising it to the state of enlightenment, the Transcendental Meditation technique brings together the highest aspiration of modern science 695

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM: COLLECTED PAPERS, VOL. I with the ideal of life put forth in that most ancient record, the Rig Veda. Maharishi holds the Rig Veda to be the encyclopedia of the Science of Creative Intelligence and thus it is not surprising to find the qualities of enlightenment within its text. The following verses, the last of the Rig Veda, describe more than the features of an enlightened individual, they speak of the ideal society, a long sought for, but until now unattainable ideal. It is the triumph of the scientific age that the technology has been developed to link the most ancient with the most modern-the Veda with science; and it is the real value of the research on the Transcendental Meditation program that it validates the growth of consciousness to enlightenment. ~ ~ij\~ ~!{~\~ " ~ ~~ ~ I tcrr!!,ttr 1t~ ~ ~~ ~ - ~~:mlffit:~ ~~:~~~~!!~~~lt~cf: ~~~~ ~~~: ~~Cf:l ~~~ ~~~:~ RIG VEDA 10/191 /2-4 Go together (2, 37, 46), speak together (12), know your minds to be functioning together from a common source ( 30, 31), in the same manner as the impulses of Creative Intelligence, in the beginning, remain together united near the source ( 45, 46). Integrated is the expression of knowledge (30, 31 ), an assembly is significant in unity (14), united are their minds while full of desires (30, 31). For you (says the seer Samvanana) I make use of the integrated expression of knowledge (30, 31). By virtue of unitedness and by means of that which remains to be united, I perform action to generate wholeness of life ( 13-that means, the consciousness of the seer Samvanana, reverberating in the form of this hymn and producing the cognition, proclaims that consciousness or the pure nature of life continues to produce greater and greater unity from whatever remains to be united. Until everything is united in the grand wholeness, it continues to bring things together). United be your purpose (14, 30, 31, 35, 37), harmonious be your feelings (12, 13, 16, 28, 35, 41), collected be your mind (12, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 40-the phrase "collected be your mind" calls for integrated neurophysiological functioning, 2, 45, 46), in the same way as all the various aspects of the universe exist in togetherness, wholeness. RIG VEDA 10/191/2-4 Maharishi's projection is that only one percent of a population need practice the Transcendental Meditation technique for that whole population to experience the benefits of enlightenment. This phenomenon will not only be the fulfillment of science, but also bring to life the words of the Veda: 'Samiti Samani' -an assembly is significant in unity-an ideal society is created. This is life in supreme fulfillment for all mankind. Every individual in every country is invited to contribute his share to the integrity of his nation and to global progress by enjoying fulfillment through enlightenment. REFERENCES -Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1. BALLOU, D. 1973. The Transcendental Meditation program at Stillwater Prison. 2. BANQUET, J-P. 1973: Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 35: 143-151. 3. BANQUET, J-P., and SAILHAN, M. 1974. Quantified EEG spectral analysis of sleep and Transcendental Meditation. Presented at the Second European Congress on Sleep Research, Rome, Italy, 10 April 1974. 4. BENSON, H., and WALLACE, R. K. 1972. Decreased blood pressure in hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation. Circulation, Supplement II, 45 and 46: 516. 5. BENSON, H., and WALLACE, R. K. 1972. Decreased drug abuse with Transcendental Meditation: A study of 1,862 subjects. In Drug Abuse: Proceedings of the International Conference, ed. Chris J. D. Zarafonetis (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1972), pp. 369-376. 6. BLASDELL, K. S. 1971. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique upon a complex perceptual-motor task. 7. CHILDS, J. P. 1973. The use of the Transcendental Meditation program as a therapy with juvenile offenders. (Published in this volume.) 8. COLLIER, R. W. 1973. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program upon university academic attainment. 9. COREY, P. W. 1974. Airway conductance and oxygen consumption changes associated with practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. 10. CUNNINGHAM, M., and KOCH, W. 1973. The Transcendental Meditation program and rehabilitation: A pilot project at the Federal Correctional Institution at Lompoc, California. 11. FEHR, T. 1974. A longitudinal study of the effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on changes in personality. 12. FEHR, T.; NERSTHEIMER, U.; and TORBER, S. 1972. Study of personality changes resulting from the Transcendental Meditation program: Freiburger Personality Inventory. (Published in this volume.) 13. FERGUSON, P. C., and GOWAN, J. C. 1973. Psychological findings on Transcendental Meditation. To be published under the title "TM-Some preliminary psychological findings." Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1976, vol. 16, no. 3. 14. FREW, D. R. 1974. Transcendental Meditation and productivity, Academy of Management Journal 17: 362-368. 696

WALLACE THEORETICAL PAPERS: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF ENLIGHTENMENT -PAPER 101 15. HEATON, D. P., and 0RME-10HNSON, D. W. 1974. The Transcendental Meditation program and academic achievements. 16. HJELLE, L. A. 1974. Transcendental Meditation and psychological health. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 623-628. 17. HoNSBERGER, R. W., and WILSON, A. F. 1973. Transcendental Meditation in treating asthma. Respiratory Therapy: The Journal of Inhalation Technology 3: 79-80. 18. KORY, R., and HUFNAGEL, P. 1974. The effect of the Science of Creative Intelligence course on High School students: A preliminary report. 19. LAZAR, Z.; FARWELL, L.; and FARROW, J. T. 1972. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on anxiety, drug abuse, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. 20. MACCALLUM, M. J. 1974. The Transcendental Meditation programme and creativity. 21. MAHARISHI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY. 1974. Science of Creative Intelligence for Secondary Education: Three-Year Curriculum. Livingston Manor, N.Y.: MIU Press. 22. MISKIMAN, D. E. 1972. The treatment of insomnia by the Transcendental Meditation program. (Published in this volume.) 23. MISKIMAN, D. E. 1972. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on compensatory paradoxical sleep. 24. MISKIMAN, D. E. 1973. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on the organization of thinking and recall (secondary organization). 25. NIDICH, S. I.; SEEMAN, W.; and DRESKIN, T. 1973. Influence of Transcendental Meditation: A replication. Journal of Counseling Psychology 20: 565-566. 26. NIDICH, S. I.; SEEMAN, W.; and SEIBERT, M. 1973. Influence of the Transcendental Meditation program on state anxiety. 27. 0RME-JOHNSON, D. W. 1973. Autonomic stability and Transcendental Meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine 35: 341-349. 28. 0RME-JOHNSON, D. W.; KIEHLBAUCH, J.; MOORE, R.; and BRISTOL, J. 1971. Personality and autonomic changes in prisoners practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. 29. 0RME-JOHNSON,D. W.; KOLB,D.; andhebert,j. R. 1973. An experimental analysis of the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on reaction time. 30. PELLETIER, K. R. 1974. Influence of Transcendental Meditation upon autokinetic perception. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 1031-1034. 31. PELLETIER, K. R. 1974. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on perceptual style: Increased field independence. Presented at a meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Francisco. 32. PENNER, W. J.; ZINGLE, H. W.; DYCK, R.; and TRUCH, S. 1974. Does an in-depth Transcendental Meditation course effect change in the personalities of the participants? Western Psychologist 4: 104-111. 33. REDDY, M. K.; BAI, A. J. L.; and RAO, V. R. 1974. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on athletic performance. 34. RouTT, T.J. 1973. Low normal heart and respiration rates in individuals practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique. 35. SEEMAN, W.; NIDICH, S. I.; and BANTA, T. 1972. Influence of Transcendental Meditation on a measure of selfactualization. JournalofCounselingPsychology 19: 184-187. 36. SHAFII, M.; LAVELY, R. A.; and JAFFE, R.D. 1974. Meditation and marijuana. American Journal of Psychiatry 131: 60-63. 37. SHAPIRO, J. 1974. The relationship of the Transcendental Meditation program to self-actualization and negative personality characteristics. 38. SIMON, D. B.; OPARIL, S.; and KIMBALL, C. P. 1974. The Transcendental Meditation program and essential hypertension. 39. STERN, M. 1974. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on trait anxiety. 40. TJOA, A. 1972. Some evidence that the Transcendental Meditation program increases intelligence and reduces neuroticism as measured by psychological tests. (Published in this volume.) 41. VAN DEN BERG, W. P., and MULDER, B. 1973. Psychological research on the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on a number of personality variables. (Published in this volume.) 42. WALLACE, R. K. 1970. The physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation: A proposed fourth major state of consiousness, Ph. D. thesis. Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles. 43. WALLACE, R. K. 1970. Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation. Science 167:1751-1754. 44. WALLACE, R. K., and BENSON, H. 1972. The physiology of meditation. Scientific American 226: 84-90. 45. WALLACE, R. K.; BENSON, H.; and WILSON, A. F. 1971. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. American Journal of Physiology 221: 795-799. 46. WESTCOTT, M. 1973. Hemispheric symmetry of the EEG during the Transcendental Meditation technique. (Published in this volume.) 697