The Swiss Reformation: Huldrych Zwingli and others Fritz Graf, The Ohio State University
1. Zwingli s Life
Portrait by Hans Asper
Dum patriae quaero per dogmata sancta salute, ingrate patrio caesus ab ense cado. When I was pursuing salvation for my country through the sacred writings, I die, felled by an unthankful sword. He died in the Year of the Lord 1531, on October 11, in the 48 th year of his life.
Zwingli: Time-line Zwingli s Life 1484 Born in Wildhaus 1506 MA in Basel, priest in Glarus (-1516) 1515 In Marignano; meets Erasmus 1516 Einsiedeln (-1518) 1516 Erasmus New Testament 1519 Jan. 1: Zürich, Grossmünster 1519 New Testament sermons; plague 1523 First and Second Zurich Disputation 1529 Marburg Disputation; First Kappelen War 1531 Second Kappelen War, killed in action. The Times 1483 Luther born 1492 Columbus in the Bahamas 1507 Luther ordained 1515 Battle of Marignano 1517 Luther s 95 theses 1521 Luther begins German translation of the Bible 1529 Marburg Disputation 1532 Calvin begins French reformation
Wildhaus: the house of the Zwingli family
Glarus 1506-1516
Einsiedeln 1516-1518
Zurich (Grossmünster) 1519-1531 Fraumünster (imperial abbey) Grossmünster St. Peter (Leo Jud)
Switzerland at the time of Zwingli
2. Switzerland in Zwingli s Time
Switzerland at the time of Zwingli
Mercenary with Glarus Flag: Urs Graf, 1521
The Tagsatzung of 1531
Zwingli s Reformation Mechanisms and Achievement
Erasmus of Rotterdam (Rotterdam 1466- Basel 1536)
The Novum Instrumentum of 1516 http://www.csntm.org/printedbook/viewbook/erasmusnovuminstrumentum
Complutense polyglot Bible, project of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
The consequences (in 1522) The principle: Sola scriptura ( by Scripture alone ) This leads immediately to Sermon on a passage from Scripture (against begging orders) Abolition of Fasting Abolition of Celibacy Iconoclasm Dissolution of monasteries
The 1529 battle of Kappel Catholic milk + Protestant bread
The 1531 battle of Kappel Etching by Merian, 1630 Flag: Zurich Flags: Lucerne and Uri
Switzerland in 1536
The successor: Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) Aged 55 I do care nothing for beauty or life-time; I only care for Christ, who is the beauty of my life Founder of the Zurich Seminary for Reformed Theology, the Carolinum; intrepid interpreter of reformed Christianity in over 12 000 letters and many books.
Contrasts
Saint Gall: Vadianus (Joachim von Watt) If someone does not know the give live and soul to the colors, He is unable to paint you, Vadian. In the 58 th year of life, 1545
Saint Gall in 1623
Saint Gall in 1623
Basel: Johannes Oecolampadius
Basel: Johannes Oecolampadius
Basel: Johannes Oecolampadius Cathedral University
Zwingli s Theological Positions
The principles 1 Sola scriptura ( by Scripture alone ) as against Luther s Sola fide ( by Faith alone ) This leads immediately to Sermon on a passage from Scripture (against begging orders) Abolition of Fasting Abolition of Celibacy Iconoclasm Dissolution of monasteries
The principles 2 Overarching principle: Solo Christo ( By Christ alone ) Scripture emanates from Christ and thus is secondary: > Allows agreements with Luther
The 15 articles of Marburg 1529 Agreement on 14 of the 15 articles including Original sin from which Christ saved us: Article 4: We believe that we are born with and inherited original sin from Adam
Predestination and Original Sin Zwingli: Results from God s power (optimist anthropology) Even Adam s fall is preordained Original sin an inborn defect that doesn t make us guilty as such > Baptism not needed We transgress out of free will Oecolampadius: Salus nostra ex Deo, perditio nostra ex nobis (Our salvation comes from God, our fall from ourselves) Luther: Results from man s inborn depravity (pessimist anthropology) Original sin creates guilt > Baptism is necessary purification
The 15 articles of Marburg 1529 Agreement on 14 of the 15 articles including Original sin from which Christ saved us: Article 4: We believe that we are born with and inherited original sin from Adam Baptism: Article 9: We believe that holy baptism is a sacrament which is an instrument of God for such faith and ordered by Him.
Baptism Zwingli: Baptism is not necessary for grace, because we are not inherently guilty, and grace is part of God. General rule: Sacraments symbolize and confirm but do not perform Luther: Baptism is necessary for grace, because it purifies us from original sin. General rule: Sacraments perform
The 15 articles of Marburg 1529 Agreement on 14 of the 15 articles including Original sin from which Christ saved us: Article 4: We believe that we are born with and inherited original sin from Adam Baptism: Article 9: We believe that holy baptism is a sacrament which is an instrument of God for such faith and ordered by Him. Disagreement on communion (article 15)
Communion Article 15: Although we have not been able to agree at this time, whether the true body and blood of Christ are corporally present in the bread and wine, each party should display towards the other Christian love, as far as each respective conscience allows, and both should persistently ask God the Almighty for guidance so that through his Spirit he might bring us to a proper understanding.
Communion Zwingli: A symbol of our faith and salvation and therefore not really Christ s body and flesh. Luther: An instrument for our salvation and therefore really Christ s body and blood. (Again: sacraments are symbols, not instruments)
Bullinger s confirmation Those who insist that the formal words of the Supper, This is my body; this is my blood, are to be taken in what they call the precisely literal sense, we repudiate as preposterous interpreters. For we hold it to be beyond controversy that they are to be taken figuratively, the bread and wine receiving the name of that which they signify.
Salvation God can save whom he pleases included non-baptized infants or pagans.
Salvation God can save whom he pleases included non-baptized infants or pagans.