SESSION 7 PANORAMA Movement #7 Kingship: Divided Monarchy I. PRAYER / REVIEW (TIMELINE) A. Review: MOVEMENT BIBLICAL BOOKS 1. Prologue 2. Patriarchs 3. Redemption / Wanderings 4. Conquest 5. Apostasy S 7 6. Kingship: United Monarchy 7. Kingship: Divided Monarchy B. Timeline: See Pre-Tab 1 Timeline 133
II. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL RELATED TO DIVIDED MONARCHY (end of this section) A. Kingship: Divided Monarchy (Timeline) B. Kingship: Divided Monarchy (Books of the Bible) C. Prophets (Timeline Chart) D. Writing Prophets (List) E. Kings & Prophets F. Prophets (from ZPEB) N.B. The student should be familiar with the previous charts. When studying various kings and prophets, reference tools are indispensible for understanding chronological and geographical flow. III. DIVISION OF THE KINGDOM A. Background 1. Three (3) kings of the United Monarchy Tribe a. ( ) b. ( ) c. ( ) 134
2. Solomon: Focal point of the split of the United Kingship a. Accomplishments: Temple (1 Kings 6) and Palace (1 Kings 7) Ark from Mt. Zion to Temple Mount (2 Samuel 5:7; 1 Kings 8:1,6) Wisdom (refer to 1 Kings 4:29-34) Expansion / Wealth (refer to 1 Kings 10:23-29) b. Failures: Solomon s disobedience: I Kings 11:1-5 King Solomon, however, loved many foreign women besides Pharaoh s daughter Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians and Hittites. They were from nations about which the LORD had told the Israelites, You must not intermarry with them, because they will surely turn your hearts after their gods. Nevertheless, Solomon held fast to them in love. He had seven hundred wives of royal birth and three hundred concubines, and his wives led him astray. As Solomon grew old, his wives turned his heart after other gods, and his heart was not fully devoted to the LORD his God, as the heart of David his father had been. He followed Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, and Molech the detestable god of the Ammonites S 7 135
YHWH s anger: I Kings 11:9-13 The LORD became angry with Solomon because his heart had turned away from the LORD, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice. Although he had forbidden Solomon to follow other gods, Solomon did not keep the LORD s command. So the LORD said to Solomon, Since this is your attitude and you have not kept my covenant and my decrees, which I commanded you, I will most certainly tear the kingdom away from you and give it to one of your subordinates. Nevertheless, for the sake of David your father, I will not do it during your lifetime. I will tear it out of the hand of your son. Yet I will not tear the whole kingdom from him, but will give him one tribe for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem, which I have chosen. c. Death: I Kings 11:41-43 As for the other events of Solomon s reign all he did and the wisdom he displayed are they not written in the book of the annals of Solomon? Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel forty years. Then he rested with his fathers and was buried in the city of David his father. And Rehoboam his son succeeded him as king. B. Split of the Kingdom 1. Previous animosities among tribes (2 Sam. 19:40-43) 2. Personal failure of Solomon (I Kgs. 11:1-5) 3. Rash behavior of Solomon s son, Rehoboam 136
a. The question of Jeroboam, leader of the northern tribes (called Israel): I Kings 12:1-5 Rehoboam went to Shechem, for all the Israelites had gone there to make him king. When Jeroboam son of Nebat heard this (he was still in Egypt, where he had fled from King Solomon), he returned from Egypt. So they sent for Jeroboam, and he and the whole assembly of Israel went to Rehoboam and said to him: Your father put a heavy yoke on us, but now lighten the harsh labor and the heavy yoke he put on us, and we will serve you. b. The reply of Rehoboam to the northern tribes: I Kings 12:5 Rehoboam answered, Go away for three days and then come back to me. So the people went away. c. The resultant actions of Rehoboam: Consulted with the elders who served his father, Solomon (I Kgs. 12:6-7) S 7 Then King Rehoboam consulted the elders who had served his father Solomon during his lifetime. How would you advise me to answer these people? he asked. They replied, If today you will be a servant to these people and serve them and give them a favorable answer, they will always be your servants. Consulted with his cronies, the young men of his youth (I Kgs. 12:8-11) The young men who had grown up with him replied, Tell these people who have said to you, Your father put a heavy yoke on us, but make our yoke lighter tell them, My little finger is thicker than my father s waist. My father laid on you a heavy yoke; I will make it even heavier. My father scourged you with whips; I will scourge you with scorpions. (12:10-11) 137
d. The decision of Rehoboam and its aftermath: split of the Kingdom Note Israel s words: I Kings 12:12-17 Three days later Jeroboam and all the people returned to Rehoboam, as the king had said, Come back to me in three days. The king answered the people harshly. Rejecting the advice given him by the elders, he followed the advice of the young men and said, My father made your yoke heavy; I will make it even heavier. My father scourged you with whips; I will scourge you with scorpions. So the king did not listen to the people, for this turn of events was from the LORD, to fulfill the word the LORD had spoken to Jeroboam son of Nebat through Ahijah the Shilonite. When all Israel saw that the king refused to listen to them, they answered the king: What share do we have in David, what part in Jesse s son? To your tents, O Israel! Look after your own house, O David! So the Israelites went home. But as for the Israelites who were living in the towns of Judah, Rehoboam still ruled over them. Note Israel s actions: I Kings 12:18-19 King Rehoboam sent out Adoniram, who was in charge of forced labor, but all Israel stoned him to death. King Rehoboam, however, managed to get into his chariot and escape to Jerusalem. So Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day. N.B. The kingdom splits: Israel in the north; Judah in the south. This rupture would not ever heal completely--not even after Assyrian (Israel) and Babylonian (Judah) captivities. 138
IV. KINGS OF ISRAEL AND JUDAH A. Israel s Kings (931-722 BC) 1. Nineteen (19) kings: all bad 2. Consult appropriate charts / supplemental material 3. Primary prophetic voices: a. Non-writing: Elijah and Elisha b. Writing: Amos and Hosea B. Judah s Kings (931-586 BC) 1. Nineteen (19) kings and one (1) queen: many bad; some good 2. Consult appropriate charts / supplemental material 3. Primary prophetic voices (writing): Habakkuk Joel Isaiah Micah Jeremiah Zephaniah Lamentations S 7 139
4. For futher study: The student of the Kingship: Divided Monarchy could pursue further studies by completing this or a similar chart with further study. King Kings of Israel & Judah Passage in Kings Passage in Chronicles Good or Bad Key Verse(s) 140
V. PROPHETS A. Prophetic Ministry Refer to Prophets (from ZPEB) B. Major Prophets 1. Isaiah (8th - 7th century BC) Isaiah is often called the evangelical prophet because of his emphasis upon the redemptive work of the Messiah. 2. Jeremiah (7th - 6th century BC) The weeping prophet, Jeremiah led a stormy, turbulent life as he faithfully preached the message of judgment to Judah. 3. Lamentations (6th century BC) This book is traditionally thought to be the work of Jeremiah as he mourned over the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. 4. Ezekiel (6th century BC) Ezekiel preached to the exiles concerning the sin which had brought them under God s judgment. It contains prophecies of the future millennial kingdom. S 7 5. Daniel (6th century BC) Daniel is an exilic prophet who is noted for his messages on the times of the Gentiles, the then future Gentile kingdoms, the seventy weeks, and activities of the antichrist. It is considered to be an apocalyptic book. 141
C. The Minor Prophets 1. Hosea (8th century BC) Hosea was a prophet to the northern kingdom. The book pictures the love, mercy and grace of God even in the midst of judgment. 2. Joel (9th century BC) Joel prophesied to the southern kingdom. The major theme is the prophetic Day of the Lord. Joel preached of coming judgment on Judah due to the people s sin; distinctive for locust plague language. 3. Amos (8th century BC) Amos was a prophet to Israel who pointed out forcefully the social evils (injustices) and sins of the people. Without a change of heart through repentance, judgment from God would be imminent. 4. Obadiah (9th century, possibly as late as 6th century BC) Obadiah prophesied against Edom and spoke of the certainty of judgment due to Edom s enumerated sins. 5. Jonah (8th century BC) Jonah s task was to preach to the Gentile city of Ninevah, captial of Assyria. A number of miracles are recorded. The book points out the love of God for all peoples. 6. Micah (8th - 7th century BC) Micah prophesied to the southern kingdom. He is noted for a number of Messianic prophecies as well as preaching against the social injustices and religious hypocrisy of this day. 7. Nahum (7th century BC) Nahum preached against Assyria (though the message was delivered before Judah). The judgment of God against Assyria was sure. Ninevah would be destroyed. 8. Habakkuk (7th century BC) Habakkuk was the questioning prophet who wondered about the unjudged sin of Judah and then later, the method of judgment through the Babylonians. 142
Three Post-exilic Prophets { 9. Zephaniah (7th century BC) Zephaniah prophesied to Judah the impending judgment of doom. In this book, a description of the yet coming, glorious millennial kingdom is pictured. 10. Haggai (6th century BC) One of the three post-exilic prophets, Haggai urged the people and their leaders to rebuild the temple. 11. Zechariah (6th century BC) Zechariah spoke much of the Messiah, both of His first and second comings. The book calls for repentance, yet gives hope and comfort. It abounds with apocalyptic figures and symbols. 12. Malachi (5th century BC) Malachi is the last of the three post-exilic prophets. He asks many questions of the nation, emphasizing their need to return to a proper worship of God. S 7 143
VI. TIMELINE: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY VII. FOR LESSON 8: EXILE A. Minimal: Daniel 1-6 (Panorama 1.0) B. Maximum: Daniel 1-6; 2 Kings 17 (Fall of Israel); 2 Kings 25 (Fall of Jerusalem) (Panorama 2.0) C. Personal Project: Take a person through the Timeline for this session (review previous Movements as well). Draw and explain this as best you can. 144
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY (#7 of 12) TIMELINE: SAUL DAVID SOLOMON ASSYRIAN ISRAEL (19 KINGS) CAPTIVITY 722 1043 BC 1011 971 931 JUDAH (19 KINGS; 1 QUEEN) BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY 586 LISTING OF KINGS * : Table 6 The Kings of the Divided Monarchy ISRAEL JUDAH Jeroboam Nadab Baasha Elah Zimri Omri Ahab Ahaziah Joram Jehu Jehoahaz Jehoash Jeroboam Zechariah Shallum Menahem Pekahiah Pekah Hoshea 934-910 910-909 909-886 886-885 885 885-874 874-853 853-852 852-841 841-814 814-798 798-782 793-753 753 752 752-742 742-740 752-732 732-722 Rehoboam Abijah Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Joash Amaziah Uzziah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jehoiachin Zedekiah 931-931 913-911 911-870 873-848 848-841 841 841-835 835-796 796-767 792-740 750-731 735-715 729-686 696-642 642-640 640-609 609 608-598 598-598 597-586 * Dates based upon reseach of Eugene Merrill, Kindgom of Priests, 320. 145
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY (#7 of 12) BOOKS OF THE BIBLE: BROAD OUTLINE: HISTORICAL: 1 KINGS 12-22 2 KINGS (2 CHRONICLES 10-36) NON-WRITING PROPHETS: Elijah Elisha WRITING PROPHETS: 1. Hosea; Amos... To Israel 2. Habakkuk; Isaiah; Jeremiah; Joel; Micah; Zephaniah; Lamentations... To Judah 3. Jonah; Nahum... To Assyria 4. Obadiah... To Edom 1 KINGS I. RISE OF SOLOMON AND THE UNITED KINGDOM (1-11) II. DEATH OF SOLOMON AND THE DIVIDED KINGDOM (12-22) 2 KINGS I. DIVIDED KINGDOM: ISRAEL & JUDAH (1-17) II. SURVIVING KINGDOM: JUDAH ALONE (18-25) 2 CHRONICLES I. REIGN OF KING SOLOMON (1-9) II. REIGNS OF THE KINGS OF JUDAH (10-36) 146
MOVEMENT (#7 OF 12): KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY PROPHETS 722 BC ASSYRIAN CAPTIVITY ISRAEL * JONAH (NINEVEH) * NAHUM (ASSYRIA) * AMOS * HOSEA [ELIJAH] [ELISHA] 931 BC (Death of Solomon) 900 860 820 780 740 700 660 620 580 500 400 * OBADIAH (EDOM) * ISAIAH * JOEL * MICAH * JEREMIAH * ZEPHANIAH * HABAKKUK 586 BC BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY JUDAH * DANIEL * EZEKIEL * HAGGAI * ZECHARIAH * MALACHI 147
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY (#7 of 12) TOPIC: WRITING PROPHETS THE WRITING PROPHETS 1 Name Dates (BC) Object Obadiah ca. 840-830 Edom Joel ca. 830-820 Judah Jonah 785-775 Nineveh Amos 765-755 Israel Hosea 755-715 Israel Isaiah 739-690 Judah (Israel) Micah 735-700 Judah (Israel) Nahum ca. 650-620 Assyria Zephaniah 635-625 Judah Jeremiah 627-575 Judah Habakkuk 620-610 Judah Daniel 605-536 Judah Ezekiel 593-560 Judah Haggai 520-505 Jews (Judah) Zechariah 520-490 Jews (Judah) Malachi 435-415 Jews (Judah) 1 Taken from E. Merrill, An Historical Survey of the Old Testament, 268. 148
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY (#7 of 12) KINGS & PROPHETS Saul David Solomon ISRAEL JUDAH Prophets (North) (Non-Writing Prophets) (South) 1. Jeroboam I 1. Rehoboam 2. Nadab 2. Abijam 3. Baasha 3. Asa 4. Elah 4. Jehoshaphat 5. Zimri 5. Jehoram 1. Obadiah 6. Omri 6. Ahaziah 7. Ahab (Elijah) 7. Athaliah (Queen) 2. Joel 8. Ahaziah 8. Joas 9. Joram 9. Amaziah 10. Jehu (Elisha) 10. Uzziah 11. Jehoahaz 11. Jotham 12. Jehoash 3. Jonah 12. Ahaz 6. Isaiah 13. Jeroboam II 4. Amos 13. Hezekiah 7. Micah 14. Zechariah 5. Hosea 14. Manasseh 15. Shallum 15. Amon 9. Zephaniah 16. Menahem 16. Josiah 10. Jeremiah 17. Pekahiah 17. Jehoahaz (Lamentations) 18. Pekah 18. Jehoiakim 11. Habakkuk 19. Hoshea 8. Nahum 19. Jehoiachin 20. Zedekiah ASSYRIAN CAPTIVITY BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY (722 BC) (586 BC) 149
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY SUBJECT: PROPHETS (source: ZPEB) DEFINITION: 1. A prophet is one who passes on (preaches, declares) a message from God. (cf. Ex 4:16 and 7:1; Amos 3:8; Jer. 1:7, 17...so forth) 2. Thus, in the O.T., a prophet would receive a revelation from God and then passed it on to the intended recipients; in N.T. usage, a prophet might receive a direct revelation or declare God s word (as an already received and written message, i.e. the Bible). DISTINCTIVES: 1. Word Usage: The English word, prophet occurs over 300+ times in the O.T.; about 150 times in the N.T. 2. Word Usage: The word rendered prophet or to prophesy generally means the person or activity of receiving God s message and passing it on. 3. Prophetic Call: It is debated whether or not the Scriptures teach that all prophets receive a divine call (e.g. like Jeremiah in Jer. 1:5, 18-19; Amos 7:15... so forth); for some, it is clear that they did, for others less clear. What must be affirmed is that prophets spoke from God only after receiving a message from God. 5 Ways Prophets Received Their Messages from God 1. Prophetic Awareness - God was speaking to him although the message at times was not fully clear (e.g. Samuel anointing a son of Jesse) 2. External Voice - e.g. 1 Sam. 3:3-9 3. Internal voice - the message not heard audibly by others. 4. Opening the prophet s eyes - Balaam (Num. 22:31) 5. Vision - e.g. Ezekiel s vision of dry bones (Ezek. 37) or much of John s vision in Revelation. 150
DECLARATIONS: How Prophets Declared Their Message 1. Oral Statements - words of rebuke, encouragment or specific direction. Occasionally prophets responded to questions given them concerning God s will. 2. Discourses - e.g. extended portions of the Torah given to Moses; much of the Major / Minor prophets writings. 3. Patriarchal Blessings - inspired final words ; e.g. Gen. 49. 4. Describing Visions - e.g. Daniel s visions and subsequent interpretations; Ezekiel s visions of the future for Israel (Ez. 40-48). 5. Symbolic Actions - or object lessons used to illustrate; e.g. Ahijah tears his cloak into 12 pieces indicating the split of the kingdom into Israel and Judah. (I Kgs. 11:29-30). DETERMINATIONS: 1. The Scriptures speak of true and false prophets. 2. The Tests of a True Prophet: (1) A true prophet speaks in the name of the Lord (Deut. 18:20-22) (2) A true prophet may produce a sign or wonder (Deut. 13:1-2) (3) A true prophet s predictions come to pass (Deut. 18:22) (4) A true prophet s message has agreement with all other previous revelations (Deut. 13:1-5; Gal. 1:8) 151
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY (#7 of 12) SUBJECT: WRITING PROPHETS BROAD OVERVIEW AMOS Name: Amos Home: Tekoa Times: 2 yrs. before earthquake Profession: Shepherd Calling: Visions Uzziah...Judah ( he saw ) Jeroboam II...Israel 1:1 1:2 8 JUDGMENTS 3 MESSAGES 5 VISIONS For three sins... even for four 1. Damascus 2. Gaza 3. Tyre 4. Edom 5. Ammon 6. Moab 7. Judah 8. Israel 1:3 2:16 1. Hear this Word (3:1) 2. Hear this Word (4:1) 3. Hear this Word (5:1)... Woe (5:18 ff)... Woe (6:1 ff) 3:1 6:14 Sovereign Lord showed me 1. Locusts (7:1-3) 2. Fire (7:4-6) 3. Plumbline (7:7-9) (Interlude: 7:10-17) Sovereign Lord showed me 4. Ripe Fruit (8:1-13) 5. Altar (9:1-10) 7:1 9:10 ISRAEL S PROMISED RESTORATION 9:11 9:15 152
8 JUDGMENTS OF AMOS 1-2 153
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY (#7 of 12) SUBJECT: WRITING PROPHETS BROAD OVERVIEW: HOSEA 1 HOSEA S MARRIAGE 3 4 YHWH S MARRIAGE (COVENANT) 13 Adulterous Wife Adulterous Nation Hosea s Marriage (Foreshadowing) 1. The Prophet and His marriage (1:1-9) 2. The Wife s (Nation s) Restoration (1:10-2:1) 3. The Wife s (Nation s) Unfaithfulness (2:2-23) 4. The Wife s (Nation s) Restoration (3:1-5) YHWH s Courtcase Against Israel 1. Introduction (4:1-3) 2. No Knowledge of God (4:4-6:3) 3. No loyalty-love (6:4-11:11) 4. No truthfulness (11:12-13:16) CONCLUSION: YHWH s Call for Repentance (14:1-9) DISTINCTIVES: 1. Hosea is the longest of the Minor Prophets (in verses). 2. Major Biblical themes are sin, judgment, salvation (restoration) and God s loyal-love (hesed). 3. Hosea is not mentioned elsewhere in the Old Testament; only once in the New Testament (Romans 9:25) 4. Hosea uses many figures of speech (similes and metaphors... at least 45 in 14 chapters.) 154
HOSEA(THE MAN) AS A PICTURE OF YHWH HOSEA S MARRIAGE YHWH S MARRIAGE (COVENANT) Suffered because of Gomer s infidelity Continued to love Gomer because of love (hesed) Did not divorce Gomer Purchased and forgave Gomer Punished Gomer Restored Gomer Enjoyed intimacy in marital relationship (with Gomer) Suffered becuase of Israel s idolatry Continues to love Israel because of love(hesed) Has not forsaken Israel Will purchase and forgive Israel Punishing Israel Will restore Israel Will enjoy intimacy in covenantal relationship (with Israel) CONTRAST OF HOSEA AND AMOS HOSEA AMOS Sympathetic God of love God s loyalty and faithfulness Moral iniquities Stern God of justice God s judgment and wrath Social inequities 155
MOVEMENT: KINGSHIP: DIVIDED MONARCHY (#7 of 12) THEME: WRITING PROPHETS BROAD OVERVIEW: HABAKKUK HABAKKUK Theme: Judgment on Judah and a Question of Theodicy (God s goodness/rightness) Chapter 1: Wondering 1st Complaint: - How long? - Why? 1st Reply: - Look - Watch - Be amazed - Babylonians 2nd Complaint: - Why? - How can you? Chapter 2: Observing 2nd Reply: - Record - Wait (faith) Taunt Songs: - Woe (6-8) - Woe (9-11) - Woe (12-14) - Woe (15-18) - Woe (19-20) Chapter 3: Exalting Splendor of God (3-7) Anger of God (8-15) Response to God (16-19) - I will wait - I will rejoice - I will be joyful AUTHOR: Habakkuk ( embrace ) about whom little is known; designated the prophet in Hab.1:1; may have been a contemporary of Jeremiah; most likely lived in Judah. DATE: Uncertain but most likely before 605 B.C. (perhaps 608-605 B.C.) DISTINCTIVES: 1. Does not speak to countries (Jewish or foreign); speaks to God. 2. Does not deliver a message so much as faces a problem. 3. Five Woes (or taunt songs) delivered about the Chaldeans (through some commentators see these about the Jews). 4. Raises theological questions of God s lack of response, then choice of response (raising up the Babylonians to be his instrument of judgment). 5. Key verse is Habakkuk 2:4 (quoted 3x in the NT; Ro. 1:17; Gal. 3:11; Heb. 10:38). 6. The book is considered to be of high literary quality, unsurpassed in the Hebrew Scriptures. 156
HABAKKUK Habakkuk interrogates God Worry / Anguish Fear Terror Why?? Sob (lament) At the Beginning... (of the Book) At the End... (of the Book) Habakkuk intercedes of God Worship / Adoration Faith Trust Who?? Song (worship) OVERVIEW OF HABAKKUK (2 Questions; 2 Answers; 5 Taunt Songs; 1 Worship Song) Questions / Answers: 1. How long do I call...you do not hear? Answer: Look...watch... I am going to do something that you would not believe...raising up the Babylonians... 2. How can you do this...the wicked swallow up those more righteous than themselves? Answer: Write it down...the just will live by faith. 5 Taunt Songs: 1 Worship Song: 1. Woe (2:6-8) A prayer (worship song) 2. Woe (2:9-11) of trust (3:1-19) 3. Woe (2:12-14) 4. Woe (2:15-18) 5. Woe (2:19-20) 157