SECTION 5: ROMAN EMPIRE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opf27gaup9u&index=10&list=plb DA2E52FB1EF80C9
DECLINE OF ROMAN REPUBLIC
ECONOMIC TURMOIL Rich vs. Poor Latifundia-Huge Estates (Plantations) Republican form of government became increasingly unstable
PROBLEMS Created by: Conquering Lands Taking unattended lands of soldiers Discontent amongst lower classes and breakdown in military order
LABOR Slaves from Punic Wars 1/3 of Rome s population
LOSS OF LAND Could not compete with slave labor Sold lands to wealthy
EFFECT OF LAND LOSS (PLEBEIANS) Increased homeless and jobless (Increase unemployment) Became Migrant Workers Moved to cities-remained unemployed
EFFECT OF LAND LOSS (PATRICIANS) Became corrupt Increased class tensions Contributed to fall of Republic
THE GRACCHUS BROTHERS Proposed Reforms to Tribune Limited Latifundia Size Give land to the poor Reaction Opposed by Senate Both Gracchus died violent deaths Led to period of Civil War-conflict between two groups in same country
MILITARY UPHEAVAL (CHANGES) Military less loyal Growing turmoil in the republic Generals began seizing power Recruited soldiers from unemployed by promising them land Allegiances shifted from Rome to Generals Leaders could take over by force
DEVALUATION OF ROMAN CURRENCY Roman money is not worth what is used to be worth Inflation means that prices are more but money is worth less
JULIUS CAESAR Strong Military Leader Served 1 Year Term as Consul- 59 BC
TRIUMVIRATE Group of Three Leaders First Triumvirate will dominate Rome Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Pompey
LEADER Strong leader and genius military leader Appointed himself governor of Gaul (now France) Conquered all of Gaul
CAESAR VS. POMPEY Civil War Caesar ordered to return without Legions Crossing Rubicon (river) led to Civil War Defeated Pompey in Greece Elected Dictator, then Dictator for Life
CAESAR S REFORMS Governed as absolute ruler (one who has total power) Weakening Patrician Power Expanded Citizenship to many people in the provinces Added Friends to Senate Created jobs through building projects Created colonies for landless Increase pay for soldiers
CAESAR S DEATH Patrician Class (Senate) afraid of Reforms Senators plotted his assassination Stabbed to death in Senate
CIVIL WAR After Caesar s death, Civil War breaks out Leads to end of Roman Republic 3 of Caesar's supporters band together and end war
2ND TRIUMVIRATE (43 BC) Octavian Mark Antony Lepidus End of Triumvirate-rule for ten years Lepidus forced to retire
MARK ANTONY Accused of trying to rule Rome from Alexandria Cleopatra Led to Civil War Mark Antony defeated by Octavian
IMPERIAL ROME
A U G U S T U S C A E S A R
EMPEROR AUGUSTUS (OCTAVIAN) Kept aspects of a republic Became unchallenged ruler Titled himself Augustus Rome is now an empire
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF AUGUSTUS Stabilized frontier Building Programs System of government that would be used for years Civil Service Paid government workers to manage affairs of government Managed Grain supply, taxes, postal system
AUGUSTUS DEATH 14 AD System (Civil Service) maintained stability Carried out day to day tasks without emperor
E M P I R E
Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military Largest empire of the time
AGRICULTURE Most people farmers (90%) Local produce supported people Most important industry in empire
MONEY Silver coin-denarius Used throughout empire (common currency) Trade became easier Encourage cultural diffusion
TRADE NETWORK Mediterranean shipping protected by Navy Important Cities-Corinth, Ephesus, Antioch, and Alexandria
ROADS Linked Empire together Built for military use Became trade routes Encouraged cultural diffusion and trade
IMPORTANT ROADS Silk Road-China to Western Europe Apian Way-Linked Northern and Southern Italy
LATIN Official language of Empire Unified Empire Remained common language of Europe through 1500 A.D. Romance Languages Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian
FAILURE TO PROVIDE FOR PEACEFUL SUCCESSION OF EMPERORS Every time an emperor (who comes to power by force) dies, there has to be another civil war to decide who the next ruler will be
B A D E M P E R O R S
TIBERIUS 14 AD to 37 AD Adopted son of Augustus Accused many of treason
CALIGULA 37-41 AD Tiberius Grand Nephew Became mentally ill, killed by Praetorian guard
CLAUDIUS 41-54 AD Caligula s Uncle Scholar who lost focus on state affairs
NERO 54-68 AD Claudius stepson Bankrupted Rome Paranoid Committed Suicide
G O O D E M P E R O R S K N OW N F O R L E A D E R S H I P A N D S U P P O RT O F B U I L D I N G P R O J E C T S A L L L I V E D B Y S TO I C P H I L O S O P H Y
TRAJAN 98-117 AD Extended empire to largest size Vast building program Enlarge social welfare
HADRIAN 117-138 AD Strengthened fortifications Hadrian's Wall
MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 AD Increased economic strength of Rome
PA X ROMANA
PAX ROMANA (GOLDEN AGE) Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule Expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire Empire of 3 Million Square miles Empire s Population 60-80 million Rome s population 1 million Peak of Empire 27 BC to 180 AD
ECONOMIC IMPACT Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads Promoted prosperity and stability
SOCIAL IMPACT Returned stability to social classes Increased emphasis on the family
POLITICAL IMPACT Created a civil service Developed a uniform rule of law