Chapter 4: Growth, Diversity, and Conflict,

Chapter 4: Growth, Diversity, and Conflict, 1720-65 1. New England s Freehold Society A. Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy B. Farm Prosperity: Inheritance C. Freehold Society in Crisis 2. Diversity in the Middle Colonies A. Economic Growth, Opportunity and Conflict B. Cultural Diversity C. Religion and Politics 3. Commerce, Culture, and Identity A. Transportation and the Print Revolution B. The Enlightenment in America C. American Pietism and the Great Awakening D. Religious Upheaval in the North E. Social and Religious Conflict in the South 4. Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, & Social Conflict, 1750-1765 A. The French and Indian War B. The Great War for Empire C. British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution D. The Struggle for Land in the East E. Western Rebels and Regulators

Part 1: New England s Freehold Society 1A: Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy New England was a yeoman society of relatively equal landowners Puritan women of all ages were expected to be subordinate Women had a dual of role of being a helpmate and rearing 6-7 kids

Part 1: New England s Freehold Society 1B: Farm Property: Inheritance Settlers wanted farms to feed their families and leave an inheritance Marriage portions gave families leverage to arrange marriages Women had limited property rights in marriage and even death

Part 1: New England s Freehold Society 1C: Freehold Society in Crisis Problems: rapid population growth (400% in 50 years), limited land Solutions: smaller families, greater productivity, use of frontier lands, household production (swapping labor and goods) Results: livestock replaced grain farming, freehold society endured

Part 2: Diversity in the Middle Colonies 2A: Economic Growth, Opportunity, and Conflict Wheat, corn and flour along with advertising fueled a surge in immigrants to Mid-Atlantic ½ of all white farmers in the mid-atlantic were landless by 1760 (manors & numbers)

Part 2: Diversity in the Middle Colonies 2B: Cultural Diversity Most ethnic groups resisted assimilation and held on to their culture and language by marrying within their ethnic group The middle colonies were very diverse (see chart below) Estimated European Migration to the British Mainland Colonies, 1700-1780

Part 2: Diversity in the Middle Colonies 2C: Religion and Politics Freedom of religion led to diversity and use of communal self-discipline By 1740, Quakers were 30% of PA Ethnic and religious diversity led to ongoing tension in Middle Colonies

Part 3: Commerce, Culture, and Identity 3A: Transportation and the Print Revolution Increased shipping and road building expanded transportation, cut travel times and led to more trade, mail, and communication Newspapers spread information throughout the colonies (37 by 1776)

Part 3: Commerce, Culture, and Identity 3B: The Enlightenment in America Enlightenment and scientific ideals spread among the more educated Reason began to replace folk wisdom and a belief that God intervened directly and continuously in human affairs Deism and Ben Franklin exemplified Enlightenment s influence Pennsylvania Hospital (built by reformers) Ben Franklin s electricity experiment with a kite

Part 3: Commerce, Culture, and Identity 3C: American Pietism and the Great Awakening Pietism, stressing righteous behavior, came to Mid-Atlantic in 1720 Jonathon Edwards started revivals in New England with his harsh Puritan message while George Whitfield used many camp meetings The print revolution further spread the Great Awakening

Part 3: Commerce, Culture, and Identity 3D & 3E: Religious Upheaval in the North and South Great Awakening was the first broad social movement in USA Results of the Great Awakening: Split many Old Light churches Propelled new denominations Undermined pastoral authority Led to creation of new colleges Anglican church (in South) was challenged as Baptists rejected social distinctions and preached to slaves