Preface VII CHAPTER 1 What Is Morality? Objectives. What is Philosophy and Ethics' Relationship to It? Key Terms. Approaches to the Study of Morality. Morality and Its Applications. Where Does Morality Come From? Customary or Traditional and Reflective Morality. Morality, Law, and Religion. Why Should Human Beings Be Moral? Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Discussion Questions. Notes. Supplementary Reading. 1 CHAPTER 2 Consequentialist (Teleological) Theories of Morality Objectives. Psychological Egoism. Ethical Egoism. Utilitarianism. Difficulty with Consequentialist Theories in General. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Discussion Questions. 39 VII
o CHAPTER 3 N onconsequentialist (Deontological) Theories of Morality and Virtue Ethics 63 Objectives. Act Nonconsequentialist Theories. Rule Nonconsequentialist Theories. General Criticisms of Nonconsequentialist Theories. Virtue Ethics. Conclusions. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Discussion Questions. Notes. Supplementary Reading. CHAPTER 4 Absolutistn Versus Relativistn Objectives. The Meanings of "Absolute." The Meanings of "Relative." Cultural Relativism and Cultural Absolutism. Propositions and Truth. Conclusion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Discussion Questions. 93 CHAPTER 5 Freedotn Versus Detertninistn Objectives. Meaning of Determinism. Types and Theories of Determinism. Fatalism and Hard and Soft Determinism. Indeterminism. Criticisms of Hard Determinism and Arguments for Freedom. Conclusion-Soft Determinism. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Discussion Questions. 113 CHAPTER 6 Reward and Punishtnent Objectives. Definition of Key Terms. Reward and Punishment in Relationship to Justice. Elements of Justice. Reward. Punishment. Theories of Punishment. Is a Synthesis Possible? Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Discussion Questions. 135 Vlll
o CHAPTER 7 Setting Up a Moral Systelll: Basic AssulllPtions and Basic Principles Objectives. Conflicting General Moral Issues. Basic Assumptions. Basic Principles, Individual Freedom, and Their Justification. Priority of the Basic Principles. A General Way of Determining Priority-Two Categories. How the System of Humanitarian Ethics Works. Conclusion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Discussion Questions. Note. Supplementary Reading. Contents 171 CHAPTER 8 The Tal~ing of HUlllan Life Objectives. The Taking of Human Life. Suicide. Cases for Study and Discussion. Defense of the Innocent (the Self Included). Cases for Study and Discussion. War. Cases for Study and Discussion. Capital Punishment. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. 203 CHAPTER 9 Allowing SOllleone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing Objectives. Definition of Terms. Allowing Someone to Die. Cases for Study and Discussion. Mercy Death. Cases for Study and Discussion. Mercy Killing. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Notes. Supplementary Reading. 227 CHAPTER 10 Abortion Objectives. Introduction to the Abortion Issue. When Does Human Life Begin? Arguments Against Abortion. Arguments 273 IX
o for Abortion. The More Moderate Positions on Abortion. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. CHAPTER 11 Lying, Cheating, Breal~ing Prolllises, and Stealing Objectives. Introduction. Definitions of Key Terms. Nonconsequentialist and Consequentialist Views. Lying. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. 301 CHAPTER 12 Morality and HUlllan Sexuality Objectives. Major Aspects of Human Sexuality. The Meaning and Purposes of Human Sexuality. Premarital Sex. Sex in Marriage-Type (Including Nonlegal) Relationships. Masturbation. Pornography. Prostitution. Sexual Perversion or "Unnatural" Sexual Activity. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. 337 CHAPTER 13 Bioethics-E thical Issues in Medicine Objectives. Introduction and Definition of Terms. Health Care Professionals and Patients and Their Families-Rights and Obligations. Truth Telling and Informed Consent. Confidentiality. Guilt and Innocence in Treating Patients. Ethical Issues in Medicine. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. 373 CHAPTER 14 Business Ethics Objectives. Introduction. Rights and Obligations in Business. 407 x
o Appendixes Two Ways of Approaching Rights and Obligations in Business. The Moderate Position. Justice, Truth Telling, and Honesty in Business. Ethical Issues in Business. Sexual Harassment. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. Notes. Supplementary Reading. CHAPTER 15 Environntental Ethics Objectives. Key Terms. Nature and Morality. Environmental Ethical Issues. Our Attitude Toward Nature and What Lies Behind It. Arguments for Use and Exploitation of the Natural Environment. Arguments Against the Use and Exploitation of Nature. Moderate Position. Criteria for Animal Rights. Ways of Dealing with Animal Rights. Use of Animals for Food. Use of Animals for Experimentation. Killing Animals for Sport. Protection of Endangered Species. Conclusion. Cases for Study and Discussion. Chapter Summary. Exercises for Review. 437 Appendixes Introduction APPENDIX 1 Applying HUlllanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problellls of the Taking of HUlllan Life APPENDIX 2 Applying HUlllanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problellls of Allowing SOllleone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing APPENDIX 3 Applying HUlllanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problellls of Abortion 469 471 483 495 Xl
APPENDIX 4 Applying Hutnanitai"ian Ethics to the Moral Probletns of Lying, Cheating, Breal~ing Protnises, and Stealing APPENDIX 5 Applying Hutnanitarian Ethics to the Moral Probletns of Hutnan Sexuality APPENDIX 6 Applying Hutnanitarian Ethics to Moral Probletns in Medicine (Bioethics) APPENDIX 7 Applying Hutnanitarian Ethics to Moral Probletns in Business (Business Ethics) APPENDIX 8 Applying Hutnanitarian Ethics to Environtnental Ethics o 507 517 525 533 541 Glossary Index 547 565 xu