SULTANATES IN THE NORTH AND WEST Jaunpur Jaunpur was founded by Firuz of the Tughlaq dynasty. After the invasion of Timur, Khwaja Jahan founded a dynasty of independent rulers at Jaunpur, known as Sharqi dynasty. He died in 1399. His adopted son Malik Qaranful assumed the title of Mubarak Shah Sharqi and assumed the throne after him. Mubarak Shah died in 1402 and was succeeded by his younger brother Ibrahim Shah Sharqi. He ruled for 34 years. The famous Atala Masjid stands as a specimen of Jaunpur architecture. It was built in 1408. Ibrahim died in 1436. He was succeeded by his son Mahmud Shah. He was defeated by Buhlul Lodi when he tried to invade Delhi. He was sent back to Jaunpur. Mahmud died in 1457. His son Bhikhan occupied the throne under the title of Muhammad Shah. He was killed by the nobles and his brother Husain Shah was raised to the throne. He concluded a four year truce treaty with Buhlul Lodi in 1458. He led an army to capture Gwalior in 1466. He renewed his war with Buhlul Lodi. Lodi expelled him to Bihar and appointed his son Barbak as the governor of Jaunpur. The period of Sharqi rule at Jaunpur extended for about 85 years. The city of Jaunpur came to be known as Shiraz of India. Events/Personalities Death of Khwaja Jahan and assumption of Malik 1402 Qaranful as the ruler Construction of Atala Masjid 1408 Death of Ibrahim Shah Sharqi 1436 Death of Mahmud Shah 1457 Husain Shah s treaty with Buhlul Lodi 1458 Effort to capture Gwalior by Husain Shah 1466
Malwa Alauddin Khalji annexed Malwa in 1305. After the invasion of Timur, Malwa became independent. Dilawar Khan Ghuri who was appointed as governor of Malwa by the Tughlaq king Firuz, became independent in 1401. In 1406 he was succeeded by his son Alp Khan under the title Hushang Shah. In 1422, he attacked Orissa. Many of his fights ended in defeats. He died on 6 th July 1435. His son Ghazni Khan became the king of Malwa. His minister Mahmud Khan usurped the throne in May 1436. He fought with Ahmad Shah I of Gujarat, Muhammad Shah of Delhi, and Muhammad Shah III of Bahmani and Rana Kumbha of Mewar. Sultan Mahmud died at Mandu at the age of 68 on 1 st June, 1469 after a reign of 34 years. His eldest son Ghiyasuddin ascended the throne of Malwa two years after his death. One of his sons Abdul Qadir Nasiruddin seized the throne in 1500. He died in 1510. His second son ascended the throne under the title Mahmud II. He appointed the powerful Rajput chief Medini Rai as his minister. Later, Medini Rai inflicted a defeat on Mahmud II himself with the help of Rana Sanga of Chitorh. However, he was restored to his authority as Sultan of Malwa by Rana Sanga. However, the Sultan incurred the wrath of the successor of Rana Sanga, Rana Ratan Singh of Chitorh. Sultan Bahadur Shahh of Gujarat captured Mandu on 17 th March 1531. In 1535, Mallu Khan established independent Sultanate at Malwa under the title Qadir Shah. However, he was deposed by Sher Shah, the Afghan ruler at Delhi in 1542. Finally, Malwa was conquered by Mughal generals of Baz Bahadur in 1561-1562. Events/Personalities Annexation of Malwa by Alauddin Khalji 1305 Dilawar Khan Ghuri who was appointed as governor of 14011
Malwa by the Tughlaq king Firuz, became independent He was succeeded by his son Alp Khan under the title 1406 Hushang Shah His attack on Orissa Death of Hushang Shah Usurpation of throne by Mahmud Khan Death of Sultan Mahmud Assumption of his eldest son Ghiyasuddin at Malwa 14222 6 th July 1435 May 1436 1 st June 1469 14711 two years after his death One of his sons Abdul Qadir Nasiruddin seized the 15000 throne Death of Qadir Nasiruddin and ascendance of his 1510 second son Capture of Mandu by Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat 17 th March 1531 Mallu Khan established independent Sultanate at 15355 Malwa under the title Qadir Shah. However, he was deposed by Sher Shah, the Afghan 1542 ruler at Delhi Malwa was conquered by Mughal generals of Baz 1561-1562 Bahadur Gujarat Gujarat had immense wealth due to active commerce through the rich ports of Cambay, Surat and Broach. Gujarat was annexed to the Delhi sultanate in 1297 by Alauddin Khalji. In 1401, Zafar Khan who was appointed governor of Gujarat by Muhammad Shah in 1391 formally assumed independence. In 1403, Tatar Khan, son of Zafar Khan rose against his father and imprisoned him. He proclaimed himself as the king under the title of
Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah. He was put to death by his uncle Shams Khan. Zafar Khan recovered his throne and assumed the title of Sultan Muzaffar Shah. He waged a successful war against Hushung Shah, Sultan of Malwa and captured Dhar. After his death in June 1411, his grandson Ahmad Shah ascended the throne. He reigned for about 30 years. In the first year of his reign, he built the city of Ahmadabad on the site of the old town of Asawal. He died on 16 th August, 1442 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Muhammad Shah who reigned till he died on 10 th February 1451. Two rulers, Muhammad Shah s son Qutbuddin Ahmad and Muhammad Shah s brother Daud followed him. Later, the nobles raised Abul Fath Khan, a grandson of Ahmad Shah under the title of Mahmud commonly known as Begarha as the ruler. During his rule the kingdom of Gujarat expanded widely. He tried to check the rising power of the Portuguese who had monopolised the spice trade from Red Sea and Egypt after Vasco da Gama discovered the Cape Route to India. A Portuguese squadron was defeated in 1508. However, the Portuguese inflicted a crushing defeat on the allied Muslim fleet near Diu in 1509. Mahmud granted them a site for a factory at Diu. Mahmud Begarha diedd on 23 rd November 1511. His son Muzaffar II assumed the throne. He waged successful wars against the Rajputs and restored Mahmud Khalji of Malwa to his throne. Muzaffar died on 7th April 1526. His son Bahadur got possession of the throne. He defeated Mahmud II of Malwa and over ran the territories of Rana of Mewar. He stormed the city of Chitorh in 1534. His wars against the Mughuls were not successful. He proceeded to visit the Portuguese governor Nunho da Cunha in February 1537 by ship. He and his companions were drowned and murdered by the treacherous Portuguese. After a period of anarchy, Gujarat was annexed to the Mughul Empire by Akbar in 1572.
Events/Personalities Annexation of Gujarat to the Delhi sultanate by 1297 Alauddin Khalji Zafar Khan who was appointed governor of Gujarat by 1401 Muhammad Shah in 1391 formally assumed independence in Gujarat Tatar Khan, son of Zafar Khan rose against his father 1403 and imprisoned him. Death of Tatar Khan and ascendance of his grandson June 1411 Ahmad Shah to the throne He built the city of Ahmadabad on the site of the old 1411 town of Asawal Death of Ahmad Shah and ascendance of his son Muhammad Shah Death of Muhammad Shah 16 th August 1442 10 th February 1451 Ascendance of Qutbuddin Ahmad son of Muhammad 1451 Shah Rule of Mahmud Begarha, grandson of Ahmad Shah Defeat of a Portuguese squadron 1458 1511 1508 Death of Mahmud Begerha and ascendanc of his son Muzaffar II Death of Muzaffar II and ascendance of his son Bahadur 23 rd November 1511 7 th April 1526 Bahadur stormed the city of Chitorh 1534 Death of Bahadur by drowing February 1537 Annexation of Gujarat to the Mughul Empire by Akbar. 1572
Kashmir In the year 1315, Shah Mirza, a Muslim adventurer from Swat entered the service of the Hindu Prince of Kashmir. After the death of the king, Shah Mirza seized the throne of Kashmir in 1346 under the title of Shamsuddin Shah. He died in 1349. His sons Jamshid, Alauddin, Shihabuddin and Qutbuddin reigned successively for 46 years. In 1394, Qutbuddin s son Sikandar ascended the throne of Kashmir. He died after a reign of 22 years and nine months in 1416. His eldest son Ali Shah reigned for a few years. Then his brother Shahi Khan ascended the throne in 1420 under the title, Zainul Abidin. He admitted learned Hindus into his society. He abolished Jizya and granted religious freedom to all. Under his regime, Mahabharata and Rajatharangini were translated into Persian. He was praised as Akbar of Kashmir. He died in December 1470. He was succeeded by his son, Haidar Shah. Towards the end of 1540, Mirza Haidar, a relative of Humayun conquered Kashmir. He governed Kashmir on behalf of Humayun. In 1551, he was overthrown by the Kashmiri nobles. In 1555, the Chakks seized the throne of Kashmir and the kingdom was absorbed into the Mughul Empire in the time of Akbar. Events/Personalities Shah Mirza, a Muslim adventurer from Swat entered the 1315 service of the Hindu Prince of Kashmir Shah Mirza seized the throne of Kashmir under the title 1346 of Shamsuddin Shah Death of Shamsuddin Shah 1349 His sons Jamshid, Alauddin, Shihabuddin and 1349 1394 Qutbuddin reigned successively for 46 years
Qutbuddin s son Sikandar ascended the throne of 1394 Kashmir. Death of Sikandar 1416 Shahi Khan ascended the throne under the title, 1420 Zainul Abidin Death of Zainul Abidin and ascendance of his son December 1470 Haidar Shah Conquer of Kashmir by Mirza Haidar 1540 Overthrow of Mirza Haidar 1551 Chakks seized the throne of Kashmir 1555 21.12.2016 N. Balaraman